Unit-4

Analytic Functions
 Analytic Functions
❖ Definition:
A Function is said to be analytic at a point
if its derivative exists not only at that point
but also in some neighbourhood of that
point.
❖ Example:
𝒆𝒛 , 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒛 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒛 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒛 are analytic
function.
❖ Note:
Analytic function is also called as
Regular function or Holomorphic
function.
State the necessary condition for f(z)
to be analytic.
 The necessary condition for f(z) to be analytic
are
𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙
 These are called C- R equations.
 i.e., Cauchy – Riemann Equations.
 Note:

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
𝒖𝒙 = , 𝒗𝒙 =
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
𝒖𝒚 = , 𝒗𝒚 =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
 f(z) is analytic ⇒ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 , 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙
C-R equations satisfied
 Converse is not true
State the sufficient condition for
f(z) to be analytic
 If (i) 𝒖𝒙 , 𝒖𝒚 , 𝒗𝒙 , 𝒗𝒚 are all
continuous functions.
(ii) 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙
 Then, f(z) = u + iv is analytic.
1.Verify f(z) = 𝒛𝟐 is analytic or not.
Solution:
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝟐 =(𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚)𝟐
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊𝒙𝒚
𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒗𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚
𝒖𝒚 = −𝟐𝒚 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
∴ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 , 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙
⇒ C-R equation is satisfied
Also 𝒖𝒙 , 𝒖𝒚 , 𝒗𝒙 , 𝒗𝒚 are all continuous
functions
∴ 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟐 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐭𝐢𝐜
2.Prove that 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝟑 is analytic .
Solution:
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝟑 = (𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚)𝟑
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒊𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙(𝒊𝒚)𝟐
𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒊𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑
𝐮 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒗 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑
𝒖𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒗𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙𝒚
𝒖𝒚 = −𝟔𝒙𝒚 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐
∴ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 & 𝒗𝒙 = −𝒖𝒚
i.e., 𝑪 − 𝑹 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅
Also 𝒖𝒙 , 𝒖𝒗 , 𝒗𝒙, 𝒗𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇(𝒛) 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒄.
3.Check 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒆𝒛 is analytic or not .
Solution:
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙+𝒊𝒚
= 𝒆𝒙 . 𝒆𝒊𝒚
= 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 + 𝒊 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒖𝒚 = −𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒖𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚
∴ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 & − 𝒖𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙
𝒊. 𝒆. , 𝑪 − 𝑹 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅
𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒖𝒙 , 𝒗𝒙, 𝒖𝒚 , 𝒗𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
Hence 𝒇(𝒛) 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒄
Properties
Property 1:
Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function satisfy
the Laplace equation.(or) Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an
analytic function are harmonic function.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 = u + i v be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Differentiate (1) & (2) p.w.r.to 𝒙, we get
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙𝒚 … 𝟑 & 𝒖𝒙𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙𝒙 … (𝟒)
Differentiate (1) & (2) p.w.r.to 𝒚, we get
𝒖𝒚𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚𝒚 … 𝟓 & 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = −𝒗𝒚𝒙 … (𝟔)
𝟑 + 𝟔 ֜ 𝒖𝒙𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟓 − 𝟒 ֜ 𝒗𝒙𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 satisfy the Laplace equation.
Hence 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 are harmonic function.
Property 2
When the function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 is an analytic function, prove
that the family of curves 𝒖 is a constant and 𝒗 is a constant cut
orthogonally.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Given 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 =𝟎 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝒖𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒗𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚 −𝒖𝒙 𝒅𝒚 −𝒗𝒙
= =
𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝒚
 −𝒖𝒙 −𝒗𝒙
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 =
𝒖𝒚 𝒗𝒚
−𝒖𝒙 −𝒗𝒙
Now, 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = ×
𝒖𝒚 𝒗𝒚
−𝒖𝒙 𝒖𝒚
= ×
𝒖𝒚 𝒖𝒙
= −𝟏
∴ 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏
∴ The family of curves 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒄 & 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒄 are cut
orthogonally .

Property 3:
Prove that every analytic function w=u+iv can be expressed as
a function z alone.
Proof:
Let 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 and 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
 𝒛+ത𝒛 𝒛−ത𝒛
𝒙= and 𝐲 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
Consider = +𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒚
= + +𝒊 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒖 −𝟏 𝝏𝒗 𝟏 𝝏𝒗 −𝟏
= . + . +𝒊 . + .
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊 𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒖 𝒊 𝝏𝒗 𝒊 𝝏𝒗 −𝟏
= . + . + . + .
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐
𝟏 𝒊
= 𝒖𝒙 − 𝒗𝒚 + 𝒖𝒚 + 𝒗𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒊
= 𝒗𝒚 − 𝒗𝒚 + −𝒗𝒙 + 𝒗𝒙 by C-R equ
𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒘
=𝟎
𝝏ത𝒛
∴ 𝒘 is independent of 𝒛ത
Hence w is a function of z alone .
❖Property 4
An analytic function whose real part is constant
must itself be a constant.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Given 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒖𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒖𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒗𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒃𝒚 (𝟐)
w.k.t., 𝒇′ 𝒛 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒊𝒗𝒙
= 𝟎 + 𝒊𝟎
=𝟎
Integrating w.r.to 𝒛, we get 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒄[𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕]
• Property 5
An analytic function whose imaginary part is constant
must itself be a constant.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Given 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒗𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒃𝒚 (𝟏)
w.k.t., 𝒇′ 𝒛 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒊𝒗𝒙
= 𝟎 + 𝒊𝟎
=𝟎
Integrating w.r.to 𝒛, we get 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒄[𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕]
1.𝑰𝒇 𝒇 𝒛 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟒 |𝒇′ 𝒛 |𝟐
+ |𝒇 𝒛 |
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
Proof:
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
First we 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 + =𝟒
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛−ത𝒛
𝒙= ; 𝒚=
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏𝒙 𝟏 𝝏𝒙 𝟏 𝝏𝒚 𝟏 𝝏𝒚 −𝟏
= , = and = , =
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝒊 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏
= −𝒊 [ Since = −𝒊 ]
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒊
 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏
= +𝒊 [ Since = −𝒊 ]
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒊
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . +𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = +
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝜕2
𝑳𝑯𝑺 ∶ + |𝒇 𝒛 |𝟐 =4 |𝑓 𝑧 |2
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝜕𝑧𝜕 𝑧ҧ
 𝝏𝟐
=𝟒 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇(𝒛)
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
=𝟒 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇 𝒛ത = 4 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏
=𝟒 [𝒇 𝒛 𝒇′(ത𝒛)]
𝝏𝒛
′ ′
= 𝟒 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇 𝒛ത
= 𝟒 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟒 |𝒇′(𝒛)|𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ + |𝒇 𝒛 |𝟐 = 𝟒|𝒇′(𝒛)|𝟐
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅.
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
2. 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 | = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝒐𝒓 𝑷. 𝑻 𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟎
Proof:
First we 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
+ =𝟒
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛−ത𝒛
𝒙= ; 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= + 𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . +𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = + = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐
𝑳𝑯𝑺 ∶ 𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 | =𝟒 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 |]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝟐 𝟐]
=𝟐 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝟐
= 𝟐 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇 𝒛 ]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝟐
= 𝟐 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇(𝒛) ]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
 𝝏𝟐
=𝟐 [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏 𝟏
=𝟐 [𝟎+ ത 𝒇′ 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝒇 𝒛
=𝟎
∴ 𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 | = 𝟎
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅.

3. If 𝒇 𝒛 is an analytic function then prove that

𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝟐 =𝟎
Solution :
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
First we prove that + =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛−ത𝒛
𝒙= ; 𝒚=
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= + 𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . +𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = + = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝟐 ′ 𝟐 𝝏𝟐
LHS : 𝜵 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝟐
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏𝟐
=𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛 [|𝒛|𝟐 = 𝒛 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏𝟐
=𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏 𝝏
=𝟒 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏 𝟏
=𝟒 [ 𝟎 + 𝒇′′ 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛ത

=𝟎
Hence proved
4.If 𝒇 𝒛 is an analytic function then prove that
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝑹𝒆 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
Solution :
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
First we prove that + =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
WKT 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒚 and 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛 − 𝒛ത
Then 𝒙= and 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= +
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= + 𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= − 𝒊 . + 𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = + = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛
LHS : + 𝑹𝒆 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐
 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
=𝟒
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟒

𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
= 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
= 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏
= 𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത 𝒇′ 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛

𝝏
= 𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒛ത 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛

= 𝟐 𝒇′ (ത𝒛) 𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛)𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐

𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐
∴ 𝟐
+ 𝑹𝒆 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
5. If 𝒇 𝒛 is an analytic function then prove that
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
+ 𝑰𝒎 𝒇 𝒛
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
Solution:
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
First we prove that + =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
WKT 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒚 and 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛 − 𝒛ത
Then 𝒙 = and 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= +
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= +𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . + 𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= + 𝟐
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴𝟒 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛
LHS : + 𝑰𝒎 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐𝒊
 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
=𝟒
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 −𝟒
𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
=− 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
= − 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛ത
𝝏
= − 𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത − 𝒇′ (ത𝒛)
𝝏𝒛
𝝏
= 𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒛ത 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛

= 𝟐 𝒇′ (ത𝒛)𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛
= 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐

𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐
∴ + 𝑰𝒎 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
Properties
Property 1:
Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function satisfy
the Laplace equation.(or) Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an
analytic function are harmonic function.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Differentiate (1) & (2) p.w.r.to 𝒙, we get
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙𝒚 … 𝟑 & 𝒖𝒙𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙𝒙 … (𝟒)
Differentiate (1) & (2) p.w.r.to 𝒚, we get
𝒖𝒚𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚𝒚 … 𝟓 & 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = −𝒗𝒚𝒙 … (𝟔)
𝟑 + 𝟔 ֜ 𝒖𝒙𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟓 − 𝟒 ֜ 𝒗𝒙𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 satisfy the Laplace equation.
Hence 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 are harmonic function.
Property 2
When the function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 is an analytic function, prove
that the family of curves 𝒖 is a constant and 𝒗 is a constant cut
orthogonally.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Given 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 =𝟎 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝒖𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒗𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚 −𝒖𝒙 𝒅𝒚 −𝒗𝒙
= =
𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝒚
 −𝒖𝒙 −𝒗𝒙
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 =
𝒖𝒚 𝒗𝒚
−𝒖𝒙 −𝒗𝒙
Now, 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = ×
𝒖𝒚 𝒗𝒚
−𝒖𝒙 𝒖𝒚
= ×
𝒖𝒚 𝒖𝒙
= −𝟏
∴ 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏
∴ The family of curves 𝒖(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒄 & 𝒗(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒄 are cut
orthogonally .

Property 3:
Prove that every analytic function w=u+iv can be expressed as
a function z alone.
Proof:
Let 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 and 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
 𝒛+ത𝒛 𝒛−ത𝒛
𝒙= and 𝐲 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗
Consider = +𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒚
= + +𝒊 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒖 −𝟏 𝝏𝒗 𝟏 𝝏𝒗 −𝟏
= . + . +𝒊 . + .
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊 𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝟏 𝒊
= 𝒖𝒙 − 𝒗𝒚 + 𝒖𝒚 + 𝒗𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒊
= 𝒗𝒚 − 𝒗𝒚 + −𝒗𝒙 + 𝒗𝒙 by C-R equ
𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒘
=𝟎
𝝏ത𝒛
∴ 𝒘 is independent of 𝒛ത
Hence w is a function of z alone .
❖Property 4
An analytic function whose real part is constant
must itself be a constant.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Given 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒖𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒖𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒗𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒃𝒚 (𝟐)
w.k.t., 𝒇′ 𝒛 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒊𝒗𝒙
= 𝟎 + 𝒊𝟎
=𝟎
Integrating w.r.to 𝒛, we get 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒄[𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕]
• Property 5
An analytic function whose imaginary part is constant
must itself be a constant.
Proof:
Let 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 be an analytic function.
∴ 𝒖 , 𝒗 satisfies the C.R equations
i.e.,𝒖𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚 … 𝟏 & 𝒖𝒚 = −𝒗𝒙 … (𝟐)
Given 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒗𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒃𝒚 (𝟏)
w.k.t., 𝒇′ 𝒛 = 𝒖𝒙 + 𝒊𝒗𝒙
= 𝟎 + 𝒊𝟎
=𝟎
Integrating w.r.to 𝒛, we get 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒄[𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕]
1.𝑰𝒇 𝒇 𝒛 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟒 |𝒇′ 𝒛 |𝟐
+ |𝒇 𝒛 |
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
Proof:
First we 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
+ =𝟒
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛−𝒛ത
𝒙= ; 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= +𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . +𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = +
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏 𝝏 𝜕2
𝑳𝑯𝑺 ∶ + |𝒇 𝒛 |𝟐 =4 |𝑓 𝑧 |2
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝜕𝑧𝜕 𝑧ҧ
 𝝏𝟐
=𝟒 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇(𝒛)
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏
=𝟒 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏
=𝟒 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇′(ത𝒛)
𝝏𝒛
=𝟒 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛ത
= 𝟒 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟒 |𝒇′(𝒛)|𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ + |𝒇 𝒛 |𝟐 = 𝟒|𝒇′(𝒛)|𝟐
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅.
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
2. 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 | = 𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝒐𝒓 𝑷. 𝑻 𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟎
Proof:
First we 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
+ =𝟒
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛−ത𝒛
𝒙= ; 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= + 𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . +𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = + = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐
𝑳𝑯𝑺 ∶ 𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 | =𝟒 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 |]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝟐 𝟐]
=𝟐 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝟐
= 𝟐 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 𝒇 𝒛 ]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏𝟐
= 𝟐 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇(𝒛) ]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
 𝝏𝟐
=𝟐 [ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏 𝟏
=𝟐 [𝟎+ ത 𝒇′ 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝒇 𝒛
=𝟎
∴ 𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒇 𝒛 | = 𝟎
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅.

3. If 𝒇 𝒛 is an analytic function then prove that

𝜵𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝟐 =𝟎
Solution :
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
First we prove that + =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛−ത𝒛
𝒙= ; 𝒚=
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= + 𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . +𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = + = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝟐 ′ 𝟐 𝝏𝟐
LHS : 𝜵 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝟐
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏𝟐
=𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛 [|𝒛|𝟐 = 𝒛 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏𝟐
=𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏 𝝏
=𝟒 [ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒇′ 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏 𝟏
=𝟒 [ 𝟎 + 𝒇′′ 𝒛ത ]
𝝏𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛ത

=𝟎
Hence proved
4.If 𝒇 𝒛 is an analytic function then prove that
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝑹𝒆 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
Solution :
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
First we prove that + =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
WKT 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒚 and 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛 − 𝒛ത
Then 𝒙= and 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= +
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= + 𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= − 𝒊 . + 𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= +
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴ 𝟒 = + = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛
LHS : + 𝑹𝒆 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐
 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
=𝟒
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟒

𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
= 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
= 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛

𝝏
= 𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത 𝒇′ 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛

𝝏
= 𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒛ത 𝒇 𝒛 + 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛

= 𝟐 𝒇′ (ത𝒛) 𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛)𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐

𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐
∴ 𝟐
+ 𝑹𝒆 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
5. If 𝒇 𝒛 is an analytic function then prove that
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
+ 𝑰𝒎 𝒇 𝒛
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
Solution:
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
First we prove that + =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
WKT 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊 𝒚 and 𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒊 𝒚
𝒛+ 𝒛ത 𝒛 − 𝒛ത
Then 𝒙 = and 𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒙 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= +
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= +
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏𝒚
= . + .
𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏
= + −
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒊
𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= +𝒊
𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏 𝝏
N𝒐𝒘, = .
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏
= −𝒊 . + 𝒊
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
= + 𝟐
𝟒 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐
∴𝟒 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝜵𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝝏ത𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛
LHS : + 𝑰𝒎 𝒇 𝒛 =𝟒
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 𝟐𝒊
 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
=𝟒
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛 −𝟒
𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
=− 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏ത𝒛
𝝏 𝝏 𝟐
= − 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛ത
𝝏
= − 𝟐 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത − 𝒇′ (ത𝒛)
𝝏𝒛
𝝏
= 𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒛ത 𝒇 𝒛 − 𝒇 𝒛ത
𝝏𝒛

= 𝟐 𝒇′ (ത𝒛)𝒇′ (𝒛)
= 𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝒇′ 𝒛
= 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐

𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐
∴ + 𝑰𝒎 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒛) 𝟐
𝝏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏 𝒚𝟐
Milne Thomson
method
Construction of analytic function 𝐟(𝐳)
(Milne Thomson theorem)
1.If u is given ,then
𝐟 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝒖 [׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝒖𝒚 (𝒛, 𝟎)] 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄

2.If v is given ,then

𝐟 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒚𝒗 [׬‬, 𝟎 + 𝒊𝒗𝒙 (𝒛, 𝟎)] 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
Define Harmonic function:
A real function ∅ is said to be harmonic function if
it has second order positive derivative and satisfies the
Laplace equation.
𝝏𝟐 ∅ 𝝏𝟐 ∅
i.e , + 𝟐 =0
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝟐
⇒ 𝜵 ∅=𝟎
Note:
u is harmonic function if 𝜵𝟐 𝒖 = 𝟎
(i.e ) if 𝒖𝒙𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
Result :
1.If 𝐟 𝒛 = 𝒖 +𝒊𝒗 is an analytic function .Then u and v
are harmonic . But the converse is not true.
2.If 𝐟 𝒛 is analytic, then u is called the harmonic
conjugate of v and v is called the harmonic conjucate
of u.
 Problems based on construction of analytic function
1.Prove that 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚) is harmonic and
hence find the analytic function 𝐟 𝒛 = 𝒖 +𝒊𝒗.
Solution:
Given 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)
𝒖𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 + (𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚)𝒆𝒙
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝒖𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚
𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚
∴ 𝒖𝒙𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒖 𝒊𝒔 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄.
 𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒛𝒆𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝒛 𝒆𝒙
𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝟎
By Milne's method:
𝒇 𝒙 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝒖[׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝒗𝒚 (𝒛, 𝟎)]𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝟏 ׬‬+ 𝒛 𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= 𝟏 + 𝒛 𝒆𝒛 – (𝟏)𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
= 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒛𝒆𝒛 − 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄

2. Show that 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 is harmonic function

and hence find the analytic function w = u+iv.
Solution:
 Given 𝒗 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 −𝒆−𝒙
𝒗𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒗𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒙 −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 −𝒆−𝒙
𝒗𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒙 −𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 −𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒗𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚
𝒗𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚
∴ 𝒗𝒙𝒙 +𝒗𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒗 is harmonic function
To find f(z)
𝒗𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝟏 − 𝒛 𝒆−𝒛
𝒗𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝟎
 By Milne’s Method,
f 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒚𝒗 ׬‬, 𝟎 + 𝒊𝒗𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝟏 𝒊 ׬‬− 𝒛 𝒆−𝒛 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= 𝒊 ‫ 𝟏 ׬‬− 𝒛 𝒆−𝒛 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= 𝐢 𝟏 − 𝒛 −𝒆−𝒛 − −𝟏 𝒆−𝒛 + 𝒄
= 𝐢 −𝒆−𝒛 + 𝒛𝒆−𝒛 + 𝒆−𝒛 + 𝒄
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒊𝒛𝒆−𝒛 + 𝒄

3. Find the analytic function f(z) = u + iv if 𝑢 =

𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 . Also find the conjugate harmonic
function.
Solution:
 Given 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒖𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒆𝒙
𝒖𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒆𝒙
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒖𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚
𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 −𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚
∴ 𝒖𝒙𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ u is harmonic function
To find f(z)
𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 =𝒆𝒛 + 𝒛𝒆𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝒛 𝒆𝒛
𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝟎
 By Milne’s Method,
f 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝒖 ׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊 𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝟏 ׬‬+ 𝒛 𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒛𝒆𝒛 − 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
To find conjugate harmonic function
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 𝒆𝒙+𝒊𝒚 + 𝒄
= 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒊𝒚 + 𝒄
= 𝒆𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒄
= 𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒊𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒊𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒄
= 𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒊𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒊𝒄𝟐
Equating imaginary part, we get
𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐
4.Determine the analytic function w = u +iv if
u = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒚 .
Solution:
Given 𝒖 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒚
𝒖𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝒐 = 𝒆𝟐𝒛 + 𝟐𝒛𝒆𝟐𝒛 = (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒛)𝒆𝟐𝒛
𝒖𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟐𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒚
𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝒐 = 𝟎
By 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒏𝒆’𝒔 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅,
𝒇 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝒖 ׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝒖𝒚 (𝒛, 𝟎) 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝟏 ׬‬+ 𝟐𝒛 𝒆𝟐𝒛 + 𝒄
𝒆𝟐𝒛 𝒆𝟐𝒛
= 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒛 − 𝟐 +𝒄
𝟐 𝟒
𝒆𝟐𝒛 𝒆𝟐𝒛
= + 𝒛𝒆𝟐𝒛 − +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒛𝒆𝟐𝒛 + 𝒄
5. Find the analytic function whose real part is
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒚−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
Given 𝒖 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒚−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒚−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 (𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙(𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙)
𝒖𝒙 =
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒚−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙)𝟐
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛 (𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛)−𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒛)
𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 =
(𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛)𝟐
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛−𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒛−𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒛
=
(𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛)𝟐
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛−𝟐 −𝟐(𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛)
𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 = =
(𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛)𝟐 (𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛)𝟐
−𝟐 −𝟐
𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 = = = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒛
(𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒛) 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒛
 𝟎− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 (𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒚)
𝒖𝒚 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒚−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝟐
𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝟎
∴ By Milne’s Method,
𝒇 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝒖(׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 )𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ ׬‬−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒛 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒛 + 𝒄

6. Find the analytic function 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 if

𝒖 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ). Also find the conjugate
harmonic function 𝒗.
Solution :
Let 𝒖 = (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒖𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝒛 𝟐𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟑𝒛𝟐
𝒖𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 (−𝟏)
𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝒛 𝟒𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 (−𝟏) = 𝟑𝒛𝟐
 ∴ By Milne’s Method,
𝒇 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝒖(׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 )𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝟐𝒛𝟑 ׬‬− 𝒊𝟑𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= 𝟑(𝟏 − 𝒊) ‫ 𝒛𝒅 𝟐𝒛 ׬‬+ 𝒄
𝒛𝟑
=𝟑 𝟏−𝒊 +𝒄
𝟑
𝟑
= 𝟏−𝒊 𝒛 +𝒄
To find 𝒗 :
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟏 − 𝒊 𝒛𝟑 + 𝒄
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝟏 − 𝒊 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 𝟑 + 𝒄
= 𝟏 − 𝒊 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒊𝒚 𝟐 + 𝒊𝒚 𝟑 + 𝒄
= 𝟏 − 𝒊 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒊𝟑𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒊𝒚𝟑 + 𝒄
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝟏 − 𝒊 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊 𝟑𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 + (𝒄𝟏 + 𝒊𝒄𝟐 )
Comparing the imaginary parts,
𝒗 = 𝟑𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
7. Find the analytic function 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 given that 𝟑𝒖 +
𝟐𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
Solution :
Given : 𝟑𝒖 + 𝟐𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 ……….. (1)
(1) × 𝟑 𝟑𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒖 + 𝒊𝟑𝒗
(1) × −𝟐𝒊 −𝟐𝒊𝒇 𝒛 = −𝟐𝒊𝒖 + 𝟐𝒗
Add : 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒖 + 𝟐𝒗 + 𝒊(𝟑𝒗 − 𝟐𝒖)
𝑭 𝒁 = 𝑼 + 𝒊𝑽
𝑼 = 𝟑𝒖 + 𝟐𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝑼𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝑼𝒙 (𝒛, 𝟎) = 𝒆𝒛
𝑼𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚)
𝑼𝒚 (𝒛, 𝟎) = −𝒆𝒛
∴ By Milne’s Method,
𝑭 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝑼(׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝑼𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 )𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝒛𝒆(׬‬+ 𝒊𝒆𝒛 )𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝟏 ׬‬+ 𝒊 𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= (𝟏 + 𝒊) ‫ 𝒛𝒅 𝒛𝒆 ׬‬+ 𝒄
𝑭 𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝒊 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝒊 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
(𝟏+𝒊) 𝒛 𝒄
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒆 +
(𝟑−𝟐𝒊) 𝟑−𝟐𝒊
𝟏+𝒊 (𝟑+𝟐𝒊) 𝒛
= 𝒆 + 𝒄𝟏
𝟗+𝟒
(𝟏+𝟓𝒊) 𝒛
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒆 + 𝒄𝟏
𝟏𝟑
8. Construct an analytic function 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 given that
𝟐𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
Solution :
Given : 𝟐𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 ……….. (1)
(1) × 𝟐 𝟐𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒖 + 𝒊𝟐𝒗
(1) × −𝒊 −𝒊𝒇 𝒛 = −𝒊𝒖 + 𝒗
Add : 𝟐 − 𝒊 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒖 + 𝒗 + 𝒊(𝟐𝒗 − 𝒖)
𝑭 𝒁 = 𝑼 + 𝒊𝑽
𝑼 = 𝟐𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝑼𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝑼𝒙 (𝒛, 𝟎) = 𝒆𝒛
𝑼𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚)
𝑼𝒚 (𝒛, 𝟎) = −𝒆𝒛
∴ By Milne’s Method,
𝑭 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝑼(׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝑼𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 )𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝒛𝒆(׬‬+ 𝒊𝒆𝒛 )𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= ‫ 𝟏 ׬‬+ 𝒊 𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
= (𝟏 + 𝒊) ‫ 𝒛𝒅 𝒛𝒆 ׬‬+ 𝒄
𝑭 𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝒊 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
𝟐 − 𝒊 𝒇 𝒛 = 𝟏 + 𝒊 𝒆𝒛 + 𝒄
(𝟏+𝒊) 𝒛 𝒄
𝒇 𝒛 = 𝒆 +
(𝟐−𝒊) 𝟐−𝒊
𝟏+𝒊 𝟐+𝒊 𝒛
= 𝒆 +𝒄
𝟓
𝟏 + 𝟑𝒊 𝒛
𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒆 +𝒄
𝟓
 𝟏
9.Show that 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 is harmonic, determine its
𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐
analytic function. Find also its conjugate.
Solution:
𝟏
Given 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟐
. 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝟏 − 𝒙(𝟐𝒙) 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒚
𝒖𝒚 = 𝟐 𝟐
. 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 +𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 . 𝟏 − 𝒚(𝟐𝒚) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐
∴ 𝒖𝒙𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎
∴ u is harmonic function
To find f(z)
𝒛 𝟏
𝒖𝒙 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝟐 =
𝒛 𝒛
𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 = 𝟎
∴ By Milne’s Method,
𝒇 𝒛 = ‫𝒛 𝒙𝒖(׬‬, 𝟎 − 𝒊𝒖𝒚 𝒛, 𝟎 )𝒅𝒛 + 𝒄
𝟏
= ‫𝒛𝒅 𝒛 ׬‬
+𝒄
∴ 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒛 + 𝒄
To find harmonic conjugate v:
𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒛 + 𝒄
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒄
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓 + 𝒊𝜽 + 𝒄
𝟏 𝒚
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 + 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒊𝒄𝟐
𝟐 𝒙
Comparing the imaginary parts,
−𝟏 𝒚
𝒗= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒄𝟐
𝒙
 𝟐 𝟐 −𝒚
10.If 𝒖 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 , 𝒗 = then prove that u and v
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
satisfies the Laplace equation but u + iv is not a
regular function of z.
Solution:
To prove u is harmonic
Given 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙, 𝒖𝒚 = −𝟐𝒚
𝒖𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = −𝟐
𝒖𝒙𝒙 + 𝒖𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
Therefore u is harmonic function
To prove v is harmonic
−𝒚
Given 𝒗 =
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
 −𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝒗𝒙 = −𝒚 × 𝟐𝒙 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 𝟐𝒚−𝟐𝒙𝒚×𝟐(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐𝒙
𝒗𝒙𝒙 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟒
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) 𝟐𝒚−𝟖𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝒗𝒙𝒙 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚+𝟐𝒚𝟑 −𝟖𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝒗𝒙𝒙 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
𝟐𝒚𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝒗𝒙𝒙 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) −𝟏 +𝒚×𝟐𝒚
𝒗𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐

𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
𝒗𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 𝟐𝒚− 𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒚
𝒗𝒚𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟒
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒚− 𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝒚
𝒗𝒚𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
𝟐𝒚𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒚𝟑 −𝟒𝒚𝟑 +𝟒𝒚𝒙𝟐
𝒗𝒚𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟐𝒚𝟑
𝒗𝒚𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
𝟐𝒚𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟐𝒚𝟑
𝒗𝒙𝒙 + 𝒗𝒚𝒚 = + =𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
Therefore v is harmonic function.
𝒚𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
But 𝒖𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒗𝒚 =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
𝒖𝒙 ≠ 𝒗𝒚
Therefore C – R equation is not satisfied.
Hence u + iv is not analytic function.
CONFORMAL MAPPING
 CONFORMAL MAPPING
❖Definition:
A transformation that preserves angle between
every pair of curves through a point both in magnitude and
sense (direction) is called conformal mapping.
❖Define Isogonal mapping
The transformation that preserves angle between every
pair of curves through a point only in magnitude and not in sense
is called isogonal mapping.

❖Result
A mapping 𝒘 = 𝒇 𝒛 is said to be conformal at 𝒛 = 𝒛𝟎 if
𝒇′ 𝒛𝟎 ≠𝟎
Define Critical points:
A point at which the function is not conformal is called a
critical point.
A point at which the derivative 𝒇′ 𝒛𝟎 = 𝟎 is called a
critical point.
Note:
𝒅𝒘 𝒅𝒛
The critical points are given by =𝟎& = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒘

Some standard transformations:

➢Translation ⇒ 𝒘 = 𝒛 + 𝒄
➢Magnification ⇒ 𝒘 = 𝒄𝒛, where c is the complex constant
➢Inversion ⇒ 𝒘 = 𝟏𝒛
 𝟏
PROBLEMS BASED ON 𝒘 =
𝒛
𝟏
1.Show that the transformation 𝒘 = maps the family of circles and
𝒛
straight lines into family of circles or straight lines.
Solution:
𝟏
Given 𝒘 =
𝒛
𝟏 𝟏
𝒛= =
𝒘 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗
𝟏 𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒛= ×
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒖 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒖 −𝒗
𝒙= 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝒚= 𝟐
𝒖 +𝒗 𝒖 + 𝒗𝟐
The general equation of the circle in the z-plane

𝒌 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 …(1)

𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒖 𝒗
𝒌 𝟐 + 𝟐 +𝒂 − 𝒃 𝟐 𝟐 +𝒄=𝟎
𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐 𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐 𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐 𝒖 +𝒗

𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐 𝒖 𝒗
𝒌 𝟐 +𝒂 −𝒃 𝟐 𝟐 +𝒄=𝟎
𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐 𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐 𝒖 +𝒗

𝒌 + 𝒂𝒖 − 𝒃𝒗 + 𝒄 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎

𝒄 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝒖 − 𝒃𝒗 + 𝒌 = 𝟎 … (𝟐)
Which is the circle equation in the w plane
 z – plane w – plane
Equation
𝒌 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒄 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝒖 + 𝒃𝒗 + 𝒌 = 𝟎

𝐤 ≠ 𝟎 ,𝐜 ≠ 𝟎 Circle not passing through the Circle not passing through the
origin origin

𝐤 ≠ 𝟎 ,𝐜 = 𝟎 Circle passing through the Straight line not passing

origin through the origin

𝐤 = 𝟎 ,𝐜 ≠ 𝟎 Straight line not passing Circle passing through the

through the origin origin

𝐤 = 𝟎 ,𝐜 = 𝟎 Straight line passing through Straight line passing through

the origin the origin
2.Obtain the image of 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐 under the transformation
𝟏
𝐰= .
𝒛

Solution :
Given 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐 is a circle.
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 = 𝟐𝒊 𝒊. 𝒆. , (𝟎, 𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 = 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
Given: 𝒘 = ⟹𝒛=
𝒛 𝒘

Also given that 𝒛 − 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐

𝟏
− 𝟐𝒊 = 𝟐
𝒘
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒘𝒊
=𝟐
𝒘
 𝟏−𝟐𝒘𝒊
=𝟐
𝒘

𝟏 − 𝟐𝒘𝒊 = 𝟐 𝒘

𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 = 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗

𝟏 − 𝒊𝟐𝒖 + 𝟐𝒗 = 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗

(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒗) − 𝒊𝟐𝒖 = 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗

𝟏 + 𝟐𝒗 𝟐 + −𝟐𝒖 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐

Squaring on both the sides, we get

𝟏 + 𝟐𝒗 𝟐 + −𝟐𝒖 𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐

𝟏 + 𝟒𝒗𝟐 + 𝟒𝒗 + 𝟒𝒖𝟐 = 𝟒𝒖𝟐 + 𝟒𝒗𝟐

 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒗 = 𝟎

𝟒𝒗 = −𝟏

𝟏
𝒗=−
𝟒

Which is a straight line in the w-plane

y
v

0,2

x 1
𝒗=−
4

z - plane w - plane
 𝟏
3. Find the image of the following regions under transformation 𝐰 =
𝒛

(i) The half plane 𝒙 > 𝒄 when 𝒄 > 𝟎

(ii) The half plane 𝒚 > 𝒄 when 𝒄 < 𝟎

Solution:
𝟏
Given 𝒘 =
𝒛
𝟏 𝟏
𝒛= =
𝒘 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗
𝟏 𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒛= ×
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒖 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒖 −𝒗
𝒙= 𝟐 𝟐
, 𝒚= 𝟐
𝒖 +𝒗 𝒖 + 𝒗𝟐
 Given that 𝒙 > 𝒄 where 𝒄 > 𝟎
𝒙>𝒄
𝒖
>𝒄
𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐

𝒖 > 𝒄 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒖
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 <
𝒄
𝒖
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 − < 𝟎
𝒄
𝒖
Since 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 − = 𝟎 is a circle with centre
𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
at − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒖 , − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒗 = ,𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒄

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
and radius 𝒓 = + 𝟎𝟐 − 𝟎 =
𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒄
 𝒖
Therefore, 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 − < 𝟎 is the interior of the circle with centre at
𝒄
𝟏 𝟏
, 𝟎 and radius .
𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒄

y 𝒙=𝒄 𝒗

𝒙>𝒄

𝒖
x

z - plane
w - plane
(ii) Given that 𝒚 > 𝒄 where 𝒄 < 𝟎
Let 𝒄 = −𝒌, where 𝒌 > 𝟎
Then 𝒚 > 𝒄 ⟹ 𝒚 > −𝒌
−𝒗 𝒗
⟹ > −𝒌 ⟹ 𝒌 >
𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐 𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐
 𝒗
< 𝒌 ⟹ 𝒗 < 𝒌 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐
𝒗
< 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒌
𝒗
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 >
𝒌
𝒗
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 − > 𝟎
𝒌
𝒗
Since 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 − = 𝟎 is a circle with centre at
𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒖 , − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒗 = 𝟎 ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒌

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
and radius 𝒓 = 𝟎𝟐 + −𝟎 = =
𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒌
 𝒗
Therefore, 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 − > 𝟎 is the exterior of the circle with centre
𝒌
𝟏 𝟏
at 𝟎 , and radius .
𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒌
𝒚 𝒗

𝒚 >-k
1
0,
𝒙 2𝒌

𝒚 =-k
𝒖

z - plane
W - plane
 𝟏 𝟏
4. Find the image in the w – plane of the infinite strip <𝒚<
𝟒 𝟐
𝟏
under transformation 𝒘 = .
𝒛

Solution:
𝟏
Given 𝒘 =
𝒛
𝟏 𝟏
𝒛= =
𝒘 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗
𝟏 𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒛= ×
𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒖 − 𝒊𝒗
𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒖 + 𝒗𝟐
𝒖 −𝒗
𝒙= 𝟐 𝟐
, 𝒚= 𝟐
𝒖 +𝒗 𝒖 + 𝒗𝟐
 𝟏 𝟏
Given <𝒚<
𝟒 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
<𝒚 & 𝒚<
𝟒 𝟐

𝟏 −𝒗 −𝒗 𝟏
< 𝟐 𝟐
& 𝟐 𝟐
<
𝟒 𝒖 +𝒗 𝒖 +𝒗 𝟐
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 < −𝟒𝒗 & −𝟐𝒗 < 𝒖𝟐 +𝒗𝟐
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟒𝒗 < 𝟎 & 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟐𝒗 > 𝟎

Since 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟒𝒗 = 𝟎 is a circle with centre

𝟏 𝟏
at − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒖 , − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒗 = 𝟎 , −𝟐 and radius
𝟐 𝟐

𝒓= 𝟎𝟐 + −𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟎 = 𝟒 = 𝟐.
 Therefore, 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟒𝒗 < 𝟎 is the interior of the circle with
centre at 𝟎 , −𝟐 and radius 𝟐 .

Also 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟐𝒗 = 𝟎 is a circle with centre

𝟏 𝟏
at − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒖 , − 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇. 𝒐𝒇 𝒗 = 𝟎 , −𝟏 and radius
𝟐 𝟐

𝒓= 𝟎𝟐 + −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟎 = 𝟏
Therefore, 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟐𝒗 > 𝟎 is the exterior of the circle with
centre at 𝟎 , −𝟏 and radius. 𝑣
y
1
𝒚=
1 1 2 𝒖
<𝒚<
4 2 1
𝒚= -1
4
𝒙 -2

z - plane W - plane
 Bilinear
transformation
 Bilinear Transformation
 Definition:
𝒂𝒛+𝒃
The transformation 𝒘 = where 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅 are complex
𝒄𝒛+𝒅
constants such that 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄 ≠ 𝟎 is called Bilinear transformation.

 Note:

It may be called as Mobius transformation or linear

fractional transformation.

 Result:

The Bilinear transformation which maps 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒛𝟑 into 𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒘𝟑 is

𝒘 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑
=
𝒘 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟑 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
1. Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points

𝒛 = 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝒊 on to the points 𝒘 = 𝒊, 𝟎, ∞

Solution:

Given 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟏, 𝒛𝟑 = 𝒊

𝒘𝟏 = 𝒊, 𝒘𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝒘𝟑 = ∞

The Bilinear transformation which maps 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒛𝟑 into

𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒘𝟑 is

𝒘 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑
=
𝒘 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟑 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏

Omit the terms containing 𝒘𝟑 since 𝒘𝟑 = ∞

𝒘 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑
=
𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟑 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
 𝒘−𝒊 𝒛 − 𝟎 −𝟏 − 𝒊
=
𝟎−𝒊 𝒛 − 𝒊 −𝟏 − 𝟎
𝒘−𝒊 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛
=
−𝒊 𝒛−𝒊 𝟏
𝒘 − 𝒊 𝒛 − 𝒊 = −𝒊 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛

𝒘𝒛 − 𝒘𝒊 − 𝒊𝒛 − 𝟏 = −𝒊𝒛 + 𝒛

𝒘𝒛 − 𝒘𝒊 = −𝒊𝒛 + 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛 + 𝟏

𝒘 𝒛−𝒊 =𝒛+𝟏
𝒛+𝟏
𝒘=
𝒛−𝒊
2.Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points

𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝟏, ∞ on to the points 𝒘 = 𝒊, 𝟏, −𝟏

Solution:

Given 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒛𝟑 = ∞

𝒘𝟏 = 𝒊, 𝒘𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒘𝟑 = −𝟏

The Bilinear transformation which maps 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒛𝟑 into

𝒘𝟏 , 𝒘𝟐 , 𝒘𝟑 is

𝒘 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟑
=
𝒘 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟑 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏

Omit the terms containing 𝒛𝟑 since 𝒛𝟑 = ∞

𝒘 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏
=
𝒘 − 𝒘𝟑 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
 𝒘−𝒊 𝟐 𝒛−𝟎
=
𝒘+𝟏 𝟏−𝒊 𝟏−𝟎
𝒘−𝒊 𝟐 𝒛
=
𝒘+𝟏 𝟏−𝒊 𝟏
𝒘−𝒊 𝟐 = 𝒛 𝒘+𝟏 𝟏−𝒊

𝟐𝒘 − 𝟐𝒊 = 𝒘𝒛 − 𝒊𝒘𝒛 + 𝒛 − 𝒊𝒛

𝟐𝒘 − 𝒘𝒛 + 𝒊𝒘𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒛 − 𝒊𝒛

𝒘 𝟐 − 𝒛 + 𝒊𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝒛 − 𝒊𝒛
𝟐𝒊+𝒛−𝒊𝒛
𝒘=
𝟐−𝒛+𝒊𝒛