Eigenvalu &Eigenvechr

Defmi tion H A n an nxn matpix, 7hen a non-3ero vecloft x in R

Calles an
eigen vesorr of A if AR a cal an muiple of
that in
AX AX

gorr oma scalarr The hcalot Calles an aigen valuz f A

an X b saiq fo be an eigen veaton conraspond ing to

Strue tchina/comprussing Jacor AR-

Eigenvolue V
Vectort is Just
Eigenvecton /Compru1ng vecro) gebng
tredehing/Com rekhd
diechon
or Campraed
No eirechHon
chang

Chanacferishe Euation

9f A n an nxn motrix, Then a an

e gen value dA ifand only

euotion
i t ohinfies tha
det ( n r - A ) = o

Thin b Clles The characherrihe euation A.

eharraeterintc blynomio

The polynomio
dPCa)= dat (ar-A)
. -+n

icalleod characenistic poly nemial AA

Example: Find alU the eigenvodues and The
cortrtaspondsng einvetons
the matrix
2
A -2

-5

Salion : The eharra eternis ie polynomial f A

-1 2
det PCa)-de (1-A) | -

-2

- (n-1)a+2) (a-3) -of +2 (0-o)+! (0-o)

= (-t) (2+2) (a-2)

Now The eharacterntic eauahon A

PCa)

+2 (a) (a-2) =o

These atte 1he eujenvalues df A

to 9 -1
Eigenve cor corrnesponaling
Then
a n ei9enye etor Conrasponding to

obined from s0luton f det (ar- A)i =o: det (T-A)= 0

it

l1:
Nos 0 2

R- 3R+2R 3

R-5R+ 2R, 3

2
3 2
RR-R o

So The cornesponaing Aypfem

-2x, + M, = 0 , *o

3M 0
kas t
sa 9rcee varuable
te re

and it Jonm
il flaun thad
on
genvec
Henca
to 2-1
eigenspace cor respon ding
abapin Jort the

éorrresponding to a 2
Eigunveator

-2
R 5R-4R
o The Cortresponaling stm
=0
%-2x,+X, 0: X L, - t

1. -

ano it ortma a
bas is
i a n egenvector ceftriets

to = 2
the eigeopace Cot rapond rg
Ton

to A= -2
tor rasponding
Eigenveaton

-3 -2

O
111
5 4M

Cerraspondng s t e m

5-4, 0

tet M,t, n

L
a n eigenvecon and it gortmn a bann orn t
He 4/5
a
eigen valuw
=
-2
ko
Conraponaling
eigenspau
 F i n d he eigen valuues an banen fon tha eigenapaces f

A 2

Solution: The chara ahern inic poly nomial 4A s

t2
+1- -i) (2+i)
2-2

aiA A-
So 1he eisen values d aru

to -
Nos The eigenvectors corrrespondng

tt2 147

R-5R,4jk,|(t+2) 11 fo

+
=
0
l+2) %

(i-2) i-)t
L t, L+2

i-)t
-
and it orma a banla tor t
5 an ej'gen vectort
So

eigenpace Corraspondiny to
Similar sor -i we
tnd
l24)
X
1
for fhe eerapaa
to
1ortm banh Corraspon obing
gen veson and it
a
h on ei
- -t
The eigen valus

Exenue
and baves ort The eigeno paco t h .
Find the eigénvalues,
ollwing matrices

o
2

-2

2 2

-3

12 -5
- 3
3. -2
Cayle-Hanilbn heertern
Everuyauaru matrix Aatinties ib Chartacerishic euation

Tha 1A an nxn matrix tJhone eharracte ristic euoion

then
A+A

Ex ample : Find the eharacheruishic eauoion o 1he matrix

2 3 Theorem fort it
A &vertity ajley- Hami ton

Soluron The eharaekerrinte equahon thu matrix A

det (ar- A) = 0

A- -2 -
0
-3 -

a- 15 A-15 -

theerrem we have to bhow thad

Now,to veruta aylez-Hamilton

A-A-15A -15I 33 53
21
6
2 37
A 6
AAA 33

53 21
A-2 -1
6
31 I
I23
4 33 53 4 38 -I5 o o
33 6 21
3 6 6-15 2
A-A15A-15I- 6
21 411
53
 o

A-A-15A -15I -
o

Hamiiton Theorrem s Venified.

Henc the layley-

2 TWo to Jind invense trom the heone m

A-A-15A -15I o

A A - A"A- 15A"A - I5.A"-I =Ao

A-A 15I- 154- 0

15r
-)15A =
A-A

A A-A-15

f14 3 2
t5
36 6 15
15 5

3-2 0 3 -3 01
14-1-15
3-2 0 6 +1-15 61 -oo

-1-15
-3-

5
1
5 5
 Diogonalizotion
9fA& D are uaru matrice, Then we sy fhat B o 3imilart

there in inverctible matrix Puch thad B- PAP

to A i an

Here A &Bhare The %lowing ame properie;

Detercmnant, JnveruibiUty,atate, Rank, Nul'ty.

Trace

ehanateristic polynomi'al, Eigen volus Eigenopae dmensíon

s a m z fon both A
& B
all them aru Aama4o'enacy

d u to milaruty
.

matrix A aid t be diagonalizable if it

A square
Thad h i ther
Bimilar to
some oliagonad motrix;

h a t P AP diagenal. Gn in
eih a matpin P such
Aaid to diagenalize A
Cane tha matrin Pi

wiTh n lunea tl eizen v e t o r

motr ix (n xn)
A uane

diagonaluza ble
nXn Matrin A.
Praceaure for diagonali3ing an

total
eheck the diagonalisabil'ty.
ie whether the
Step1: this n not the cane
basts veators =n: if
humberr o
not diagonaizable,
then A
than am the matrix
matrin i^ diogonalizable,
9t the
SHep2 column veetors
are th n banin

P- B- - - P w h o n e
6btained in Akep1.
vectonm
Step 3: PAP ill be a diagonal matrix Whose succa>ive

entrues altu the eigenvalues , A, - -

An
alia4en a
to Tha ^uccosive calumno P.
That Corrmespond

Exampe l
Matrix A.
Matrix P that diagenaigen
a
find a

2
A

Solutron T eharta eerishc eauation 0A »,

det (at -A) =0

- 1 ) (-2) 0

as A-l a 2
So th distind eigenyaluen

proce duno Ar-A) * o

Fo lo wing fhe Previows

egen vecton s it faama a basis ton

fort -2 P ian

tortysponsint ta A-2,
Tha elgenapat
&P- orm abamin for he
or 2

o
fo -2.
egen spacu Cortranponding
-2 basin shieh balengs
P- oRm a

Aein, ton a-1

generot -
to Tha egenspaea
There are Thrree baoin vecons in total, o ka matpix

diagoneuzes A

orr veritcation
-I 0 2

PAP 1

2
2

in preferrud orderr tor the colums f P

Note: The re no

Matpin That i not Diagonalizabl

A

I2 0
A
-35 2

Solutron: The eharactertisHic euation f A b.

- 1 ) Ca-2) =0

& 2-2.
The ditinct eigenvalun 4 A are a-1

For -IP -2

Sinca A a 3x3 matrix and Tharte anu only two bas i

Veror in toad A b nat diagonalizable,

 AnpweTT The Coneuces olloing two Cares

matricen Lrh distind en eigevalues Diagonalizbl

O Sauare or
th
matrix wifh entrien "Dn Not
Tianqular
main diagonal

pasitive inkezer,
A n an
eigenvalue f a

Theorem 9f k ib a

matrin A, and x
h a dortrespondg egenve oto r, Than
and X h a Corraspondng eienvecbn.
n a n eigenvalue df A^

A X A(aR)
=

a(Ax) a(ax) = a .

Compuhing bwers uf a Matrin greaty simpihied shen

ib diagenal'gable .

the matrin
O0 0
oo= D
P'AP

(P'A P)

P)-(PA P) P'A(PQ') AP -

Heru (P'h P-(FA

P'A-I. AP
- P'AP

PAPB P

Hence A-Po'
 13
eh Calculate whene
-2

A-

Soluion
P

D PAP 2

Hence 1 PDP
1

o2

-163621
-8190 8191
8191 8192

8191
6 383

To ind pruinupo anes } inerria

Fnding norgmal modes o} an oncUating s n fem.

T o deteremine naturro n e n ay vibrration

T o find Con ropon ding enzrcqy levelh of a

ptem (4uankm
Abo eheck Pdt rralaed
mechanic
to dliagenaligotion to have beter
iight
Artootve-dHer

Anp ea pa 527 (Anion) br dome rel Ce opplicatiors

Linean Algebra.