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Anatomy of Brain Drain: A Painful Reality

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DOI: 10.61916/prmn.2023.v02i01.001

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International Research Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC)
Volume 02, Issue 02, 2023. PP. 1-12
https://doi.org/10.61916/prmn.2023.v02i01.001 IRJPMC
Editorial

Anatomy of Brain Drain: A Painful Reality

A. K. Mishra
Editor-in-Chief

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Anjay Kumar Mishra Brain drain, the migration of skilled and educated labour, is a painful
reality for developing countries like Nepal. The causes of brain drain
can be attributed to various pull and push factors, including limited
job opportunities, better standards of living, higher salaries, access
to advanced technology, and more stable political conditions in
Email developed countries. The development of the industrial sector in a
anjaymishra2000@gmail.com country is hindered by a shortage of qualified and skilled workers,
which slows down overall development. The editorial perspective
provides a comprehensive overview of the brain drain phenomenon,
including its causes, effects, and possible solutions. The editorial
perspective highlighted the need for appropriate policy responses to
Orcid address the issue and convert brain drain into wisdom gain. The role
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2803-4918 of management in managing brain drain is crucial for the country's
sustainable economic development and growth. Management can
contribute to addressing the issue by developing and implementing
policies to attract and retain skilled professionals, investing in research
Cite and development, implementing returnee programs, addressing societal
Mishra, A. K. (2023). Anatomy factors, and collaborating with the government and other stakeholders.
of Brain Drain: A Painful Reality. The painful reality of brain drain in Nepal demands urgent attention
International Research Journal of and action from policymakers, academics, and other stakeholders.
Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC) By taking appropriate measures to address the root causes of brain
2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5281/ drain, Nepal can harness the knowledge and expertise of its skilled
zenodo.10251093 professionals and achieve its sustainable economic development goals.
Keywords: Brain drain into wisdom gain, Cause, Impact, Effect,
Management

Brain Drain capital flight," refers to the mass migration of

"Brain Drain" describes the process when highly educated, skilled, and talented individuals
individuals leave their home country to seek from less economically advanced countries to
higher education or employment opportunities more developed nations. This phenomenon has
elsewhere. This phenomenon is often driven by deep historical roots, with the term "Brain Drain"
factors such as political instability and economic emerging in the 1960s when intellectuals, including
challenges, significantly affecting developing scientists and engineers, emigrated from the
countries (Mishra, Ghimire & Aithal, 2023). United Kingdom to the United States (Docquier &
Brain drain primarily involves the migration of Rapoport, 2008 as cited in Docquier, F., Lowell, B.
highly educated individuals, and it is influenced L., & Marfouk, A. ,2009).The challenge of Brain
by factors like political stability and technological Drain is not limited to any specific region; it's a
progress. "Brain Drain," also known as "human global issue. Individuals leave their home countries

International Research Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC) (ISSN: 2961-1717) 1

CC
BY NC Copyright (c) 2023: Author(s). Published by Parroha Multiple Campus
Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

in search of better opportunities, including island million residents. About 20 other countries lose
nations in the Caribbean, former African colonies, between one-third and one-half of their college
and areas like the former Eastern Germany, where graduates, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and
skills were undervalued. While this phenomenon Asia. A few high-income countries, such as Hong
was less severe before the 1960s, it intensified Kong and Ireland, also experience significant brain
when a significant number of individuals from less drain (Docquier, Lowell, & Marfouk, 2009).
developed regions migrated to West Germany and
Impact of brain drain
North America.
The impact of brain drain on a source country's
Factors such as the desire for improved living
welfare and development can be positive or
standards and access to higher education motivate
negative. However, evidence suggests that, in
young individuals to leave their countries for
developing countries, there are more losers
education abroad. In 2000, around 175 million
than winners. Whether a country benefits or
people, or 2.9% of the global population, lived
suffers depends on specific factors, including
outside their country of birth for over a year
migration patterns, development levels, and other
(Dodani & LaPorte, 2005). The number of
characteristics like population size, language, and
international migrants increased from 75 million
geography. Policymakers must carefully assess
to 190 million between 1960 and 2005.Developed
the costs and benefits of brain drain to formulate
countries, facing a shortage of specialized
appropriate responses (Docquier, Lowell, &
human resources, often recruit and retain skilled
Marfouk, 2009).As highlighted by Gibson and
individuals from across the globe. This movement
McKenzie (2011), brain drain is not a new problem
of skilled labor has significant implications for the
and has been a subject of significant concern in
welfare and growth of sending economies. This
top economic journals due to its profound impact.
reallocation of skilled labor was seen as detrimental
Economists have a responsibility to scrutinize this
to sending economies because it reduced the
issue because it affects not only a single country's
productivity of those left behind and had negative
economy but also the global economic system. An
fiscal consequences (Groizard & Llull, 2007).A
imbalance between supply and demand can occur if
considerable portion of brain drain involves skilled
supply outstrips demand, with developing countries
migration. Docquier and Marfouk (2006) define a
often facing more significant challenges due to
country's brain drain rate for a particular education
brain drain. Skilled workers often move to more
level as the percentage of individuals aged 25 and
developed countries to practice their professions,
over with that education level who were born in
which has fiscal implications as students who
that country but now live abroad. In their data,
relied on government subsidies leave and cease
they find that the brain drain rate for tertiary-
to contribute as taxpayers.Research highlights the
educated individuals is significantly higher than
concerning outflow of highly qualified individuals
for those with primary or secondary education.
from less developed countries, particularly in
For instance, 2.6% of Cambodians with primary
Africa, to developed nations. This trend poses
education live abroad, compared to 5.9% of those
a significant threat to the continent's human
with secondary education and 18.3% of those
resources. Urgent action is needed by African
with tertiary education (Gibson & McKenzie,
leaders to address this issue, as the consequences
2011).This phenomenon of skilled migration
of brain drain jeopardize overall development. This
disproportionately affects low-income countries,
research emphasizes that lasting economic growth
particularly small, poor countries in the tropics.
is unattainable without a focus on professional,
Brain drain rates have increased in the 1990s, with
expertise, entrepreneurial, and managerial skills
some countries losing over 80% of their highly
and investment in the real sector of the economy.
skilled population. These countries include Haiti,
The study reveals a negative relationship between
Jamaica, and smaller states with fewer than one
brain drain, remittances, and economic growth

2 International Research Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC) ISSN: 2961-1717

 Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

but a positive correlation between human capital these dynamics. It has helped in understanding
development and economic growth in Ethiopia, the conditions that facilitate professional cyclic
Kenya, and Nigeria. In light of these findings, returns and knowledge transfers. Moreover, the
the study recommends policies that encourage essay discusses the implications for future efforts
migrants and their families to invest remittances in to attract foreign professionals to countries like
projects that benefit the broader economy. It also the United States and other advanced nations.
calls for programs that enable youth to discover This perspective emphasizes the potential benefits
their potential. After completing their education of a more nuanced approach to brain drain and
in India, many individuals migrate to foreign professional mobility. Chang's 1992 study explores
countries in search of better working conditions the causes and potential solutions for brain drain
and higher salaries due to unemployment. This by examining the case of Taiwan. Over the years,
phenomenon, often referred to as "brain drain," has Taiwan has grappled with brain drain, particularly
afflicted Asian countries as the West opened up job concerning its students who complete their
opportunities. The allure of a better lifestyle and graduate studies in the United States, as more
the opportunity to work in developed countries has than 80 percent of them opt to stay there. Many
led many to leave their native places. Recognizing of these individuals find employment in American
the value of merit is crucial to address this issue. educational institutions, research organizations,
Inaction may exacerbate this trend, with other and industries. This article delves into the origins
countries benefiting from this brain drain to of brain drain in Taiwan and the government's
further their own interests. While remittances are responses to this phenomenon.The study uncovers
quantitatively essential, their contribution to the several key findings. Firstly, it reveals that elite
economy remains uncertain. However, retaining emigration in Taiwan is the result of a complex
these skilled workers in the country necessitates interplay of academic, social, economic, and
the provision of adequate work opportunities and personal factors. Second, it differentiates Taiwan's
improved living conditions. Developed nations brain drain as primarily a case of "education and
should provide essential resources to developing migration" rather than a mass exodus of trained
countries, fostering the vision that every individual scientists and engineers. Consequently, the short-
on the planet can enjoy a better life, and each term impact on Taiwan's manpower isn't as severe
country can present itself as a developed nation. To as cases where experienced professionals depart.
achieve sustainable development, addressing the Importantly, the research highlights that while
brain drain issue is essential. a significant number of college graduates leave
The determinants of brain drain among healthcare Taiwan each year to pursue education abroad, a
professionals in developing countries are primarily much larger portion of the graduating class chooses
linked to low wages, challenging working and to remain in Taiwan.
living conditions in their home countries, and To address Taiwan's brain drain issue, the
the pursuit of better salaries, in the context of government of the Republic of China (ROC) has
professional emigration (Dovlo, D. ,2004). already implemented an ambitious program aimed
Traditional theories often overlooked the potential at recruiting highly trained Taiwanese talents
for immigrant professionals to return to their from overseas. This proactive approach has been
home countries and contribute significantly to relatively successful and could serve as a model
their development. However, the reality is quite for other developing countries facing similar
the opposite, with returning professionals making challenges.
valuable investments and economic contributions to
their home countries, leading of positive outcomes.
Causes of Brain Drain
The emergence of a transnational perspective Shrestha's 2017 study sheds light on the
within the field of immigration has shed light on multifaceted causes of brain drain, recognizing

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Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

that these causes vary depending on the country attributes of developed countries that attract
experiencing it. The primary drivers can be migrants. Higher paying job opportunities and an
categorized into two main groups: push factors and enhanced quality of life are prominent examples
pull factors. Push factors encompass the negative of pull factors. Additionally, developed countries
aspects of the home country that compel skilled offer benefits such as a stronger economic outlook,
individuals to migrate from Lesser Developed the prestige associated with foreign training,
Countries (LDC). These factors encompass issues political stability, advanced educational systems,
intellectual freedom, and rich cultural experiences.
like unemployment, political instability, lack of
It's important to note that these lists are not
research facilities, employment discrimination,
exhaustive, as there may be other factors that are
economic underdevelopment, restricted freedoms, specific to certain countries or even individual
and poor working conditions (Shrestha, 2017). preferences (Shrestha, 2017).
Conversely, pull factors represent the positive

1. Insufficiential opportunity for

research and higher study;
2. Difficulty in managing standard of
living;
3. Political turmoil;
Push Factor 4. Discrimination and sheer insecurity

Causes of
Brain-drain

1. Opportunity to career development;

2. Intellectual liberty;
3. Lucrative economic prospects;
4. Presence of enrich, scientific and
Pull Factor cultural tradition

Figure 1 Causes of Brain-Drain(Source: Shrestha, 2017)

In a 2019 study by Dohlman and Laudanski, the the major motivational factors behind physician
Maslow Theory of Motivation was applied to delve emigration is the pursuit of financial security,
into the motivations behind brain drain. Low- aligning with Maslow's hierarchy of human needs.
income countries often suffer from a shortage of
Effects of Brain Drain
physicians, and the emigration of these healthcare
professionals to other nations can significantly Brain drain, despite some positive effects, generally
impact healthcare accessibility in the source brings about more negative consequences for
country. Despite efforts by academic and non- both the countries experiencing the drain and
governmental organizations from high-income the economies of the nation’s receiving skilled
countries to bolster healthcare capacity in low- professionals. Firstly, it impedes the progress of
income nations, stemming physician migration has developing countries, as talented individuals who
proven challenging. The study found that one of were born, raised, and educated in their homeland

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 Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

choose to seek employment elsewhere. The healthcare system, economic losses, and delays
primary motivations for their departure are career in providing care. This migration poses a primary
prospects, social injustice, and compensation, with threat to achieving health-related sustainable
career prospects being the most significant at 66%. development goals, jeopardizing the well-being
This exodus deprives the country of individuals of vulnerable populations and the effectiveness of
who could contribute to economic growth and global health interventions ( Mokoena, 2017).
overall development. Highly skilled professionals
Solutions to Prevent Brain Drain
play a vital role in the global economy (Das, D.
K. (2019). In 2000, individuals with university Brain drain is a prominent issue in Pakistan,
or graduate school educations were six times characterized by a significant outflow of highly
more likely to migrate legally than those with less qualified and skilled workers where the majority
than a high school education (Das, D. K., 2019). (71%) expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs,
Consequently, developing countries continue to professional isolation, poor economic prospects,
grapple with issues such as poverty, technological and a lack of proper workforce planning as push
stagnation, and limited opportunities. factors for leaving. Almost half (48%) cited limited
opportunities for further studies, development, and
It is termed as 4P industry i.e proud in public
research as driving factors. Political instability and
and pain in private (Mishra & Nepal, 2022).
threats to personal safety were identified by 33%
Brain drain has the potential to set off a perilous
as the main reasons for emigrating, while 23%
domino effect. The excessive influx of highly
mentioned family considerations and a desire for
educated workers into developed nations, coupled
improved living standards.
with the simultaneous depletion of such workers
from developing nations, harms both sides. The Various solutions were proposed to address the
following data highlights the types of occupations issue of brain drain. Thirty-five percent of emigrants
held by educated migrants, who often originate suggested creating more employment opportunities,
from developing countries. while 10% emphasized the need for basic facilities.
Advocating educational reforms to curb brain drain
The healthcare sector and nursing profession face
was recommended by 15%. Additionally, 38% of
significant challenges due to the migration of nurses
respondents believed that offering a secure and
seeking better employment conditions, resulting in
conducive working environment with research
adverse effects on public health (Pretorius, 2018;
facilities would be effective, and 23% proposed
Dywili et al., 2013). This shortage of personnel
fair recruitment practices, respect for merit,
in the source country negatively impacts not
promotion, and maintaining justice in rules and
only health managers but also the nurses at the
laws. Moreover, 30% of emigrants saw addressing
grassroots level and the patients who rely on the
economic issues and offering better economic
services provided by skilled nurses. Those nurses
returns as a key solution, while 29% stressed
who remain in the source country are burdened
the importance of encouraging respect, equal
with increased workloads, leading to chronic
opportunities, and improved social behavior toward
job dissatisfaction, demoralization, and burnout
qualified personnel. Finally, 5% recommended
(Pretorius, 2018).
initiating awareness campaigns, and 8% suggested
Similarly, the healthcare sector in Egypt combating political corruption.
experiences a severe shortage of qualified
While brain drain can be transformed into a
healthcare professionals, especially nurses, as
valuable resource with effective management,
evident in Egyptian studies (Bakr, 2012; Mahran
Dodani and LaPorte (2005) define it as the
et al., 2017). A significant reason for this shortage
migration of health personnel in pursuit of a better
is the voluntary migration of nurses to developed
quality of life, higher incomes, access to advanced
countries, contributing to the weakening of the
technology, and political stability in various

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Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

destinations worldwide. The migration of health like Nepal. While remittances have provided a
professionals, both within and across international notable contribution to the national GDP, their
borders, poses increasing concerns due to its long-term impact has been detrimental to human
impact on health systems in developing countries. welfare and the country's economic growth. A
This phenomenon raises questions about why growing trend in the migration of agriculture and
talented individuals leave their home countries veterinary graduates has resulted in a shortage of
and explores the consequences, particularly on the skilled professionals in these sectors.
education sector. The article aims to identify key
The study aimed to quantify the brain drain of
issues and provide solutions that enable immigrant
Nepali agriculture and veterinary graduates and
health professionals to contribute their knowledge,
identify its determinants, revealing that high-skill
skills, and innovation toward enhancing the
migration has become a predominant aspect of
economic development of their home countries.
globalization and international migration. Their
Chang (1992) presents a case study from China, findings indicated that approximately 52% of
shedding light on the growing issue of brain students intended to go abroad, either for advanced
drain, particularly in the context of China's studies or better job opportunities and livelihood.
overseas education, which gained prominence Push factors like Nepal's underdeveloped higher
after the Tiananmen incident in June 1989. In this education system (42.7%), socioeconomic
scenario, many students faced challenges when conditions (29.8%), and the desire to go abroad
contemplating a return to their home country. Some (25%) were the key drivers of brain drain.
feared potential political repercussions upon their Conversely, factors pulling skilled professionals
return, while others viewed this as an opportunity abroad included higher income and improved
to secure permanent overseas residency. Beijing living standards (29.7%), better job prospects and
encountered various hurdles in addressing the brain working environments (25.6%), family future
drain predicament, including the discontent and security (17.4%), personal freedom (9.9%), and
resistance of students abroad, as well as dissuasion political stability in foreign countries (10.7%).
from family members about returning. Moreover,
The study's logit model revealed that factors
the existing incentives to encourage students to
such as the respondent's age and the migration of
come back were deemed insufficient.
household members abroad were positively and
In response to these challenges and in light of significantly associated with brain drain, while
the brain drain concerns, Beijing is reevaluating total household income had a negative impact, even
its foreign study policy. Among the policy after controlling for other socioeconomic variables.
alternatives, it seems that continuing with an open This suggests that a majority of students studying
policy remains the optimal choice, albeit with the agriculture and veterinary sciences in Nepal aspire
need for certain adjustments. Additionally, there to go abroad, whether for better education or
are technical solutions that merit consideration in improved living standards and job prospects. This
tackling the brain drain problem. highlights the individual nature of brain drain in
a least developed country like Nepal, emphasizing
Brain Drain in Nepal
the need for government policies that consider the
Kattel and Sapkota's study (2018) on brain drain potential consequences on the country's economic
among agriculture and veterinary graduates in growth.
Nepal highlights the significant challenges faced
Similarly, Mainali (2019) links the brain drain
by less developed countries, such as Nepal, due to
the outflow of skilled manpower to more developed issue in Nepal with the country's higher education
nations. This migration, driven by attractive system. The brain drain phenomenon has seen rapid
incentives, scholarships, and superior services growth in Nepal over recent decades. This analysis,
abroad, has led to a substantial loss for countries based on data obtained through semi-structured

6 International Research Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC) ISSN: 2961-1717

 Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

interviews with 14 participants, identified the main Key statistics related to brain drain of Nepal
reasons for brain drain in Nepal, including the
One of the causes of brain drain in Nepal is limited
lack of job opportunities, political instability, and
job opportunities and career prospects, which lead
low salary. Lack of proper working environment,
to skilled professionals seeking employment or
poor quality education, corruption, nepotism and
better opportunities abroad. The ongoing brain
favoritism in the job-recruiting process were the
drain in Nepal could have a significant impact on
other factors for the brain drain. Participants also
the future of the country. If the government does
shared that brain drain has more negative effects
not proactively address the brain drain, the country
than positive effects in Nepalese higher education.
will lose its qualified skilled human resources in
It is in the best interest of the country to create
critical sectors such as education, health, science,
public policies and more attractive professional
technology, and business (https://www.linkedin.
opportunities for educating citizens in the country,
com/pulse/building-better-future-nepal-tackling-
as well as mobilizing the diaspora’s knowledge
brain-drain-supporting-baral/)
and skills, in order to counter the negative effect
of brain drain. Doctor-to-population ratio: Nepal has a doctor-to-
population ratio of 8.1 per 10,000 population.
A large percentage of these medical graduates
and doctors tend to migrate to developed nations, Emigration rate of medical professionals: In 2004,
as revealed in a study from 2004, which reported Nepal reported an emigration rate of 9% for doctors
a 9% emigration rate. The United States of and medical graduates.Preferred destination
America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) countries for medical professionals: The United
are the most common destinations for these States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom
medical professionals. Factors influencing their (UK) are among the top destination countries for
migration can be categorized into 'push' factors medical professionals from Nepal (Shankar, P. R.,
within Nepal and 'pull' factors in the developed 2018).
recipient countries. 'Push' factors include limited Push and pull factors for nursing professionals:
employment opportunities, salary discrepancies, 'Push' factors, such as lack of job and career
inadequate chances for professional growth, opportunities, personal ambition, and low salaries,
political instability, corruption, reluctance to work influence the decision of Nepalese nurses to leave
in remote areas, and job insecurity. On the other their own country. Conversely, 'pull' factors, such
hand, 'pull' factors encompass equal opportunities, as better job and career opportunities, attract nurses
improved living standards, job security, prospects to other countries (Thapa & Shrestha, 2017).
for a stable future for themselves and their families,
access to the global labor market, and peer group Impact on the healthcare system: The ongoing
influence (Toya, 2014). brain drain in Nepal's healthcare system could
have a significant impact on the future of the
Likewise, Kadel and Bhandari (2019) delve into country. The distribution of medical colleges is
the reasons behind the brain drain phenomenon disproportionately concentrated in urban areas,
among nurses in Biratnagar, Nepal. This study leaving rural populations without quality health
discovered that a significant percentage of nurses care. The mental well-being of physicians is a
below the age of 25 were considering migrating growing concern, with studies indicating high
abroad, mainly to Australia and the USA, for levels of burnout, stress, and depression among
work and further studies. Factors such as limited healthcare workers, worsened by the Coronavirus
career opportunities, low salaries, and unfavorable Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (Singh, B.,
working conditions acted as 'pull' factors, 2023).
enticing nurses to seek opportunities elsewhere.
Simultaneously, the 'push' factors, including These statistics highlight the magnitude and
dissatisfaction with their current salary, further impact of brain drain in Nepal's medical sector.
contributed to their intent to migrate. Emigration of skilled professionals is driven

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Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

by various factors, both within Nepal and in the Collaborate with the government and other
recipient countries, and it presents challenges to stakeholders: Managing brain drain requires a
the country's healthcare system. Addressing these collaborative effort between the government,
challenges and retaining skilled professionals private sector, and other stakeholders. Management
within Nepal is a significant policy concern. can play a crucial role in advocating for policies
and initiatives that address the root causes of brain
Role of management in managing brain drain
drain and create a conducive environment for
in Nepal
growth and investment in critical sectors.
The role of management in managing brain drain
By taking these steps, management can contribute
in Nepal is crucial for the country's sustainable
to addressing the brain drain issue in Nepal and
economic development and growth. Here are some
help the country achieve its sustainable economic
ways in which management can contribute to
development goals.
addressing the issue:
Develop and implement policies to attract and retain
Welcome to IRJPMC Volume 2, Issue 2
skilled professionals: One of the main causes of This issue expressed on following areas:
brain drain in Nepal is the limited job opportunities 1. Understanding and effectively utilizing the
and career prospects for skilled professionals. By skills of returnee workers in Rupandehi
creating a conducive environment for growth and District is vital for its sustainable development.
investment in critical sectors, such as healthcare, By embracing and integrating the knowledge
education, infrastructure, and technology, and experience these individuals bring, the
management can help attract and retain skilled district can address issues like unemployment
professionals. and poverty, stimulate entrepreneurship, and
Invest in research and development: The lack foster a culture of learning and growth. It is a
of research and development opportunities is a collective effort that can lead to a brighter and
significant factor contributing to brain drain in more prosperous future for both the returnees
Nepal. By investing in research and development, and the community at large (Kharal & Rana,
management can create a knowledge-based 2023).
economy that offers growth opportunities and 2. The Employment Dynamics and Economic
incentives for skilled professionals to stay in the Contributions of Community College
country. Graduates in Rupandehi District, Nepal
community college graduates in Rupandehi
Implement returnee programs: Returnee programs,
District are becoming a driving force behind
which provide support and incentives for Nepali
local economic growth and development.
professionals to return to the country after studying
Their practical education, strong work ethic,
or working abroad, can help control brain drain
and commitment to the community create
and harness the knowledge and expertise of Nepali
a positive cycle of progress. Recognizing
professionals. Management can play a crucial role
and supporting the contributions of these
in implementing and promoting such programs.
graduates is essential for a brighter future in
Address societal factors: Brain drain in Nepal is Rupandehi, where education and employment
also influenced by societal factors such as global opportunities continue to thrive (Rana, et al.,
travel, cultural pressure, lack of recognition, and 2023).
lack of social support systems. Management can 3. A research-based on overview highlighted
work towards creating a supportive and inclusive development of microfinance (Gautam, J.
environment that recognizes and rewards the 2023).
contributions of skilled professionals, thereby
4. Haat Bazars in Rupandehi have made
reducing the incentives for them to leave the
a substantial contribution to the rural
country.

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 Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

economy, driving economic growth, that life is a relentless voyage filled with
fostering entrepreneurship, and preserving challenges, but it is our determination
cultural traditions. They are vital not only to endure that defines our existence. our
for the economic well-being of the region resilience, and our eternal pursuit of the
but also for the social and cultural fabric of unattainable dreams that make life worth
Rupandehi. As we move forward, it is crucial living. (Ghimire, 2023).
to recognize and support the continued 8. An Artificial Intelligence (AI) Enabled
growth of these local markets, ensuring that Framework for Cyber Security Using
they remain a cornerstone of rural prosperity Machine Learning Techniques an AI-enabled
in this beautiful region (Nepal, 2023). framework for cybersecurity is not just a
5. Online Retailer’s Understanding of powerful tool but a necessity in our digital age.
Consumers While Offering the Product: As cyber threats become more sophisticated,
A Narrative Study opens a window into the integration of AI and ML techniques
the intricate world of online retail, where into our defense strategies is a proactive
consumers' stories, needs, and preferences step towards safeguarding our digital assets
take center stage. Online retailers who invest and ensuring a secure and resilient cyber
in understanding these narratives and adapt landscape. The promise of AI in cybersecurity
their strategies accordingly will be better is one that holds the key to our collective
equipped to provide tailored experiences digital future, and we must continue to invest
that meet the expectations of today's digital in and explore its full potential (Ahmad &
consumers. The future of online retail lies Krishna Prasad K, 2023)
in not just offering products but in crafting 9. Madheshi contributions in Nepali education
stories that resonate with consumers and cater exemplify the spirit of empowerment
to their evolving desires (Thakur, 2023). and transformation. They have not only
6. The Administrative Skills of Head Teacher expanded educational opportunities but have
in Educational Institutions the administrative also enriched the educational landscape of
skills of head teachers in educational Nepal with their dedication and resilience.
institutions are the compass that guides By valuing and celebrating education, the
these institutions towards success. Strong Madheshi community empowers minds
organizational abilities, efficient time and lays the foundation for prosperous
management, effective communication, and and inclusive communities in Nepal. Their
adept problem-solving are the cornerstones of ongoing contributions are a testament to the
a head teacher's role in creating a conducive enduring impact of education on individuals
learning environment. Recognizing and and society as a whole (Thakur, et al., 2023).
nurturing these skills is essential in ensuring
Acknowledgment
that educational institutions can provide the
best possible learning experiences for their As the Editor-in-Chief of the International Research
students (Adhiakri & Budhathoki, 2023). Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC), I
7. The Perseverance of Life: Exploring the would like to extend my heartfelt congratulations
Struggle for Existence in Hemingway's The to all the authors who have contributed to the
Old Man and the Sea "The Old Man and the success of our journal. Your hard work, dedication,
Sea" is a timeless masterpiece, resonating and commitment to excellence have made this
with readers from all walks of life. Its themes achievement possible.
of perseverance, resilience, and the inherent Publishing a research article is a significant
struggle for existence continue to captivate accomplishment that requires extensive knowledge,
our collective consciousness. Hemingway's expertise, and perseverance. Your contributions
portrayal of Santiago's ordeal reminds us have not only enriched the academic community

International Research Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC) ISSN: 2961-1717 9

Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

but have also helped to advance the frontiers of of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC). Your
knowledge in your respective fields. contributions are deeply appreciated, and we look
forward to your continued support in the future.
We are greatly thankful to University Grants
Commission Nepal for supporting us to conduct As we celebrate this festive season, let us reflect
research training which made us capable of doing on the values that make us truly human. In a world
this journal. filled with contradictions and challenges, it is our
compassion, conviction, and contribution that can
First and foremost, I would like to thank the
bring about positive change.
reviewers for their valuable contributions. Your
insightful feedback, constructive criticism, and Compassion, the ability to understand and
meticulous review process have significantly empathize with others, is a powerful force that
improved the quality of the published articles. We can bridge gaps and heal wounds. Let us extend
appreciate the time and effort you have invested in a helping hand to those in need, whether it be
reviewing the manuscripts and providing valuable through community service, supporting a friend, or
suggestions for their enhancement. simply offering a kind word.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the Conviction, the unwavering belief in our principles
advisors and editors for their guidance and support and values, gives us the strength to stand up for
throughout the publication process. Your expertise what is right. Let us be guided by our moral and
and knowledge have been invaluable in ensuring ethical compass, even in the face of adversity, and
the high standards of our journal. Your commitment strive to make a difference in the lives of others.
to academic excellence and your willingness to
Contribution, the act of giving our time, energy, and
share your insights have been instrumental in the
resources, is a fundamental part of being human.
success of our journal.
Whether it is through our work, our relationships,
To the authors, I extend my appreciation for or our involvement in our communities, let us
your contributions to the journal. Your research, be committed to making a positive impact in the
innovation, and dedication to your respective fields world.
have enriched our publication. We are grateful
As we navigate through life, let us do so with
for the opportunity to showcase your work and
an attitude of gratitude, humility, and respect for
contribute to the academic community.
others. Let us be mindful of the impact of our
I would like to acknowledge the College words and actions, and strive to build bridges of
Management Committee for their support and understanding and cooperation.
encouragement. Your vision and commitment to
Let us come together as a global community, united
promoting research and academic excellence have
in our shared humanity, and work towards a better
been crucial in the establishment and growth of our
future for all by managing brain drain. On behalf
journal.
of journal team, Wish you all happy happy festivals
Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to you are celebrating.
the editors of the first and second issue for their
Conclusions and Suggestion
confidence in me as the Editor-in-Chief. It is an
honor to serve in this role and work with such a The United States and the United Kingdom are
talented and dedicated team. Together, we will the most preferred destinations for Nepali doctors,
continue to strive for excellence and contribute to while recent graduates are increasingly willing to
the advancement of knowledge in our respective go abroad Push and pull factors: The migration
fields. of professionals in Nepal is influenced by a
combination of push and pull factors. Push factors
Thank you once again to everyone involved in
include limited job and career opportunities,
the success of the International Research Journal
dissatisfaction with salary, and personal ambition,

10 International Research Journal of Parroha Multiple Campus (IRJPMC) ISSN: 2961-1717

 Mishra, A. K. (2023). IRJPMC; 2(1)

while pull factors include better job and career Chang, P., & Deng, Z. (1992). The Chinese
opportunities in other countries. Consequences brain drain and policy options. Studies in
of brain drain: Brain drain has both positive and Comparative International Development,
negative effects on the economic development 27(1), 44-60
of the country. While it can contribute to the
Chang, S. L. (1992). Causes of brain drain and
remittance income and skill transfer, it also leads
solutions: The Taiwan experience. Studies
to a shortage of qualified and skilled workers,
in comparative international development,
hindering the development of the industrial sector.
27(1), 27-43.
Solutions for managing brain drain: To address
the issue of brain drain in Nepal, the government Das, D. K. (2019). Exploring perspectives of the
should focus on political stability, development information technology industry in a South
in the industrial sector to create employment African city. Sustainability, 11(22), 6520.
opportunities, and offer competitive salaries, Docquier, F., & Marfouk, A. (2006). International
effective management, and supportive working migration by education attainment, 1990–
environments for professionals. Additionally, 2000. International migration, remittances
initiatives inspiring professionals to stay in and the brain drain, 151-199.
Nepal, maintaining the National Health Insurance
Program, and controlling healthcare privatization Docquier, F., Lowell, B. L., & Marfouk, A. (2009).
are necessary. A gendered assessment of highly skilled
emigration. Population and Development
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