ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS

Contents

Definition of Analytical Function

Cauchy Riemann Equations

Properties of analytical functions

Determination of Harmonic Conjugate

Milne-Thomson’s method

Conformal mappings : 1/z , az , az+b .

Bilinear Transformation
Analytical functions :- ( Regular functions or Holomorphic functions)
Definition:-

A Single valued function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z 0 ,if it

has a derivative at z0 and at every point in some neighbourhood of z 0 .

Note :

If it is analytical at every point in a region R, then it is said to be

analytic in the region R.

Necessary condition for a complex function f(z) to be

analytic:-
Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

Statement:-
If f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) is analytic in a region R
of the z-plane then
i) ux , uy, vx , vy exist and ii) ux = vy and uy = -vx at
every point in that region.

Necessary condition for a complex function f(z) to be

analytic:-
Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Proof:-
Let f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y)
 We first assume f(z) is analytic in a region R. Then by the

definition, f(z) has a derivative f’(z) everywhere in R.

Now

Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

Let z = x+iy
Δz = Δx + i Δy
∴( z+Δz) = (x+Δx) + i (y+Δy)
∴ f z( +∆ =z) u x( +∆ +∆ +x y, y)iv x( +∆ +∆x y,
y)
We know that, f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y)

Now

Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

Case (i) :- If Δz→0 , first we assume that Δy=0 and Δx→0
 = ∂u + i ∂v
∂x ∂x

f’(z) = ux+ i vx -------→(1)

Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Case (ii) :- If Δz→0 , now we assume Δx=0 and Δy→0
 1∂u ∂v
= +
i y∂ ∂y

f’(z) = -i uy+ vy -------→(2) (since 1/i = -i)

Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

from (1) & (2) , we get

 ux + i vx = -i uy+ vy

Equating real and imaginary parts weget,

ux = vy and uy = - vx

The above equations are called Cauchy-Riemann equations (or) C-

R Equations .

Therefore the function f(z) to be analytic at the point z, it is

necessary that the four partial derivatives ux , uy, vx, vy should exist
and satisfy the C-R equations.

Sufficient condition for f(z) to be analytic

Statement:- The singled valued continuous function f(z) = u + i v is
analytic in a region R of the z-plane, if the four partial derivatives
ux , uy , vx , vy , (i) exist , (ii) continuous , (iii) they satisfy the C-R
equations ux = vy and uy = - vx at every point of R.

Note:- All polynomials, trigonometric, exponential functions are

continuous.

Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form

Statement:- If f(z) = u(r,θ) + i v(r,θ) is differential ar z = reiθ , then

 ∂∂ ∂
ur = 1r ∂ θv ⇒u = r 1r vθ

∂
∂ vr = − 1 ∂u ⇒ = −v r 1r uθ
r ∂θ

Proof:- Let z = reiθ

and f(z) = u+iv

i.e., u+iv = f( reiθ ) (1)

Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form
Differentiating partially w.r.t. r̀ ́ weget,

∂u +i ∂v = f ′(re θ)e θ
i i (2)
∂r ∂r

Differentiating partially w.r.t. θ

̀ ́ weget,

∂u + i ∂v = f ′(re )(re )(i)

iθ iθ

∂θ θ∂
=(ri f) ′(re )(e )iθ iθ

ri ∂ri ∂r ( from eqn. (2))

 ∂
= ir ∂ur −r ∂∂vr → (3)
Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form

Equating real and imaginary parts in eqn. (3) , weget,

∂u =−r ∂v and ∂v =r ∂u
∂θ ∂r ∂θ ∂r

ie u. ., θ = −r v and r vθ = r u r
 (or) u=
v= −r1
r
r u
and θ 1r v θ

EXAMPLES
1) Show that f(z) = z3 is analytic.

Proof:- Given f(z) = z3 =(x+iy)3 = x 3 + 3 x 2(iy) + 3x(iy)2 + (iy)3

= (x 3 - 3xy2) + i ( 3x2y – y3 )
We know that f(z) = u+iv

So , 3 2 2

u =x − 3xy , v=3x y− y 3
 ∂u =3x −3y 2 2 , ∂v =6xy
∂x ∂x

∂u = −6xy , ∂v = 3x −3y
2 2

∂y ∂y
EXAMPLES

from the above equations weget,

u = v and u = −v
x y y x

∴ C − R equations are satisfied.

Here ux , uy , vx , vy exists and continuous. Hence

the given function f(z) is analytic.
2) Examine the analyticity of the following functions and find its
derivatives.
i) f z( ) = e ii) f z( z

) = cosz iii) f z( )
= sinh z
EXAMPLES
i) Solution:-
f z( ) = =e e z x + iy
=ee x iy
= e (cos y+isin y)
x

Here u = e cos y and v = e sin y u = e cos

x x
x
x

y v = e sin y u =−e sin y v = e cos

x
x
y
x
y
x

y
 ∴ u =v and
x y u =−v
y x

⇒ −C R equationsaresatisfied.
⇒ f z is analytic everywhere in the complex plane( ) .
EXAMPLES

Now f ′( )z = ux + i vx

= ex cos y + i ex sin y

= ex (cos y + i sin y)
 = e ex iy

= ex iy+

= ez
EXAMPLES

ii) Solution:-

f z( ) = cosz =
cos(x+iy)

= cosx cos( )iy − sin x sin( )iy

 = cosx cosh y − i sin x sinh y (Qcos( ) coshix =x

sin( )ix =isinh )x

∴ u = cos coshx y v =−sin x sinh y u =−sin
x

coshx y v =−cos sinhx y u = cos sinhx y

x y

v =−sin coshx y
y

⇒ u = v and
x y u =− v
y x

EXAMPLES

∴ C − R equations satisfied
⇒ It is analytic
Also f ′( )z = u + i v
x x

= −( sin x cosh y) + i(−cos sinhx y)

1
= −sin x cosiy + i(−cosx i sin(iy))

= −sin x cos(iy)− cosx sin(iy)

= −[sin(x iy+)]
=− sin z
 EXAMPLES

iii)
= sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
∴ u = sinh x cos y , v = cosh x sin y u = x

cosh x cos y , v = sinh x sin y u = −sinh

x y

x sin y , v = cosh x cos y

y

⇒ u = v and
x y u = −v
y x
 ∴ C − R equations are satisfied ⇒
f z is analytic( ) .

Now f ′( )z = u + i v
x x

= (cosh x cos y) + i (sinh x sin y)

= (cos( ) cosixy) + i
1
i sin( )

sinix y

= cos(ix− y)
 EXAMPLES

= cos (i x +iy) (Q (1/i )= −i)

= cos iz
= cosh z

TRY IT
Examine the analyticity of the following functions and find its
derivatives.
 i) f z( ) = ex (cos y +isin )y ii) f z( ) = e−x

(cos y −isin )y iii) f z( ) = sin x cosh y

+i cosx sinh y

3) Show that the function f z( )= xy is not regular analy( tic) at the

origin although C, − R equations are satisfied
at theorigin.
 EXAMPLES

Solution:−

Given f z( )= xy
Hence u = xy and v=0

Now u,x = ∂u = lim∆ →x 0 u x( + ∆x y, ) − u x y( , )

∂x ∆x
 EXAMPLES

∆ −
ux (0,0)=lim∆ →x 0 u( x,0) u(0,0) = 0
∆x

llly uy (0,0) = 0 vx
(0,0) = 0 vy
(0,0) = 0

⇒ ux = vy and uy = −v at the originx .

 EXAMPLES

∴ C − R equations are satisfied at the origin.

But f ′(0) = lim∆ →z 0 f (0+ ∆∆z)z − f z( )

∆ ∆x y − 0
= (∆ +x i ylim∆ →) 0 ∆z
Along the curve y = mx
2
m
f ′(0) = limy m x m ∆x =
 ∆ →∆ = ∆x 0 ∆x(1+im) 1+im ∴ The limit

is not unique, since it depends on 'm'.

∴ f (0) does not exist.′

Hence f(z) is not regular at the origin.
C-R equations in polar form
EXAMPLES

1) Check for analyticity of logz

(or) Show that f(z) = logz is analytic everywhere except at the
origin and find its derivatives.
Solution:f z( ) = log z
 EXAMPLES

= log(reiθ) (Q z = reiθ)
= logr+logeiθ =
logr+ iθ

wk t. . . f z( ) = +uiv
Here u = logr and v =θ
 EXAMPLES

∴ ur = 1 vr =0
r
uθ = 0 vθ = 1

∴ u u v vr , θ, r , θ exist, are continuous and satisfy C-R equations

 1 1
ur = r v and vθ r = − r uθeverywhere except at r =0
(ie. .) z = 0.

∴ f z is analytic everywhere except at z( ) =0.

EXAMPLES

2) Prove that f(z) = zn is analytic function and find its derivatives.

n i n

= r en inθ
 = r n [cosnθ+isinnθ]

∴ u = r n cosnθ ; v = r n cosnθ
ur = nr n−1 cosnθ ; uθ= −nr n
vr = − 1r
sinnθ ; uθ

⇒ ur = 1r vθ and

vr = nr n−1 sinnθ vθ = nr n cosnθ

EXAMPLES

Thus u ur , θ, v v exist are continuous andr , θ ,

satisfy C − R equations everywhere. ∴ f z is
analytic( ) .

Alsof ′( )z = ur e+iθivr

(nr cosnθ) + i nr( sinnθ)

n −1 n −1

= eiθ

nr n−1[cosnθ+isinnθ]
 = eiθ

= nr en−1θ inθ = n re( iθ)n−1 = nzn−1

ei
Laplace Equations

In Cartesian form :

∂2 ∂2 xy

i e. ., ∇2φ = 0
 In Polar form :

HARMONIC FUNCTIONS
A real valued function of two real variables x and y is
said to be harmonic, if
i) The second order partial derivatives uxx , uxy , uyx , uyy exist and
they are continuous.
and

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
ii) The Laplace equation x + ∂ 2 = 0 satisfies.
∂2 y

Conjugate Harmonic functions:-

 If u+iv is an analytic function of z then v is called a conjugate
harmonic function of u; (or) u is called a conjugate harmonic
function of v; (or) u and v are called conjugate harmonic functions.
Properties of Analytic functions

Property (1) :- The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function

f(z) = u+iv satisfy the Laplace equation (or) real part “u” and
imaginary part “v” of an analytic function f(z) = u+iv are harmonic
functions.

Proof:-

Given f(z) = u+i v is an analytic function.

i.e., u and v are continuous, ux , uy , vx , vy are exist and they

satisfy the C-R equations ux = vy and uy = - vx

(1) (2)
Properties of Analytic functions

Diff eqn. .(1) partially wr t x weget. . . , ,

uxx = vyx → (3)

Diff eqn. .(2) partially wr t y weget. . . , ,

uyy = −vxy → (4)
 Adding (3) & (4) weget, uxx + uyy = vyx − vxy

=0 Q vyx = vxy ∴ u satisfies Laplace

equation.
Hence u is a Harmonic function.
Properties of Analytic functions

Now ,
Diff eqn..(1) partially wr t y weget. . . , ,

uxy = vyy → (5)

Diff eqn..(2) partially wr t x weget. . . , ,

uyx = −vxx → (6)

 subracting (5) & (6) weget, vyy + vxx = uxy −

uyx = 0 Q uxy = uyx ∴ v satisfies

Laplace equation.
Hence v is a Harmonic function.
Thus u and v are harmonic functions.

Note:- The converse of the above result need not be true.

Properties of Analytic functions
Try it
Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic
function f(z) = u(r,θ) + i v(r, θ) satisfy the Laplace equation in polar
coordinates.
ie. ., To prove that

urr + 1rur + r12 uθθ

and

vrr + 1rvr + r12 vθθ

 Properties of Analytic functions

Orthogonal Curves:-
Two curves are said to be orthogonal to each other then they
intersect at right angles. [ product of slopes m1 m2 = -1]
Property (2) :-
If f(z) = u+ iv is an analytic function then the family of curves
u(x,y) = a and v(x,y) = b (where a&b are constants) cut each other
orthogonally. Proof:-

Given: u x y( , ) = a and v x y( , ) = b
Taking differentials on both sides weget, , du
=0
 Properties of Analytic functions

∂u dx + ∂u dy = 0
⇒ ∂x ∂y

∴
dy = −ux = m1 dx uy

llly v x y( , ) =b
∂v ∂v dy 0
⇒ + =
∂x ∂y dx
 ∴
dy = −vx = m2 dx vy Properties of Analytic functions

Product of slopes m m, 1 2 = −uuyx −vvyx

=
(−ux )(uy ) Q ux vy
= (uy )(u ) and uy = −vx
 x

= −1
Hence the two curves in eqns. (3) & (4) are orthogonal curves.
Properties of Analytic functions

Result :- (1) An analytic function with constant modulus is

constant.
Proof:-
Let f(z) = u + i v be an analytic function

∴ f z( ) = u2 +v2
Given: f z( ) = c ie. ., u2 +

v2 = c
⇒ u2 + v2 = c2 → (1)
Properties of Analytic functions

Diff eqn..(1) partially wr t x weget. . . , ,

2uux + 2vvx = 0 ⇒ uu x + vv x = 0 → (2)

Diff eqn..(1) partially wr t y weget. . . , ,

2uuy + 2vvy = 0 ⇒ uu y + vv y = 0 → (3)

 Since f z is analytic it satisfies C( ) , − R equations
ie u. ., x = vy and uy = −vx
⇒ u2 ux2 +
∴ (2) ⇒ uux + v(−uy ) = 0 ⇒
uy2 + v2
(3) ⇒ uuy + v u( x ) = 0 ⇒
ux2 + uy2
uux − vuy = 0 uuy + vux = 0 (uux − vuy ) 2

Properties of Analytic functions

Squaring and adding the above equations, weget,
+ (uuy + vux )2 = 0 ⇒ (u2 +v2 ) (ux2
+ u y2 ) = 0
⇒ u u2 2x + v u2 2y − 2uvu uxy + u u2 2y
 + v u2 2x + 2uvu uyx = 0 =0

But u2 + v2 = c2 ≠ 0 ( from eqn. (1))

ux2 + uy2 = 0 ∴→ (4)

Properties of Analytic functions

Since
f z( )= u +iv
f ′( )z = ux + i vx
= ux − i uy ( by C − R eqns.)
 ∴f ′( )z =ux2 + uy2

⇒f ′( )z 2 = ux2 + uy2

=0 ( from (4))
⇒ f ′( )z = 0
⇒ f z is a( ) constant
∴ An analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
Properties of Analytic functions
Result :- (2) If f(z) = u+iv is a regular function of z = x+iy then

∇2 [ f z( )]2 = 4 f ′( )z 2 Proof

:−
 ∂2 ∂2 22

=
To prove that ∂x2 + ∂y2 f z( ) 4 f ′( )z

Let f z( ) = u+iv
f z( ) = u iv−

∴ f z( ) f z( ) = (u +iv)(u −iv) = u2 + v2
∴ f z( )2 = u2 + v2
Properties of Analytic functions

Now,
 ∂∂x2 +∂∂22 2 ∂2 ∂2 2 v2 ) f
z( )
2 y = ∂x2 +∂y2 (u +

→ (1)

∂
Now, consider, (u ) = 2uu
2
x

2 2 x x
 llly ∂y22 ( 2 2uuyy + 2uy2
u)=
∂
Properties of Analytic functions

∴∂∂2 2xu2 + ∂∂2 2yu2 = 2u u( xx + uyy ) + 2(ux2 +uy2 )

=2 u(0) + ux2 +uy2 Q f z is analyticu is harmonic( )

= 2[ux2 + −( vx )2] Q⇒f z is analyticC( )− R eqns satisfied.
,

= 2[ux2 +vx2 ]

= +
= 2 f ′( )z 2 Q⇒f ′f( )′z( )z =ux uivx2 x+vx2
 Properties of Analytic functions

llly ∂∂2 2v2 + ∂2 2yv2 = 2 f

′( )z 2 x ∂

∂2 ∂2 222

∴ = +
(1) ⇒ ∂x2 + ∂y2 f z( ) 2 f ′( )z 2 f ′( )z

= 4 f ′( )z 2
 Thus proved
EXAMPLES

1) If f z( ) = ex (cos y + i sin )y is analytic function prove

that u v are harmonic functions, .
Solutions:−
To prove that u and v are Harmonic functions ie. .,
T PT. . . uxx + uyy = 0 and vxx + vyy = 0
Here u = ex cos y ux v = ex sin y vx
= ex cos y uxx = = ex sin y vxx =
ex cos y uy = ex sin y vy = ex
−ex sin y uyy = cos y vyy = −ex
−ex cos y sin y

EXAMPLES

∴ uxx + uyy = ex cos y − ex cos y = 0 and

vxx + vyy = ex sin y − ex sin y = 0

 ∴ Both u & v satisfies Laplace equation Hence

u & v are Harmonic functions.

CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Milne-Thomson method :-

To find the analytic function f(z):

i) when u(x , y) is given ( i.e., real part is given)

 f z( ) = ∫ux(z,0)dz i u− ∫ y(z,0)dz
ii) when v(x ,y ) is given ( i.e., Imaginary part is given)

f z( ) = ∫vy(z,0)dz i v+ ∫ x(z,0)dz
CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Method to find out the Harmonic conjugate:

Let f(z) = u + i v be an analytic function.

Given: u(x ,y )
v = −∫ uy dx +
∴
∫uxdy
⇓ ⇓
treating y Integrating the terms

as constant
independent of x
EXAMPLES

1) If u(x ,y ) = x2 + y2 , find v(x ,y ) and Hence find f(z).

Solution:−

Given: u = x2 − y2
 ⇒ ux = 2x , uy = −2y we know
that,

v = −∫ uy dx + ∫uxdy
⇓ ⇓
treating y Integrating the terms

as constant
independent of x
EXAMPLES

∴ v = − −∫ ( 2 )y dx + ∫ 2xdy
 = 2xy + 0 IInd integral is zero since

there is no term indep. of "x"

⇒v = 2xy

∴ f z( ) = u + i v
⇒ f z( ) = (x2 − y2 ) + i (2xy)
= x2 +i y2 2 +2 (x iy)

= (x i y+)2
∴ f z( ) = z2
EXAMPLES

1) Find f(z), when u(x ,y ) = x2 + y2 .

(same example, using Milne-Thomson method, finding f(z) )

⇒ ux = 2x , uy = −2y
∴ u zx ( ,0) = 2z , u zy ( ,0) = 0

By Milne-Thomson method , f z( ) =
∫ux(z,0)dz i u− ∫ y(z,0)dz
= ∫2zdz − i ∫0 dz
∴ f z( ) =
z2 EXAMPLES

2) Show that the function u(x ,y ) = sinx coshy is harmonic.

Find its harmonic conjugate v( x , y ) and the analytic function
f(z) =u + i v .

Given u x y
ux = cosx cosh y uy = sin x sinh y uxx =−sin
x cosh y uyy = sin x cosh y

∴ uxx + uyy = 0
⇒ u is harmonic.
 EXAMPLES

To find v x y( , ):− we know that, v =

−∫ uy dx + ∫uxdy
⇓ ⇓
treating y Integrating the terms

as constant independent of x

∴ V = ∫−(sinx sinh y dx) + ∫(cosx cosh y dy)

 = − y∫ x dx +
sinh sin 0 sinceindependent of xno

term is

EXAMPLES

Now, f z( ) = u iv+ = sin x cosh y + i cosx sinh

y

= sin x cos(iy) + i cosx sin(iiy)

= sin x cos(iy) + cosx sin(iy)

 = sin(x +iy)
= sin z
∴ f z( ) = sin
EXAMPLES z
3) Construct analytic function f(z) of which imaginary part
v(x,y) = - 2 sinx (ey - e-y ).
Solution:−
Given: v x y( , ) = −2 sin x e( −e ) ie. ., v = −4
y −y

sin x sinh y [Q e −e = 2sinh y]

y −y

v = −4 cosx sinh y
x , v = −4 sin x cosh y
y

∴ v z ( ,0) = 0
x , v z ( ,0) = −4sin z
y
 ∴ f z( ) = ∫v z ( ,0) dz + i v z∫ ( ,0)dz
y x

= −∫ 4 sin z dz
⇒ f z( ) = 4cosz + c
EXAMPLES

4) Find the analytic function f(z) = u+iv such that, u+v

= x3 + 3x2 y - 3xy2 - y2 + 4x + 5 and f(0) = 2+3i .

Solution:− weknowthat, f z( ) =
u iv+
i f z( ) = iu v− ∴ f
z( ) + i f z( ) = u iv+ + iu v−
⇒ f z( ) (1+i) = (u −v) + i u( +v)
 F z( ) = U+iV
where F z( ) = f z( )(1+i)
U = (u −v) , V = u +v = x +3x y −3xy − y + 4x +5
3 2 2 2

EXAMPLES

By Milne-thomson method,
F(z) = ∫v z ( ,0) dz + i v z∫ ( ,0) dz
y x

Now, v = 3x +6xy−3y + 4
x
2 2

v = 3x −6xy−2y v z (
y
2
x

,0) = 3z + 4 v z ( ,0)
2
y

= 3z 2
∴ F z( ) = ∫3z dz +i ∫(3z + 4)dz
2 2

= 33z +i
3 33z + 4z
3

EXAMPLES

∴ F z( ) = z + i z( +4) + c
3 3

∴ (1+i) f z( ) = z (1+i) +i z4 +c
3

∴ f z( ) = z + i z4 + c
3

(1+i) (1+i)

= z + i z4 (1−i) +c
3
 (1+i)(1−i) 1

EXAMPLES

Given: f (0) = 2+3i put z=0 in

(1), weget f, (0) = c 1

∴ c = 2+3i
1
 ∴ f z( ) = z + 2 (1z +i) + (2+3i)
3

∴ f z( ) = (z + 2z + 2)+i(2z +3)
3

CONFORMAL MAPPING

Intro.: Suppose two curves c1 , c2 in the y c1 c2 z-plane intersect at

z0 and the corresponding θ v ϒ1 ϒ2 curves ϒ1 , ϒ2 in the w-plane
intersect at w0 by z0 w0 θ’ the transformation w= f(z). x u
If the angle between the two curves in the z-plane is same as
the angle between the curves in the w-planes both in magnitude and
in direction, then the transformation w = f(z) is said to be conformal
mapping.
Definition:-
 A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of
curves through a point both in magnitude and sense of rotation is
said to be conformal at that point.
CONFORMAL MAPPING

Isogonal Transformation:-
The transformation which preserves angle between every

pair of curves in magnitude and not in direction(sense) is called an

isogonal transformation.

Theorem:-
If f(z) is analytic and f'(z)≠ 0 in a region R of the z-plane then
the mapping performed by w=f(z) is conformal at all points of R.
 CONFORMAL MAPPING

Critical points:-
The point at which the mapping w=f(z) is not conformal, i.e.,
f ‘(z) = 0 is called a critical point of the mapping.

Eg.: Consider w= f z( ) = sin z

∴ f ′( )z = cosz

⇒ f ′(0) = 0 , when z= ± ± ie. ., z

, where n is an integer, which are the critical

points of the given transformation.
 STANDARD TRANSFORMATIONS

 Translation

Maps of the form z → z + k, where k є C

 Magnification and rotation

Maps of the form z → k z , where k є C

 Inversion

Maps of the form z → 1 / z

 EXAMPLE FOR TRANSLATION

1) Find the region of the w-plane into which the rectangular

region in the z-plane bounded by the lines x=0, y=0, x=1, y=2 is
mapped under the transformation w=z+2-i . Solution:- Given :
w=z+2-i
→ (u+iv) = (x+iy) + (2-i)
= (x+2) + i (y-1)
Equating real and imaginary parts, weget,

u = x + 2 and v = y - 1
 EXAMPLE FOR TRANSLATION

Given boundary lines are:Transformal boundary lines are:

x = 0u = 2 y = 0v = -1 x = 1u = 3 y = 2v = 1

v
y v=1
y=2 u=2 u=3
0 u
x=0 x=1
v = -1
0 y=0 x
 MAGNIFICATION AND ROTATION

Let w = a z, where a ≠ 0

If a = │a│ e(i α) and, z = │z │ e(i θ) , then

w = │a│ │z│ e(i θ+ α)

The image of z is obtained by rotating the vector z through the angle

α and magnifying or contracting the length of z by the factor │a│.
Thus the transformation w = a z is referred to as a rotation or
magnification.
EXAMPLE FOR MAGNIFICATION

2) Determine the region R of the w plane into which the triangular

region D enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 3 is transformed
under the transformation w = 2z.
Solution:
Let w = u +i v ; z = x + i y
Given: w=2z
i.e., u +i v = 2 (x + i y)
i.e., u = 2 x ; v = 2 y and u+v = 2(x+y)
 EXAMPLE FOR MAGNIFICATION

When x = 0 , u=0
y=0 , v=0x+y
=3 , u+v=6
Thus the transformation w = 2z maps a triangle in the z-plane into
a 2-times magnified triangle in the w-plane.
 EXAMPLE FOR ROTATION

3) Consider the transformation w = eiπ/4 z and determine the region

in the w-plane corresponding to triangle region bounded by the
lines x=0 , y=0 , x+y=1.

Given w e z /4

∴ (u +iv) = e (x +iy)
iπ/4

cos π4 +isin π4 (x +iy)

=

= 1 +i
1
(x +iy)
 2 2

2 2 x−y i x+y
=
+

EXAMPLE FOR ROTATION

y
∴ u = x − y and v=x+y
−y x=0 x+y=1
2 2 when x=0, u= and v
y 0 y=0 x
=
2 2
 ⇒ y=− 2 u and y=2 v

⇒−2u= 2v v

⇒ u = −v

x x
when y = 0, u= and v=
22
⇒ u=v
v = 1/ 2
when x + y =1 u=-v u=v
π/4 u
1 0
⇒ v= 2
 EXAMPLE FOR ROTATION

The region in the z-plane is mapped on to the region

1
bounded by u = -v, u = v, v 2= in the w-plane.

∴ The mapping w ze= iπ/4 performs a rotation of R

through an angleπ/ 4.
INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

The Reciprocal Transformation w = 1/z

The mapping is called the reciprocal transformation

and maps the z-plane one-to-one and onto the w-plane except for

the point z=0, which has no image, and the point w=0, which has no

preimage or inverse image. Use the exponential notation

in the w-plane. If , we have .

.
INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

The geometric description of the reciprocal transformation

is now evident. It is an inversion (that is, the modulus of ( is
the reciprocal of the modulus of z) followed by a reflection through
the x axis. The ray , is mapped one-to-one and
onto the ray . Points that lie inside the unit
circle are mapped onto points that lie outside
the unit circle and vice versa. The situation is illustrated in Figure.
INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
 EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

1) Show that the image of the right half plane

under the mapping is the closed disk
in the w-plane.

Solution:-

Then,
EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
 EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

which describes the disk. As the reciprocal transformation

is one-to-one, preimages of the points in the disk will lie
in the right half-plane . Figure illustrates this result.

EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

2) Find the images of the finite strips,

 1≤ 1 1
y≤ under the transformation w = .
4 2 z

1
Solution:− Given w: =
z

⇒z=1w

ie. ., x+iy = 1 = u −iv u +iv

2

u +v
2

∴ x = u and y = −v
2 2 2

u +v u +v 2
 ↓→ (1) ↓→ (2)
EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

Given: 1 < y < 1

4 2

when y= eqnuation (2) becomes,

1 −v
4 = u +v 2 2

⇒ u +v = −4v
2 2

⇒ u +v +4v+ 4−4=0
2 2
 ⇒ u + (v + 2) = 4
2 2

which is a circle whose centre at (0,−2) and radius

is 2 in w− plane.

EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION when y = , equation(2) becomes,

1 −v
2 = u +v2 2

⇒ u +v = −2v ⇒ u +v
2 2 2 2
v
+ 2v + −1 1 = 0 u

⇒ u + (v +1) = 1
2 2
which is a circle whose centre is at (0,−1) and radius
is 1.
y
y=½
y=¼
0 x
BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Def .:−

az +b
The transformation w = , where a b c d, , ,
cz +d
 are complex constants and ad −bc ≠ 0 is known
as bilinear transformation. Note:−
( )i A bilinear transformation is also called as
Mobius transformation or a linear fractional
transformation.

az +b −wd +b
( )ii The inverse mapping of w = is z =
cz +d cw−a
is also called as a bilinear transformation.
BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Fixed points (or) Invariant points :-

If the image of a point z under a transformation w=f(z) is
 itself, then the point is called a fixed point or an Invariant point
of the transformation.
Thus fixed point of the transformation w=f(z) is given by
z = f(z).

z
Eg.: Let w= , find the fixed point
(or) z −2
invarient point.
Solution:− put w = z

z
then z = ⇒ z −2z=z
2

z −2
⇒ z z( −3) = 0
 ⇒ z = 0, z = 3 are two fixed point .s
BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Definitionof cross ratio:-

If z ,z ,z ,z 1 2 3 4 are four points in
the z-plane then

(z -z )(z -z )
the ratio 1 2 3 4
is called the cross ratio of these points.
(z -z 1 4 )(z -z ) 3 2

Cross Ratio Property of a bilinear transformation:-

The cross ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear
transformation.
 i.e., If w ,w ,w ,w are the imagesof z ,z ,z ,z 12 3 4 1

2 3 4

respectively undera bilinear transformation then

((w - ww - w )) ((w - ww - w ))
1142 3342 = ((z - zz - z 11 24 ) ) ((z
-z
z-z
))3342

BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Note:-
The bilinear transformation which transforms the points
z 1 , z2 , z3 of z-plane respectively into the points w 1,w2 ,w3 of w-
plane is given by

((w-w ) (w -w ) =
11 2 2 33 (z-zz -z ))((z -zz -z
11 2 23

3 ))
w -w ) (w -w) (

BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION EXAMPLES

1) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z=0,-

i,-1into w=i,1,0.
Solution:-
 Given: z =0,z =−i z, =−1 and
1 2 1

w = i w, = 1,w = 0 .
1 2 3

The bilinear transformationion is got by using the relation

(w i− )(1−0) (z −0)(− +i 1)
⇒ =
(i −1)(0− w) (0+i)(− −1 z)
BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION EXAMPLES

⇒ −( i)(w i− )(1+ z) = z(1−i)(−w i)( −1)

⇒ − −iiwz− −1 z = −2iwz

⇒ −iw iwz+= +1z

⇒w zi( −i)=(1+ z)

⇒ w = 1+ z zi

w= 1+ z
(−i)(1− z)
−i

⇒
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION EXAMPLES

2) Find the bilinear transformation which transforms the points z

=∞, ,0 inti o the point s w= 0, ,i ∞respectively.

and w = 0, w = i w, = ∞ .
1 2 3

The bilinear transformationion is got by using the relation

BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION EXAMPLES

(w− w )(w )
1 3 ww −1 23 = (z ) 1 zz −1
1 (z − z )
2 3
(w − w )(w )
1 2 3 1− w
w
3 (z )
1 1
−z
z
12 (z − z)
3

(w−0)(0−1) (0−1)(i −0)

⇒ =
(0−1)(i −0) (z −0)(0−1)
(−w) (−i)
⇒ =
(−i) (−z)
 ⇒ w =
−1 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
z

TRY IT

3) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points,

i) 1, -i , 2 onto 0, 2, i respectively.
ii) -i,0,i into -1, i, 1 respectively. iii)0, 1,
∞
into i, -1, -irespectively.