Chapter III

Results and Discussion

The prototype was created to design a machine that harnesses renewable

energy from the rotational gear that energize itself inspired by the perpetual

motion theories to combat the rising electricity scarcity in the country. It is a

device with the main objective of serve an electricity and will help in disputing

the rising electric shortage in the community. There were five (5) trials with two

(2) repetitions in testing the device. The variables used were examined to

determine the statistical test to be used. The researchers conducted the testing

using the device only. The researcher also uses chi-square test to determine

the significant difference between the expected performance of the device and

its actual performance. The device was conducted in Naic, Cavite, under the

supervision of the project’s consultant, Mr. Ver C. Bautista, Electrical Engineer.

Table 3.1 Voltage Output of the Device in the first trial

Number of Trial Voltage Output (V)

1 5

2 5

3 5.25

4 5.10

5 5
Figure 3.1

Bar Graph of Voltage Output of the Device in the First Trial

Voltage Output of the Device

5.3

5.25

5.2

5.15

5.1

5.05

4.95

4.9

4.85
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

Voltage Output (V)

Table 3.1 and the graph shows that there are five (5) trials in testing the

prototype. 5 V, 5 V, 5.25 V, 5.10 V and 5 V are the voltage outputs respectively.

It produced an average of 5.07 volts of power during the first testing. The time

and the torque requirement are at constant which is 5 minutes and 0.016 N/m

per trial, respectively. According to Teja, in 2024, the required voltage for a led

light to emit a light is 3.4 V. Because the required voltage for emitting a light in

the led light is 3.4 volts, this is a decent outcome for the first try.

Table 3.2 Voltage Output of the Device in the second trial

Number of Trial Voltage Output (V)

1 5.10

2 5.5

3 5

4 5.25

5 5

Figure 3.2

Bar Graph of Voltage Output of the Device in the Second Trial

Voltage Output of the Device

5.6
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5
4.9
4.8
4.7
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

Voltage Output (V)

Table 3.2 and the graph shows that there are five (5) trials in testing the

prototype. 5.10V, 5.5 V, 5 V, 5.25 V and 5 V are the voltage outputs

respectively. It produced an average of 5.17 volts of power during the first

testing. The time and the torque requirement are at constant which is 5 minutes

and 0.016 N/m per trial, respectively.

Table 3.3 Span of load power supply

Time (Minute/s) Battery Percentage

15 27%

30 50%

45 73%

60 95%

90 100%

Figure 3.3

Bar Graph of Span of Load Power Supply

Span of load power supply

120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
15 mins. 30 mins. 45 mins. 60 mins. 90 mins.

Battery Percentage

Table 4 and the bar graph shows the span of load power supply was up

to 27 for 15 minutes of charging, 50 for 30 minutes, 73 for 45 minutes, 95 for 60

 minutes, and lastly, 100 speed in for 90 minutes. The torque of the rotor pedals

is at constant which is 0.016 N/m.

Table 3.4 Chi – Square Tests Results

Trials Observed Expected Degree Alpha Probability Chi- Square

value value of level level Statistics

freedom

Table 1 5.07 5

1 0.05 3.841 0.0058

Table 2 5.17 5

Total: 10.24 10

This table shows the results of the data using the Chi-Squared Test. The

alpha used was 0.05. As seen in the table, the chi-square statistic is 0.0058.

This was the basis of whether the hypothesis was rejected or not. If the chi-

squared statistics were greater than the probability level, then the null

hypothesis is rejected. The degree of freedom is calculated by using the formula

df = (r-1) (c-1) where r is the row and c is the column. This implies that the

hypothesis is accepted since the Chi-square statistics of 0.0058 is lower than

the probability value of 3.841. Evidence for the sample shows that there is no

significant relationship between the power output and the rotational gear of the

prototype.
Table 3.5 Power Output in Every 15 minutes

Trial Power Output (Watts) Speed (RPM)

1 7.16 6000

2 7.16 6000

3 7.16 6000

4 7.16 6000

5 7.16 6000

Figure 3.4

Line Graph of Power Output in Every 15 minutes

Power Output in Every 15 minutes

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

Power Output (Watts) Speed (RPM)

Table 5 and the line graph shows the relationship between the power

output and the rotational gear of the prototype. The power output in every 15

minutes of each trial remained as 7.16 watts. The speed of the rotational motion

is given by rotor pedals’ rated speed in revolutions per minute.

Table 3.6 Level of Acceptability

Number of Trial Positive/Negative

1 Positive

2 Positive

3 Positive

4 Positive

5 Positive

Table 6 shows that the prototype successfully operated in five (5) trials. The

result in every trial is positive.

Table 3.7 Measured Output from the DC Generator

Voltage Output (V) Current Output (A) Power (V*I) (W) Inference
5 1.432 7.16 Generated energy

5.25 1.9 10 from the mechanical

5 1.436 7.18 framework that

5.10 1.75 9 involves perpetual

5 1.44 7.2 motion and converted

by the dc generator

into more useful

electricity.

Figure 3.5

Bar Graph of Measured Output from the DC Generator

Measured Output from the DC Generator

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

Voltage Output (V) Current Output (A) Power

Table 3.7 and figure 3.5 shows that the power output depends on the

perpetual motion, but with a self-charging mechanism. In other terms,

researcher used a resistor to lessen the back emf or energy loss, and a

capacitor to store the back emf. Once the capacitor is fully energized, it will

eventually make the mechanical motor to rotate in a faster manner. The cycle

will continue as long as the capacitor is getting energized. In the first trial, 5 V is
the voltage output having a 1.432 A and a power output of 7.16 W. In the

second trial, 5.25 V is the voltage output having a 1.9 A and a power output of

10 W. In the third trial, 5 V is the voltage output having a 1.436 A and a power

output of 7.18 W. In the fourth trial, 5.10 V is the voltage output having a 1.75 A

and a power output of 9 W. Lastly, 5 V is the voltage output having a current of

1.44 A and a power output of 7.2 W. The fluctuating voltage output is the result

of the redirection of the power from the energized electrolytic capacitor. As the

power of the energized electrolytic capacitor is used by the rotor pedals, the

torque output will increase resulting to higher power output for a short period of

time. The minimum time requirement for the electrolytic capacitor to get fully

energized is less than or equal to 5 minutes, due to the fact that every trial is

conducted in a constant time of 5 minutes, it resulted to alternating constant

output of 5 volts and higher

voltage output of 5.25 volt.

Figure 3.6

Power Flow Diagram for DC Generator

Model made by Mary Claire L. Pejer

Pdev

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

Power Input Power Output

Pmech Pcore Pcu

The figure above shows the detailed conversion of energy, specifically

mechanical energy into more useful electrical energy through the use of DC

generator.

Where:

Power input = mechanical power input to the rotor pedal.

Pmech = mechanical losses (rotational loss, friction loss, windage loss).

Pcore = core losses (hysteresis loss, eddy current loss).

Pdev = developed power in the armature inside the generator (EbIa).

Pcu = copper losses (armature loss).

Power output = electrical power output (V*I) in watts.

The Pmech and Pcore are combined and called stray loss, since the

generator is 12-V DC generator, a small-scale dc motor generates small voltage

and the stray loss can be negligible making it 0 watts. The power developed in

the armature is equal to the back emf multiplied by the armature current. The

armature current is given by the rated specifications of the 12-volt dc generator

which is 0.35 amperes. The power developed in the generator that energized
the electrolytic capacitor within the time frame of 5 minutes is 5.25 watts. We

can conclude that the back emf is 15 volts.

The complete setup will generate and amplify DC voltage that will be stored

in the energy storage such as the battery or a power bank. It will then be

regulated into 12 V DC voltage with 500 mA output current. The developer used

the standard USB output, most of the electronic devices use USB as their

charging cable. The circuit is then connected to the output of the dc generator to

process the generated energy into usable energy that can be used in certain

applications such as lighting a bulb.