21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

UNIT IV : ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

4.1 Functions of a complex variable

4.2 Analytic functions: Necessary conditions Cauchy Riemann equations and sufficient
conditions (excluding proofs)

4.3 Properties of Cauchy’s Riemann equations

4.4 Harmonic Function

4.5 Construction of analytic functions – Milne’s Thomson Method

4.6 Conformal mapping: w = z+k, kz, 1/z, z2, ez

(Magnification, Rotation, Inversion, Reflection)

4.7 Bilinear transformation

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

UNIT-IV
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITIONS:

COMPLEX NUMBERS
If x and y are real numbers and i denotes √−1 , then z = x + iy is called a complex number. x is
called the real part of z and is denoted by Re(z) or R(z). y is called the imaginary part of z and is denoted
by Im(z) or I(z). The complex number x – iy is called the conjugate of the complex number z = x + iy and
is denoted by z.

COMPLEX VARIABLES
The quantity z = x+iy is called a Complex variable, when x and y are two independent real
variables. The argand plane in which the variables z are represented by points is called the z-plane.

4.1 Function of a Complex Variable

If z = x + iy and w = u + iv are two complex variables such that there exists one or more values of
w, corresponding to each value of z in a certain region R of the z-plane, then w is called a function of z.
(i.e.) w = f(z) = f(x + iy)
When w = u + iv = f(z) = f(x + iy), then u and v are functions of the variables x and y.

Single Valued Function and Multi Valued Function

If to each value of z, there corresponds one and only one value of w is called a Single-valued
function of z, otherwise a multi-valued function of z.
Example: (i) w = and w = z are called single-valued functions
(ii) w = √zis called multi-valued function.

4.2 ANALYTIC FUNCTION [Regular Function or Holomorphic Function]

A single valued function is said to be analytic at a point if its derivative exists not only at that
point but also some neighborhood of that point.
It is said to be analytic in a region R, if it is analytic at every point of R.

Necessary condition for the function f(z) to be analytic[Cauchy-Riemann Equations]

The necessary conditions for a complex function w = f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) to be analytic are
= and = − That is, ux= vy and uy= -vx

Sufficient condition for the function f(z) to be analytic.

If the partial derivatives ux ,uy ,vxand vy are all continuous in R and ux= vy and uy= -vx. Then the function
f(z) is analytic in a region R.

Polar Form of C-R Equations

= . and = − . are the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar form.

Problem:1 Test whether the function + ( − ) is analytic or not.

Solution:
Givenf(z) = 2xy + i(x − y )
u + iv = 2xy + i(x − y )
Here u = 2xy ; v = x − y
u = 2y; v = 2x
u = 2x; v = −2y
⟹ux≠ vyand uy≠ -vx
∴C-R equations are not satisfied.
Hence the given function is not analytic.

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Problem: 2 Show that the function %(&) = & is nowhere differentiable.

Solution:
Givenf(z) = z
Since z = x + iy , z = x − iy
∴ f(z) = u + iv = x − iy
Here u = x ; v = −y
u = 1; v = 0
u = 0; v = −1
At all points(x,y), u = 1, v = −1. Hence C-R equations are not satisfied anywhere.
Therefore, f(z) = z is nowhere differentiable.
Problem: 3 Find the constants a,b and c if %(&) = + ( + () + * ) is analytic.
Solution:
Givenf(z) = x + ay + i(bx + cy) = u + iv
Here u = x + ay ; v = bx + cy
u = 1; v = b
u = a; v = c
Since f(z) is analytic, we have
ux= vy and uy= -vx
⟹1= cand a= -b
⟹c= 1and a= -b, b may be any value.

1 1
Problems usingC-R equations of polar form./0 = 0 23 ; 20 = − 0 /3 4:Substitution→
→put & = 05 3

Problem: 8 Test the analyticity of the function %(&) = &6

Solution:
Givenf(z) = z 7 = (re: )7 ∵ z = re: = r 7 . e:7
= r 7 . (cosnθ + isinnθ)
= r 7 cosnθ + ir 7 sinnθ
= u + iv
Here u = r 7 cosnθ ; v = r 7 sinnθ
u = nr 7@ cosnθ; v = nr 7@ sinnθ
u = −nr 7 sinnθ; v = nr 7 cosnθ
Now, u = v ; v = − u
∴C-R equations are satisfied.
Hence the given function is analytic.
4.3 PROPERTIES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

Property: 1 Show that an analytic function with constant real part is constant.

Solution: Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic

⇒ u = v and u = −v ………………….[1]
Given that u = constant = C(say)
⇒ u = 0 and u = 0
⇒ v = 0 and v = 0 from [1]
⇒v is independent of x and y.
⇒v is a constant
Therefore, f(z) = u + iv = constant.

Property: 2 Show that an analytic function with constant imaginary part is constant. [UQ]

Similar proof as in Property:1

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

Property: 3 Show that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant. [UQ]
Proof:
f(z) = u + iv be the analytic function
Given |D(E)|=constant

|E|2=EE̅
|D(E)| = |D(E)| |D(E)| =(u+iv)(u-iv)=u2+v2=constant

|D(E)|=√G + H =constant

=> u2+v2=constant
Differentiate partially with respect to ‘x’ and ‘y’

2uux+2vvx=0 and 2uuy+2vvy=0

uux+vvx=0 …(1) and uuy+vvy=0 …(2)

Since , ux= vy and uy= -vx So, (2) => -uvx+vux=0 …(3)

(1) x v uvux+v2vx=0
(3) x u -u2vx+uvux=0
__________________
Subtract ( u2+v2)vx=0

vx=0, Since u2+v2=constant

 uy=0
Similarly, we get ux=0, vy=0

 ux=0, uy=0, then u is a constant

 Similarly v is also a constant

D′(E)=ux+ivx=0 from D(E) = G + JH

 f(z) is a constant

Property: 4 If K = %(&) = / + 2 is an analytic function, then the curves of the family u(x,y) = a
and the curves of the family v(x,y) = b cut orthogonally, where a and b are constants.
[or]
When the function %(&) = / + 2 is analytic, prove that the curves u = constant and
v = constant are orthogonal.
Proof:
If u(x,y)=C1 ; du=0
By total differential operator we have

MN MN
LG = MO LP + MO LQ
TU
RS @
RO
= TV
TU = X since du=0
TW
Similarly, for the curve v(x,y)=C2, we have
TY
RS @
RO
= TV
TY =X
TW

X X = −1 , J. [. \]^LG_` ^D ab^c[ Ja − 1
Therefore the curves u(x,y)=C1 and v(x,y)=C2 intersect at right angles. i.e. Orthogonal

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

e e
Result:1 If f(z) is a regular function of z, prove that de + e f |%(&)| = g|% h (&)|
PROOF
Let f(z) = u + ivbe the analytic function of z.
Then |f(z)| = u + v ……………….. [1]
h (z)
Also f = u + iv
|f h (z)| = (u ) + (v ) …………………[2]∵ |&| = &&
Differentiating [1] w.r.to x twice partially, we get
∂
|f(z)| = 2uu + 2vv
j
∂x
j
|f(z)| = 2uu + 2(u ) + 2vv + 2(v ) = 2kuu + vv l + 2ku + v l………………… [3]
Similarly,
j
j
|f(z)| = 2muu + vv n + 2mu + v n………………… [4]
Adding [3] and [4],we get
j j
d j
+ j
f |f(z)| = 2umu + u n + 2vmv + v n + 2ku +v +u + v l………………… [5]
Since u and v are harmonic functions u + u = 0 and v + v = 0
Also by C-R equations, u = v and u = −v
From [5],
∂ ∂
o + p |f(z)| = 2uk0l + 2vk0l + 2ku + v + (−v ) + u l
∂x ∂y
= 2k2(u + v )l = 4(u + v ) = 4|f h (z)| using [2]
∂ ∂
∴o + p |f(z)| = 4|f h (z)|
∂x ∂y

e e
Result:2 If f(z) is an analytic function of z, prove that de + e f rst|%(&)| = u
PROOF
e e e
We know thatde + e f = g e&e&
∂ ∂ ∂
o + p log|f(z)| = 4 log|f(z)|
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂ x
=4 logmf(z) f(z)n ∵ |z| = zz ⇒ |z| = (zz) x
∂z ∂z
∂ 1
=4 . logmf(z) f(z)n ∵ loga = xloga
∂z ∂z 2
∂
=2 . mlogf(z) + logf(z)n ∵ logAB = logA + logB
∂z ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= 2 . { logf(z) + logf(z)|
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= 2 . { logf(z) + logf(z)| ∵ f(z) = f(z)
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂ 1 h 1
= 2 . {0 + . f (z)| ∵ d(logx) =
∂z f(z) x
=0

Result:3 If f(z) is an analytic function of z in any domain, then prove that

e e
o + p |%(&)|} = } |%h (&)| |%(&)|}@
e e
PROOF

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis
e e e
We know thatde + e f = g e&e&
∂ ∂ ∂
o + p |f(z)|~ = 4 |f(z)|~
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂ x
~
=4 •mf(z) f(z)n € ∵ |z| = zz ⇒ |z| = (zz) x
∂z ∂z
∂ ~
=4 •mf(z) f(z)n €
∂z ∂z
∂ ~
=4 dkf(z) f(z)l f ∵ f(z) = f(z)
∂z ∂z
∂ ∂ ~ ~
= 4 • f(z) f(z) €
∂z ∂z
∂ ~ p ~
= 4 okf(z)l . kf(zl @ f h (z)p
∂z 2
~@ ∂ ~
= 2p. kf(z)l f h (z) dkf(z)l f
∂z
~@ p ~
‚ n f h (z). kf(z)l @ f h (z)
= 2p. mf(z)
2
~@ ~@
= p mf(z)‚ n f h (z)kf(z)l f h (z)
~@ ~@
‚n
= p mf(z) kf(z)l f h (z)f h (z)
~@
= p kf(z)f(z)l f h (z)f h (z)
~@
= p omf(z)f(z)n p . f h (z)f h (z) ∵ f(z) = f(z)

= p |f(z)|~@ . |f h (z)| ∵ |z| = zz ⇒ |z| = (zz) x

= p |f h (z)| |f(z)|~@ .
4.4 Definition: Laplace equation / Harmonic Function
e ƒ e ƒ
An expression of the form e
+e = u is called the Laplace equation in two dimension.

Problem: 1 If / = − and 2 = − prove that both u and v satisfy Laplace equations,

„
but that (u+iv) is not a regular function of z.
Solution: Given u = x − y and v = − j „ j
u = 2x; u = −2y;
u = 2; u = −2;
u +u =0
∴u satisfies Laplace equation.
Now v = − j „ j = −y .(
4 j„ j )

−2x 1 1
v = −y { |; ∵ …• € = −
(x + y )
2xy x
={ | = 2y { |;
(x + y ) (x + y )
(x + y ) . 1 − x. 2(x + y )2x
v = 2y † ˆ;
(x + y )‡
(x + y ) − 4x
= 2y(x + y ) † ˆ;
(x + y )‡
x + y − 4x
= 2y † ˆ;
(x + y )‰

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y − 3x
= 2y † ˆ;
(x + y )‰
2y‰ − 6x y
=† ˆ;
(x + y )‰
y
v=−
x +y
Œ j „ j •. @ ( ) / 2…/@/…2
v = −. ( j „ j )j
4 ; ∵ … d2 f = 2
, here u = y, & v =x + y
x + y − 2y
= −† ˆ;
(x + y )
x −y y −x
= −† ˆ = ;
(x + y ) (x + y )
(x + y ) . 2y − (y − x ). 2(x + y )(2y)
v =† ˆ;
(x + y )‡
(x + y ) − 2(y − x )
= (2y)(x + y ) † ˆ;
(x + y )‡
x + y − 2y + 2x 3x − y 6x y − 2y ‰
= (2y) † ˆ = (2y) † ˆ =† ˆ;
(x + y )‰ (x + y )‰ (x + y )‰
∴v +v =0
v satisfies the Laplace equation.
Now, u ≠ v and u ≠ −v
i.e., C-R equations are not satisfied by u and v.
Hence u+iv is not a regular(analytic) function of z.

Definition: Harmonic Function

Any function having continuous second order partial derivatives which satisfies the
Laplace equation is called the harmonic function.

Definition: Conjugate harmonic function

If u and v are harmonic functions such thatu+iv is analytic then each is called the
conjugate harmonic function of each other.

Note:
If u and v are conjugate harmonic functions then u is conjugate harmonic to v and v is
conjugate harmonic to u.
4.5 DETERMINATION OF CONJUGATE HARMONIC FUNCTION

Working Rule
If one of the two conjugate functions be given, the other can be found by using
C-R equations.

CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION[Milne-Thomson method]

Case(i)If Real part u(x, y) is given,

we shall construct the analytic function f(z) = u+iv as follows:
Step:1 Find / , /
Step:2 Find / (&, u), / (&, u)
Step:3 Use • % h (&)…& = • / (&, u)…& − • / (&, u)…&
Then integrating, we get f(z).

Case(ii) If the imaginary part v(x, y) is given

we shall construct the analytic function f(z) = u + iv as follows:

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

Step:1Find 2 , 2
Step:2Find 2 (&, u), 2 (&, u)
Step:3Use • %h (&)…& = • 2 (&, u)…& + • 2 (&, u)…&
Then integrating, we get f(z).

1
Problem:1 Show that / = rst( + ) is harmonic. Determine its analytic function. Find also
its harmonic conjugate.
Solution:Given u = log(x + y )
To prove u + u = 0 [i.e., to prove u satisfies the Laplace equation]
1 1 x 1
u = . 2x = ∵ …(rst ) =
2 (x + y ) (x + y )
(x + y ). 1 − x(2x) y −x
u = =
(x + y ) (x + y )
1 1 y
u = . 2y =
2 (x + y ) (x + y )
(x + y ). 1 − y(2y) x −y
u = =
(x + y ) (x + y )
y −x x −y
∴u +u = + =0
(x + y ) (x + y )
Here u satisfies the Laplace equation.
Therefore, u is harmonic.
Next to find the analytic function f(z)
Given u = log(x + y )
Then u = ( j „ j)
; u = ( j„ j)
Now u (z, 0) = ( j „•)
; u (z, 0) = 0 ∵ putx = z, y = 0
u (z, 0) = ; u (z, 0) = 0
Using formula, • %h (&)…& = • / (&, u)…& − • / (&, u)…& ∵ By Milne-Thomson method
dz
%(&) = ’ + 0
z
%(&) = / + 2 = logz + C= log ][ ”• = log ] + b^–[ ”•
1 y
= log —P + Q + J˜ = log(P + Q ) + J tan@ d f
2 x
v = tan@ d f + C , where C is a constant

™6
Problem:2 If/ = *s™š „*s™
then find the corresponding analytic function f(z)=u+iv.
›:7
Solution:Given u = œ•›ž „œ•›
(cosh2y + cos2x)(2cos2x) − sin2x(−2sin2x) / 2…/ − /…2
u = ∵ …d f =
(cosh2y + cos2x) 2 2
(1 + cos2z)(2cos2z) − sin2z(−2sin2z)
u (z, 0) = ∵ cos0 = 1
(1 + cos2z)
(2cos2z + 2cos 2z) + 2sin 2z
=
(1 + cos2z)
2cos2z + 2(cos 2z + sin 2z)
=
(1 + cos2z)
2cos2z + 2
=
(1 + cos2z)

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2(1 + cos2z)
=
(1 + cos2z)
2
=
(1 + cos2z)
2
= ∵ 1 + cos2θ = 2cos θ
2cos z
1
u (z, 0) = = sec z
cos z
(œ•›ž „œ•› ).•@›:7 ( ›:7ž )
andu = (œ•›ž „œ•› )j
u (z, 0) = 0 ∵ sin0 = 1
Using formula, • %h (&)…& = • / (&, u)…& − • / (&, u)…&
f(z) = ’ sec zdz + 0

= tanz + C ∵ ’ sec θdθ = tanθ

Problem:3 Prove that / = 5 ( *s™ − ™ 6 ) satisfies Laplace’s equation and find the
corresponding analytic function f(z)=u+iv.
Solution: Given u = e (xcosy − ysiny)
= e xcosy − e ysiny

u = cosyke . 1 + xe l − e ysiny
= e cosy + e xcosy − e ysiny

u = e cosy + cosyke . 1 + xe l − e ysiny

= 2e cosy + e xcosy − e ysiny

And u = e x(−siny) − e kycosy + siny. 1l

= −e xsiny − e ycosy − e siny

u = −e x(cosy) − e ky(−siny) + cosy. 1l − e cosy

= −e xcosy + e ysiny − e cosy − e cosy
= −e xcosy + e ysiny − 2e cosy
Now, u + u = 2e cosy + e xcosy − e ysiny−e xcosy + e ysiny − 2e cosy = 0
Therefore, u satisfies Laplace’s equation.
Next to find f(z)
u (z, 0) = e + e z + 0 ; u (z, 0) = 0
h (&)…&
Using formula, • % = • / (&, u)…& − • / (&, u)…&
f(z) = ’(1 + z)e dz + 0

= (1 + z)e − ’ e dz ∵ ’ /…2 = /2 − ’ 2…/

= e + ze − e + C Here u = (1 + z)
f(z) = ze + Cdu = dz; dv = ’ e dz ;
v=e

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Case(iii) If u + v or u – v where u and v are real and imaginary parts of f(z) is given,
then f(z) is constructed as follows:
STEP:1we know f(z)=u+iv
if(z)=iu-v
Adding (1+i)f(z)=(u-v)+i(u+v)
F(z)=U+iV, Where F(z)=(1+i)f(z), U=u-v, V=u+v
STEP:2 If U is given then case(i) is used to construct F(z).
STEP:3 If V is given then case(ii) is used to construct F(z).
1
STEP:4 Then %(&) = 1„ (&) + ¡ can be obtained.

Problem: 4. If f(z)=u+iv is analytic, find f(z) given that / − 2 = 5 (*s™ − ™ 6 )

Solution:
Given f(z)=u+iv ……………. [1]
if(z)=iu – v……………. [2]
k1l + k l ⇒ (1 + i)f(z) = u − v + i(u + v)
F(z) = U + iV , whereF(z) = (1 + i)f(z),U = u − v, V = u + v
Now,U = e (cosy − siny)
U = e (cosy − siny) ; U = e (−siny − cosy)
U (z, 0) = e ; U (z, 0) = −e
Using Milne-Thomson’s formula, • h (&)…& = • ¥ (&, u)…& − • ¥ (&, u)…&
F(z) = ’ e dz − i ’(−e )dz
= e + ie + C
(1 + i)f(z) = (1 + i)e + C
(1 + i)e C
⇒ f(z) = +
(1 + i) (1 + i)
C
f(z) = e + = e + Ch (C h is a complex constant)
(1 + i)
∴ f(z) = e + Ch is the required analytic function.

Problem: 5. Construct the analytic function f(z)=u+iv, given that / + §2 = 5 (*s™ − ™ 6 )

Solution: Given f(z)=u+iv
2f(z)=2u+i(2v) ……………. [1]
-3if(z)=-3iu+3v ……………. [2]
k1l + k l ⇒ (2 − 3i)f(z) = 2u + 3v − i(3u − 2v)
F(z) = U + iV
WhereF(z) = (2 − 3i)f(z),U = 2u + 3v, V = 3u − 2v
Now, U = e (cosy − siny)
U = e (cosy − siny) ; U = e (−siny − cosy)
U (z, 0) = e ; U (z, 0) = −e
Using formula, • F z dz = • U (z, 0)dz − i • U (z, 0)dz
h( )

F(z) = ’ e dz − i ’(−e )dz

(2 − 3i)f(z) = e + ie + C
(2 − 3i)f(z) = (1 + i)e + C
(1 + i)e C
⇒ f(z) = +
(2 − 3i) (2 − 3i)
(1 + i)(2 + 3i) 1 + 3i + 2i − 3
={ | e + Ch = { | e + Ch
(2 − 3i)(2 + 3i) 4+9
(©:@ )
f(z) = ‰
e + C h whereCh is a complex constant.

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4.6 CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION

Definition:1 Conformal Mapping

A mapping or transformation which preserves angle in magnitude and in direction between every
pair of curves through a point is said to be conformal at a point.

Definition:2 Isogonal transformation

The transformation preserves the angle in magnitude but not in direction between every pair of
curves through a point is said to be isogonal at a point.

Definition:3 Critical point

A point at which f h (z) = 0is called a critical point of the transformation.i.e., at the critical point,
the transformation w= f(z) is not conformal.

…K …&
Remark: Critical points of a transformation are obtained by …& = u and …K
=u

1
Problem:1 Find the critical points of the transformation K = & + & .
Solution: Given w = z +
dw 1 1 1
= 0 ⇒ 1 − = 0 ∵ …• € = −
dz z
1
⇒ =1
z
⇒z =1
⇒ z = ±1
∴The critical points are -1 and 1

Problem:2 Find the critical points of the transformation K = (& − «)(& − ¬)

Solution:Givenw = (z − α)(z − β) ……………………. [1]
Diff. [1] w.r.to z, we get
dw
2w = (z − α). 1 + (z − β). 1
dz
dw
2w = 2z − α − β
dz
= 2z − (α + β)……………………. [2]
Dividing both sides by 2w in the above, we get
dw z (α + β)
= −
dz w 2w
dw z (α + β)
=0⇒ − =0
dz w 2w
z (α + β)
⇒ =
w 2w
(¯„°)
⇒z=
±
Also ±² = 0 then [2]becomes
dz 2w
=
dw 2z − (α + β)
dz w
=0⇒ =0
dw (α + β)
z− 2
⇒w=0
⇒w =0
⇒ (z − α)(z − β)
⇒ z = α, β

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SOME STANDARD TRANSFORMATION

Type: I Translation[w = a+ z]
The transformation w = z + a where a is a complex constant, represents a translation.

NOTE:
Put w = u + iv, z = x + iy and a = c1 + ic2 in w = a + z , we get
u + iv= c1 + ic2 + x + iy
u + iv= x + c1 + i(y + c2)
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u = x + c1; v= y + c2
Therefore the image of any point(x,y) in the z-plane is the point (u,v) where u = x + c1 and v= y + c2
in the w-plane
y v
w=z+

u
x
The two regions have the same shape and size also same orientation.

Problem: 1 Find the image of the circle |&| = under the transformation K = & + § +
Solution: Given w = z + 3 + 2i
Put w = u + iv and z = x + iy , the above becomes
u + iv = x + iy + 3 + 2i
u + iv = x + 3 + i(y + 2)
Here u = x + 3 , v = y + 2
⇒x = u−3,y=v−2
∴ |z| = 2 ⇒ kx + y l x = 2
Squaring on both sides, we get
⇒x +y =4
∴ (u − 3) + (v − 2) = 2
This is a circle in w-plane with centre at (3,2) and radius is 2 units.

Type: II Magnification[w = az]

The transformation w = az , where a is a real constant, represents magnification.

Note:³/´ K = / + 2 (6… & = + in w = az we get

/ + 2 = (( + ) = ( + (( )
Here / = ( , 2 = (
Therefore the image of any figure in the z-plane is magnified a time, without any changes in its
shape and orientation.

Problem: 1 Find the map of the circle |&| = µ by the transformation K = (1 − )&
Solution:Given w = (1 − i)z
u + iv = (1 − i)(x + iy)
= x + iy − ix + y
= (x + y) − i(x − y)
Here u = x + y……………[1]
v = −x + y……………[2]
@
[1]- [2] ⇒ u − v = 2x ⇒ x =
„
[1]+ [2] ⇒ u + v = 2y ⇒ y =
N0w,|z| = k ⇒ —x + y = k
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⇒x +y =k
u−v u+v
⇒d f +• € =k
2 2
⇒ (u − v) + (u + v) = (2k)
⇒ u + v − 2uv + u + v + 2uv = (2k)
⇒ 2(u + v ) = 4k
⇒ u + v = 2k
∴ u + v = Œ√2k•
This is a circle in w-plane with centre at orgin and radius √2k times the radius of the given circle.

Problem: 2 Find the map of the region > 1 under the transformation K = (1 − )&
Solution: Given w = (1 − i)z
u + iv = (1 − i)(x + iy)
= x + iy − ix + y
= (x + y) − i(x − y)
Here u = x + y……………[1]
v = −x + y……………[2]
@
[1]- [2] ⇒ u − v = 2x ⇒ x =
„
[1]+ [2] ⇒ u + v = 2y ⇒ y =
given region is > 1
u+v
∴ >1
2
u+v> 2
Therefore the region y > 1 is mapped on to u + v > 2

1
Type: III Inversion .K = & 4
1
The transformation K = & represents inversion with respect to the unit circle|&| = 1, followed by
reflection in the real axis.
1
Problem: 1 Show that the transformation K = & transforms all circles and straight lines in the z-
plane into circles or straight lines in w-plane
Solution:Letw =
1
⇒z=
w
1
⇒ x + iy =
u + iv
1 u − iv u − iv
= × =
u + iv u − iv u + v
u v
Equating real & imaginary parts, we get
x= ,y = −
u +v u +v
The general equation is a(x + y ) + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0…………….[1]
u v u v
a† + ˆ + 2g . 4 + 2f .− 4+c=0
(u + v ) (u + v ) u +v u +v

u +v u v
a† ˆ + 2g . 4 + 2f .− 4+c=0
(u + v ) u +v u +v

a u v
. 4 + 2g . 4 + 2f .− 4+c=0
u +v u +v u +v

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis
a + 2gu − 2fv
{ |+c=0
u +v
c(u + v ) + 2gu − 2fv + a
=0
u +v
The transformed equation is
c(u + v ) + 2gu − 2fv + a = 0…………….[2]
(i) a ≠ 0, c ≠ 0 ⇒circles not passing through the origin in z-plane map into circles not passing
through the origin in w-plane.
(ii) a ≠ 0, c = 0 ⇒circles through the origin in z=plane map ontostraight lines not through the
origin in w-plane.
(iii) a = 0, c ≠ 0 ⇒ the straight lines not through the origin in z-plane map onto circles through the
origin in w-plane
(iv) a = 0, c = 0 ⇒straight lines through the origin of z-plane onto straight lines through the origin
in w-plane.

1
Problem: 2 Find the image of the circle |& − § | = § under the map K = &
Solution: Given w =
1
⇒z=
w
1
⇒ x + iy =
u + iv
1 u − iv u − iv
= × =
u + iv u − iv u + v
u v
Equating real & imaginary parts, we get
x= ,y = −
u +v u +v
Now, |z − 3i| = 3 ⇒ |x + iy − 3i| = 3
⇒ |x + i(y − 3)| = 3
⇒ —x + (y − 3) = 3
Squaring on both sides, we get
⇒ x + (y − 3) = 3
⇒ x + y − 6y + 9 − 9 = 0
u v v
⇒d f + d− f − 6 d− f=0
u +v u +v u +v
u v 6v
⇒ + + =0
(u + v ) (u + v ) u +v
u + v + 6v(u + v )
⇒ =0
(u + v )
⇒ u + v + 6v(u + v ) = 0
⇒ (u + v )(1 + 6v) = 0
⇒ (1 + 6v) = 0
⇒ v = − ¹which is the required image.

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Problem: 3 Find the image of the circle |& − 1| = 1 in the complex plane under the mapping
1
K = & ,Show the region graphically.
Solution: Given w =
1
⇒z=
w
⇒ x + iy = „: v
y
@: @:
= „:
× @:
= j„ j 1
1 u=
Equating real & imaginary parts, we get w =º
x = j„ j , y = − j„ j u
Now, |z − 1| = 1 ⇒ |x + iy − 1| = 1
⇒ |x − 1 + iy| = 1
0 x

⇒ —(x − 1) + y = 1
Squaring on both sides, we get
⇒ (x − 1) + y = 1
⇒ x − 2x + 1 + y − 1 = 0
⇒ x − 2x + y = 0
u u v
⇒d f − 2d f + d− f =0
u +v u +v u +v
u v 2u
⇒ + − =0
(u + v ) (u + v ) u +v
u + v − 2u(u + v )
⇒ =0
(u + v )
⇒ u + v − 2u(u + v ) = 0
⇒ (u + v )(1 − 2u) = 0
⇒ (1 − 2u) = 0
⇒ u = which is the required image.
1
Problem: 4 Find the image of the line = under the transformation of K = & ?
Solution: Given w =
1
⇒z=
w
1
⇒ x + iy =
u + iv
1 u − iv u − iv
= × =
u + iv u − iv u + v
u v
Equating real & imaginary parts, we get
x= ,y = −
u +v u +v
@
Now y = 2 ⇒ j „ j = 2
−v
⇒u +v =
2
v
⇒u +v + =0
2
v 1 1
⇒u +v + + − =0
2 4 4
1 1 1
⇒ (u − 0) + •v + € = = • €
2 4 2
This is the equation of the circle with centre(0, − ) and radius r =

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

1
Problem: 5 Find the image of the circle |& − § | = § under the map K = &
Solution: Given w =
1
⇒z=
w
1
⇒ x + iy =
u + iv
1 u − iv u − iv
= × =
u + iv u − iv u + v
u v
Equating real & imaginary parts, we get
x= ,y = −
u +v u +v
Now, |z − 3i| = 3 ⇒ |x + iy − 3i| = 3
⇒ |x + i(y − 3)| = 3
⇒ —x + (y − 3) = 3
Squaring on both sides, we get
⇒ x + (y − 3) = 3
⇒ x + y − 6y + 9 − 9 = 0
u v v
⇒d f + d− f − 6 d− f=0
u +v u +v u +v
u v 6v
⇒ + + =0
(u + v ) (u + v ) u +v
u + v + 6v(u + v )
⇒ =0
(u + v )
⇒ u + v + 6v(u + v ) = 0
⇒ (u + v )(1 + 6v) = 0
⇒ (1 + 6v) = 0
⇒ v = − ¹which is the required image.

1
Problem: 6 Find the image of the circle |& − |= under the transformation K =
&
Solution: Given w =
1
⇒z=
w
1
⇒ x + iy =
u + iv
1 u − iv u − iv
= × =
u + iv u − iv u + v
u v
Equating real & imaginary parts, we get
x= ,y = −
u +v u +v
Now, |z − 2i| = 2 ⇒ |x + iy − 2i| = 2
⇒ |x + i(y − 2)| = 2
⇒ —x + (y − 2) = 2
Squaring on both sides, we get
⇒ x + (y − 2) = 2
⇒ x + y − 4y + 4 − 4 = 0
u v v
⇒d f + d− f − 4 d− f=0
u +v u +v u +v
u v 4v
⇒ + + =0
(u + v ) (u + v ) u +v
u + v + 4v(u + v )
⇒ =0
(u + v )
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⇒ u + v + 4v(u + v ) = 0
⇒ (u + v )(1 + 4v) = 0
⇒ (1 + 4v) = 0
⇒ v = − ‡which is the required image.

Problem: 7 Find the image of the circle |& − 1| = 1 in the complex plane under the mapping
1
K = & ,Show the region graphically.
Solution: Given w =
1
⇒z=
w
⇒ x + iy = „: y v
@: @:
= „:
×@:
= j„ j 1
1 u=
Equating real & imaginary parts, we get w =º
x = j„ j , y = − j„ j u
Now, |z − 1| = 1 ⇒ |x + iy − 1| = 1
⇒ |x − 1 + iy| = 1
0 x

⇒ —(x − 1) + y = 1
Squaring on both sides, we get
⇒ (x − 1) + y = 1
⇒ x − 2x + 1 + y − 1 = 0
⇒ x − 2x + y = 0
u u v
⇒d f − 2d f + d− f =0
u +v u +v u +v
u v 2u
⇒ + − =0
(u + v ) (u + v ) u +v
u + v − 2u(u + v )
⇒ =0
(u + v )
⇒ u + v − 2u(u + v ) = 0
⇒ (u + v )(1 − 2u) = 0
⇒ (1 − 2u) = 0
⇒ u = which is the required image.

4.7 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Definition:Bilinear transformation (or) Mobius transformation (or) Linear fractional

transformation
&„)
A bilinear transformation is defined as K = *&„… ,a,b,c,d are complex constants such
that (… − )* ≠ u

Definition:Cross ratio
Let z1,z2,z3,z4 be four points on the complex plane. The cross ratio of these four pointsis defined as
(&1 @& )(&§ @&g )
(& @& )(& @& )
and denoted by (z1,z2,z3,z4).
1 g §

Definition:Fixed pointof the transformation

A fixed point of a bilinear transformation is that point whose images areunder the bilinear
transformation is the same point.
i.e., the point where w=z is called the fixed point or invariant point.

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NOTE: If we put w=z and simplify, we get a quadratic equation in z. Hence a bilinear
transformation has in general two fixed points.

&„g
Problem: 1 Find the invariant point of the transformation K = − &„1
Solution:Fixed points are obtained from w=z
(2z + 4i)
∴z=−
iz + 1
z(iz + 1) = −(2z + 4i)
z(iz + 1) + (2z + 4i) = 0
iz + 3z + 4i = 0
Dividing by i on both sides, we get
‰ @»±√»j @‡¼œ
z + : z + 4 = 0, here a=1, b=-3i,c=4 using formula z = ¼
3i ± √−9 − 4 × 4 3i ± √−25 3i ± 5i
z= = =
2 2 2
3i + 5i 3i − 5i
z= , = 4i, −i
2 2
∴ The fixed points are 4i and –i
§&@g
Problem: 2 Find the fixed points of the transformation K = &@1
Solution: Fixed points are obtained from w=z
3z − 4
∴z=
z−1
z(z − 1) = 3z − 4
⇒ z − z − 3z + 4 = 0
⇒ z − 4z + 4 = 0 ⇒ (z − 2) = 0 ⇒ z = 2, 2
∴ The fixed point is z=2

&„g
Problem: 3 Find the invariant point of the transformation K = − &„1
Solution:Fixed points are obtained from w=z
(2z + 4i)
∴z=−
iz + 1
z(iz + 1) = −(2z + 4i)
z(iz + 1) + (2z + 4i) = 0
iz + 3z + 4i = 0
Dividing by i on both sides, we get
‰ @»±√»j @‡¼œ
z + : z + 4 = 0, here a=1, b=-3i,c=4 using formula z = ¼
3i ± √−9 − 4 × 4 3i ± √−25 3i ± 5i
z= = =
2 2 2
3i + 5i 3i − 5i
z= , = 4i, −i
2 2
∴ The fixed points are 4i and –i

FORMULA
The bilinear transformation is given by

(w − w )(w − w‰ ) (z − z )(z − z‰ )
=
(w − w‰ )(w − w ) (z − z‰ )(z − z )

Problem: 1 Find the bilinear transformation mapping the points & = 1, , −1 into the points
K = , , − respectively.
Solution:Given z1=1, z2=i, z3=-1& w1=2, w2=i, w3=-2
The bilinear transformation is given by
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(K − K1 )(K − K§ ) (& − &1 )(& − &§ )
=
(K − K§ )(K − K1 ) (& − &§ )(& − &1 )

(w − 2)(i + 2) (z − 1)(i + 1)
=
(w + 2)(i − 2) (z + 1)(i − 1)

(w − 2) (z − 1)(i + 1)(i − 2)
=
(w + 2) (z + 1)(i − 1)(i + 2)

(w − 2) (z − 1)(−1 − 2i + i − 2)
=
(w + 2) (z + 1)(−1 + 2i − i − 2)

(w − 2) (z − 1)(−3 − i)
=
(w + 2) (z + 1)(−3 + i)
( * („) *„…
If ) = … then (@) = *@… [FORMULA]
(w − 2) + (w + 2) (z − 1)(−3 − i) + (z + 1)(−3 + i)
=
(w − 2) − (w + 2) (z − 1)(−3 − i) − (z + 1)(−3 + i)

2w (−3z − iz + 3 + i) + (−3z + iz − 3 + i)
=
−4 (−3z − iz + 3 + i) − (−3z + iz − 3 + i)

−w −3z − iz + 3 + i − 3z + iz − 3 + i
=
2 −3z − iz + 3 + i + 3z − iz + 3 − i
−w −6z + 2i
=
2 6 − 2iz
−w 2(−3z + i) (−3z + i)
= =
2 2(3 − iz) (3 − iz)
2(−3z + i)
w=−
(3 − iz)

−6z + 2i az + b
w= ∵w=
iz − 3 cz + d
Remark: If we put any one of the three values of z to the bilinear transformation w from the given
problem, we get the corresponding value of z is our required answer.
VERIFICATION PART
Suppose we put the second value z=iof zto the resulting bilinear transformation
@¹ „ : @¹:„ : @‡:
w = : @‰ , we getK = :.:@‰ = @‡ = (second value of w) is our required answer.
Problem: 2 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points & = 1, , −1 into the points =
, u, − . Hence find the image of |&| < 1
Solution:Given z1=1, z2=i, z3=-1& w1=i, w2=0, w3=-i
The bilinear transformation is given by
(K − K1 )(K − K§ ) (& − &1 )(& − &§ )
=
(K − K§ )(K − K1 ) (& − &§ )(& − &1 )

(w − i)(0 + i) (z − 1)(i + 1)
=
(w + i)(0 − i) (z + 1)(i − 1)

(w − i)(i) (z − 1)(i + 1)
=
(w + i)(−i) (z + 1)(i − 1)

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(w − i) −(z − 1)(i + 1)
=
(w + i) (z + 1)(i − 1)

(w − i) (−z + 1)(i + 1)
=
(w + i) (z + 1)(i − 1)
( * („) *„…
If )
=… then (@) = *@… [FORMULA]
(w − i) + (w + i) (−z + 1)(i + 1) + (z + 1)(i − 1)
=
(w − i) − (w + i) (−z + 1)(i + 1) − (z + 1)(i − 1)

w − i + w + i −iz − z + i + 1 + iz − z + i − 1
=
w − i − w − i −iz − z + i + 1 − iz + z − i + 1

2w −2z + 2i
=
−2i −2iz + 2
w −z + i
=
−i −iz + 1

−i(−z + i)
w=
−iz + 1
iz + 1
w=
−iz + 1

Next to find the image of |&| < 1

: „
Now, w = @: „
⇒ w(−iz + 1) = iz + 1

⇒ −wiz + w = iz + 1

⇒ iz + wiz = w − 1

⇒ iz(1 + w) = w − 1

(w − 1) −i(w − 1)
⇒z= ⇒z= ∵ by taking conjugate
i(1 + w) (1 + w)

i(1 − w)
∴z=
(1 + w)
( @²)
Since |&| < 1 ⇒ À( „²)
À<1

⇒ |(1 − w)| < |(1 + w)|

Put w = u + iv, we get
|1 − (u + iv)| < |1 + (u + iv)|
⇒ |(1 − u) − iv| < |(1 + u) + iv|
⇒ (1 − u) + v < (1 + u) + v
⇒ 1 − 2u + u + v < 1 + 2G + u + v
⇒ 1 + 2u + u + v − 1 + 2u − u − v > 0
⇒ 4u > 0
⇒u>0
Therefore, the interior of unit circle |&| = 1 maps into the upper half plane u > 0 of the w-plane.

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

Note:
If one of the points of the z-plane or w-plane is∞ , the factor involving that point can be omitted
while finding the bilinear transformation

Problem: 3 Find the Mobius transformation that maps the points & = u, 1, ∞into the points
K = −Â, −1, §respectively. What are the invariant points of the
transformation?
Solution:Given z1=0, z2=1, z3=∞& w1=-5, w2=-1, w3=3
The bilinear transformation is given by
(K − K1 )(K − K§ ) (& − &1 )(& − &§ )
=
(K − K§ )(K − K1 ) (& − &§ )(& − &1 )
Since z3=∞

(w + 5)(−1 − 3) (z − 0)
=
(w − 3)(−1 + 5) (1 − 0)

−4(w + 5)
=z
4(w − 3)
(w + 5) = −z(w − 3)
w + 5 = −zw + 3z
w + zw = 3z − 5w(1 + z) = 3z − 5
‰ @©
w= „
is the required bilinear transformation
Next to find the Invariant points
To get the invariant points, we put w=z in the above
3z − 5
z=
1+z
z(1 + z) = 3z − 5
⇒ z + z − 3z + 5 = 0
@»±√»j @‡¼œ
⇒ z − 2z + 5 = 0using formula z = ¼
Solving for z,
±√‡@‡×©
z= ×
±√@ ¹
=
±‡:
= = 1 ± 2i
Therefore, the invariant points arez = 1 ± 2i
Problem: 4 Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points ∞, , uof z-plane into the plane
u, , ∞ of the w-plane.
Solution:Given z1=∞, z2=i, z3=0 & w1= 0, w2=i, w3=∞
The bilinear transformation is given by
(K − K1 )(K − K§ ) (& − &1 )(& − &§ )
=
(K − K§ )(K − K1 ) (& − &§ )(& − &1 )
Since z1=∞ and w3=∞
(w − 0) (i − 0)
=
(i − 0) (z − 0)
i −1
⇒w= w=
z z

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21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis

Problem: 5 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points & = u, 1, ∞ into K = , 1, −
respectively.
Solution:Given z1=0, z2=1, z3=∞& w1=i, w2=1, w3=−i
The bilinear transformation is given by
(K − K1 )(K − K§ ) (& − &1 )(& − &§ )
=
(K − K§ )(K − K1 ) (& − &§ )(& − &1 )

Since z3=∞,
(w − i)(1 + i) (z − 0)
=
(w + i)(1 − i) (1 − 0)

(w + wi − i + 1)
=z
(w − wi + i + 1)

(w + wi − i + 1) = z(w − wi + i + 1)

w + wi − i + 1 = zw − iwz + iz + z

w + wi − zw + iwz = iz + z + i − 1

w + wi − zw + iwz = iz + z + i − 1

w(1 + i − z + iz) = z(1 + i) − 1 + i

z(1 + i) − 1 + i
w=
(1 + i − z + iz)

z(1 + i) − 1 + i
w=
−z(1 − i) + 1 + i
is the required bilinear transformation.

IMPORTANT TOPICS:
PART-A : 4.1, 4.3, 4.5
PART –B:4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7

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OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1.Define analytic function of a complex variable.
a)derivative exist at f’(z0) b)derivative does not exist
c)derivative at f(z)=0 d)none of the above
2. When is ex cosy is a harmonic function.
∂ 2 u u ∂ 2u
a) 2 + 2 = 0 b)1
∂x ∂y
c)ex d)cosy
3.Find the value of ‘m’ so that the function u=2x+x2-my2 is harmonic.
a)m=0 b)m=2
c)m=1 d)m=-1
4.Is f(z)=z3 analytic? Justify.
a)f’(z)=3z2 b)f’(z)=3
c)f(z)=0 d)none of the above
5.If u+iv is analytic then v-iu is
a)analytic b)harmonic
c)0 d)none of the above
6.What is conjugate harmonic.
a)u+iv is analytic of z=x+iy b)not analytic
c)when z=0 d)z=1
7.For what values of a,b,c the fuction f(z)=x-2ay+i(bx-cy) is analytic?
a)a=1,b=2,c=-1 b)a=0,b=2,c=2
c) a=1,b=3, c=1 d)a=0,b=4,c=3

8.Find the constant ‘a’ so that u(x,y)=ax2-y2+xy is harmonic.

a)a=-1 b)a=0
c)a=1 d)a=2
9.What is the orthogonal property of an analytic function.
a)u(x,y)=a& v(x,y)=b cut orthogonally b)u(x,y)=0
c)v(x,y)=0 d) none of the above
10.State Cauchy-Riemann equations.
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
a) = , =− b)ux=0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
c)vy=0 d) none of the above
2
z −4
11.Find where the function f(z)= 2 ceases to be analytic.
z +1
a)z=4 b)z=0
c)z=1 d)z= ± i
12.Can x2+y2-2xy be real part of an analytic function f(z)?
a)yes b)no
c)0 d) none of the above
13.Find the fixed points of the transformation w=z3.
−1± i 3
a)z=1 or z = b)z=1
2
c)z= ± 1 d) ) none of the above
6z − 9
14.Find the fixed point of w=
z
a)z=1 b)z=2
c)z=0 d)z=3
3z − 4
15. Find the fixed point of w=
z −1
a)z=2,2 b)z=1,1

21MAB102T-23 Dr.R.Suresh, AP-Maths/SRMIST-Tiruchirappalli

21MAB102T-Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis
c)z=3,3 d) none of the above
16.Find the critical points of the transformation w2 = ( z − α )( z − β ) .
a)z=1/2 b)z=1
1
c) z = (α + β ),α , β d)z=1/4
2
3iz + 13
17.Find the fixed points of the mapping f(z)=
z − 3i
a)z=2+3i&z=-2+3i b)z=2
c)z=3i d)z=2i
2 z + 4i
18.Find the invariant points of the transformation w = −
iz + 1
a)z=-i b)z=0
c)z=2i d)z=4i&z=-i
19.Find the image of 2x+y-3=0 under the transformation w=z+2i.
a)3u+v=0 b)2u+v-5=0
c)2v+5=0 d)3u+2v+5=0
20.Find the image of the circle z = 2 under the transformation w=z+3+2i.
a)(u-3)2+(v-2)2=4 b)u=3&v=1
c)0 d)u=4& v=1
21.Find the critical point of the transformation w=1/z.
a)z=0 b)z=1
c)z=2 d)z=4
22.Find the images of z = 1 under the mapping w=1/z.
a)u2+v2=1 b)u-iv=0
2- 2
c) u v =1 d) u+iv=0
23.Find the image of the hyperbola xy=1 under the transformation w=3z.
a)uv=3 b)uv=9
c)uv=6 d)uv=4
1+ z
24.Find the invariant point of the bilinear transformation w =
1− z
a)z=2 b) z = ±1
c)z=1 d) z = ± 2
25.Find the image of the circle z = a under the transformation w=z+2+3i.
a)(u-2)2+(v-3)2=a2 b)(u,v)=1,2
c)u,v =2,3 d)none of the above

Answers:
1-a 2-a 3-c 4-a 5-a 6-a 7-a 8-c 9-a 10- a 11-d 12-b 13-a 14-d 15-a 16-c
17-a 18-d 19-b 20-a 21-a 22-a 23-b 24-b 25-a

21MAB102T-24 Dr.R.Suresh, AP-Maths/SRMIST-Tiruchirappalli