GEG 301

Engineering Mathematics II
Functions of Complex Variables
By
Mr. O. A. Adeleye
 Outline
• Complex Variables
• Analytic Functions
• Cauchy – Riemann Equations
• Cauchy–Riemann Equations in Polar Form
 Complex Variables
• Introduction
– The theory of functions of a complex variable is of utmost
importance in solving a large number of problems in the
field of Engineering and Science.
– Many complicated integrals of real functions are solved
with the help of functions of a complex variable
– The inadequacy of real number system (rational and
irrational numbers) in solving algebraic equations was
known to Mathematicians in the past. It therefore became
necessary to extend the real numbers systems, so as to
obtain meaningful solutions to simple equations such as
𝑥2 + 1 = 0
 Complex Variables
– For quite sometime, it appears that equations which
could not be solved in the domain of real numbers,
were solved by accepting −1 as a possible number.
– It was therefore called an Imaginary number (as
opposed to real numbers)
– Therefore it was proved that every algebraic equation
with real coefficient has complex roots of the form
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 where 𝑖 = −1
– It was then extended to complex functions or
functions of complex variables
 Complex Variables
• Basic Principles of Complex Functions
– A complex variable denoted by z is defined as 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
where 𝑖 = −1
– And the function of a complex variable denoted by 𝑤 is
𝑤=𝑓 𝑧
𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
Where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are real and imaginary parts of 𝑓 𝑧
respectively.

Limits of a function of a Complex Variable

Let 𝑓 𝑧 be a single valued function defined at all points in
some neighborhood of a point 𝑧0 , then the limit of 𝑓 𝑧 as 𝑧
approaches 𝑧0 is 𝑤0
𝑤0 = lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑧
𝑧→𝑧0
 Complex Variables
• Example 1
𝑧1
Let 𝑧1 = 8 + 3𝑖, 𝑧2 = 9 − 2𝑖, find a. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 , b. 𝑧1 𝑧2 , c.
𝑧2
Solution
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 + 9 − 2𝑖
= 8 + 9 + 3𝑖 − 2𝑖 = 17 + 𝑖

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 9 − 2𝑖
= 72 − 16𝑖 + 27𝑖 − 6𝑖 × 𝑖
= 72 + 11𝑖 − 6 × (−1)
= 72 + 6 + 11𝑖 = 78 + 11𝑖

𝑧1 8+3𝑖 8+3𝑖 9+2𝑖

= = × (Rationalization)
𝑧2 9−2𝑖 9−2𝑖 9−2𝑖
72+16𝑖+27𝑖−6 66+43𝑖
= =
81+4 85
66 43
= + 𝑖
85 85
 Complex Variables
• Example 2
Express the function 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 − 3𝑧 in the
form 𝑤 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 . 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Solution
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2 + 2 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑖𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 ≡ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦2
𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
 Complex Variables
Continuity of a function of Complex Variable
The function 𝑓 𝑧 is said to be continuous at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if the
following 3 conditions are satisfied
1. 𝑓 𝑧0 exist
2. lim 𝑓 𝑧
𝑧→𝑧0
3. lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑧0
𝑧→𝑧0

Differentiability or Derivatives of function of Complex Variable

Let 𝑓 𝑧 be a single valued function of a variable 𝑧

𝑓 𝑧+𝛿𝑧 −𝑓 𝑧
Then 𝑓′ 𝑧 = lim provided the limit exist.
𝑧→𝑧0 𝛿𝑧
So if 𝑓 𝑧 is differentiable at 𝑧0 , it is continuous at 𝑧0
As in the case of real variables, the converse (opposite) is not true.
 Complex Variables
Example 3
𝑑𝑓
Consider the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑖 4𝑦 − 𝑥 , find .
𝑑𝑧
Solution
𝑓 𝑧 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑖 4𝑦 − 𝑥
= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑣 = −𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝑓 𝑧 + 𝛿𝑧 = 4 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 + 𝑖 − 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 +
 Complex Variables
a. Along real axis: If 𝑄 is taken on a horizontal line through 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑄
then approaches 𝑃 along this line 𝛿𝑦 = 0, 𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥
Substituting 𝛿𝑦 = 0, 𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥 into equation the
𝑑𝑓 𝑓 𝑧+𝛿𝑧 −𝑓 𝑧 4𝛿𝑥+𝛿𝑦−𝑖𝛿𝑥+4𝑖𝛿𝑦
= = ,
𝑑𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦
it becomes
𝛿𝑧 4𝛿𝑥+0−𝑖𝛿𝑥+4𝑖 0 4𝛿𝑥−𝑖𝛿𝑥
= =
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑥 4−𝑖
= =4−𝑖
𝛿𝑥

b. Along imaginary axis: If 𝑄 is taken on the vertical axis through 𝑃 and then 𝑄
approaches 𝑃 along this line, we have
𝛿𝑥 = 0 (no increment along x axis)
𝛿𝑓 4 0 +𝛿𝑦−𝑖 0 +4𝑖𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦+4𝑖𝛿𝑦
= =
𝛿𝑧 0+𝑖𝛿𝑦 𝑖𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑦 1+4𝑖 1+4𝑖 1+4𝑖 −𝑖 −𝑖+4
= = =4−𝑖 × =
𝑖𝛿𝑦 𝑖 𝑖 −𝑖 1
 Complex Variables
c. Along a line 𝑦 = 𝑥 If 𝑄 is taken on a line 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑖
𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑖𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑖𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝑥 1 + 𝑖
Substituting into equation
𝑑𝑓 𝑓 𝑧 + 𝛿𝑧 − 𝑓 𝑧 4𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑖𝛿𝑥 + 4𝑖𝛿𝑦
= =
𝑑𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑖𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑓 4𝛿𝑥+𝛿𝑥−𝑖𝛿𝑥+4𝑖𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 4+1−𝑖+4𝑖
= =
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 1+𝑖
5+3𝑖 1−𝑖
= × =4−𝑖
1+𝑖 1−𝑖
=4−𝑖

In all the 3 different paths as 𝑄 approaches 𝑃, we obtained the

𝑑𝑓
same value of =4−𝑖
𝑑𝑧
In such case, the function is said to be differentiable at the point
𝑧 in the given region.
 Analytic Functions
• A function 𝑓 𝑧 is said to be analytic in a domain
𝐷, if 𝑓 𝑧 is defined and its derivative exists at
every point in the domain.
• The function is also analytic at 𝑧0 if its derivative
exists at each point z in some neighborhood of
𝑧0 .
• The point at which the function 𝑓 𝑧 in not
differentiable (or has no derivative) is called a
singular point of the function. (The function is
𝑓 𝑧 is not analytic at that point)
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
Necessary Conditions for 𝑓 𝑧 to be Analytic
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
1. 𝜕𝑥
=
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
2. 𝜕𝑦
=−
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Provided , , , exist.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
These equations are known as Cauchy – Riemann equations for Analytic
functions.

Proof
Let 𝑓 𝑧 be an analytic function in a region 𝑅, then
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 1
Where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Let there be increments 𝛿𝑧, 𝛿𝑢, and 𝛿𝑣 respectively on 𝑧, 𝑢, and 𝑣

therefore
𝑓 𝑧 + 𝛿𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝛿𝑢 + 𝑖 𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣 2
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
𝑓 𝑧 + 𝛿𝑧 − 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝛿𝑢 + 𝑖 𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣 − 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
And
𝑓 𝑧+𝛿𝑧 −𝑓 𝑧 𝑢+𝛿𝑢 +𝑖 𝑣+𝛿𝑣 − 𝑢+𝑖𝑣
=
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
𝑢+𝛿𝑢+𝑖𝑣+𝑖𝛿𝑣−𝑢−𝑖𝑣 𝛿𝑢+𝑖𝛿𝑣
= =
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣
= +𝑖
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
𝑑𝑓 𝑧 𝑓 𝑧+𝛿𝑧 −𝑓 𝑧 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣
= lim = lim +𝑖 3
𝑑𝑧 𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
Since 𝛿𝑧 can approach zero along any path

a. Along real axis (𝑥 − axis)

𝑦 = 0, 𝛿𝑦 = 0, since 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 𝑧 = 𝑥,
and 𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥
Substituting these equations into equation (3),
We obtain
𝑑𝑓 𝑧 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= lim +𝑖 = lim +𝑖 = + 𝑖 4
𝑑𝑧 𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
b. Along imaginary axis 𝑦 − axis 𝑥 = 0, 𝛿𝑥 = 0, since 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑦,
and 𝛿𝑧 = 𝑖𝛿𝑦
𝑑𝑓 𝑧 𝛿𝑢
Substituting these equations into equation (3), we obtain = lim +
𝑑𝑧 𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
Examples
1. Show that the complex variable function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 is differentiable
only at the origin.
Solution
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 where 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≡ 𝑢 + 𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 0,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑥, = 2𝑦, = 0, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
If 𝑓 𝑧 is differentiable, then = and =− ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
But at origin, 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0,0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Therefore at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, = 2 0 = 0, and = 0, =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Similarly = 2 0 = 0 and = 0, =−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Therefore the function 𝑓 𝑧 is differentiable only at the origin 0,0
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
2. Using the C - R equations, show that 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 is analytic in the entire 𝑧 −
plane.
Solution
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 3
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑖𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑖𝑦 2 + 𝑖𝑦 3
= 𝑥 3 + 𝑖3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑖𝑦 3
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑖(3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −6𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

From the above expressions

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= , =− thus the C - R equations are satisfied
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Hence 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 is an analytic function
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
3. Show that the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦 is analytic.
Find its derivative.
Solution
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦
= 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑒 cos 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑒 sin 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

From the above expressions

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= , = − thus the C - R equations are satisfied
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Hence 𝑓 𝑧 is an analytic function
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
The derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑧
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑓 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= + 𝑖
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑒 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦

From exponential and circular functions of complex variables.

cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑦
𝑑𝑓 𝑧
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑓 𝑧
= 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝑑𝑧
= 𝑒𝑧
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
4. Show that 𝑓 𝑤 = sin 𝑧 is analytic and hence derive that
𝑑
sin 𝑧 = cos 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
Solution
𝑤 = sin 𝑧 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑖𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑖𝑦
= sin 𝑥 cos ℎ𝑦 + 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sin ℎ𝑦
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 cos ℎ𝑦, 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 sin ℎ𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= cos 𝑥 cos ℎ𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 sin ℎ𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= sin 𝑥 sin ℎ𝑦 = cos 𝑥 cos ℎ𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
From the above expressions
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Cauchy – Riemann equations are satisfied,
Hence 𝑓 𝑤 = sin 𝑧 is analytic
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
𝑑 𝑑
d. sin 𝑧 = sin 𝑥 cos ℎ𝑦 + 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sin ℎ𝑦
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
If we carry out a partial derivative with the real part
𝑥
𝑑
= sin 𝑥 cos ℎ𝑦 + 𝑖 cos 𝑥 sin ℎ𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 cos ℎ𝑦 − 𝑖 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
= cos 𝑥 cos 𝑖𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑖𝑦
(hyperbolic function)
= cos 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= cos 𝑧
𝑑
sin 𝑧 = cos 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
5. Find the points where the Cauchy - Riemann equations are satisfied for
2 2 𝑑𝑓
the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 𝑦. Hence where does exist?
𝑑𝑧
Solution
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑖𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑦2 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
From these expressions,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑦2 = 0 ≠ 𝑥2 = 0 2𝑥𝑦 ≠ − −2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
But for these equations to be equal, 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 = 0
i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑜. At the origin 0,0
Therefore at 0,0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑓
Hence exist only at the origin 0,0
𝑑𝑧
 Analytic Functions: Cauchy–Riemann Equations
ClassWork
1. Test if the following functions are analytic
a. 𝑓 𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
b. 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑦 2
2. Show that the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣; where
𝑥 3 1+𝑖 −𝑦 3 1−𝑖
𝑓 𝑧 = satisfies the C – R
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
equations at 𝑧 = 0.
If the function is analytic at 𝑧 = 0, justify it.
 Cauchy–Riemann Equations in Polar Form
Given that 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Therefore 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
′ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 𝑧 = + 𝑖
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Differentiating partially wrt 𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 ,𝑟 or 𝑓 𝑧 = +𝑖
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑖𝜃
=𝑟 0 +𝑒 1
= 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
′ 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Differentiating partially wrt θ 𝑓 𝑧 ,𝜃 or 𝑓 𝑧 = + 𝑖
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
= 𝑟 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 0
= 𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
 Cauchy–Riemann Equations in Polar Form
𝑓 ′ 𝑧 ,𝑟 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑓′ 𝑧 ,𝜃 = 𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
This means that
𝑓 ′ 𝑧 ,𝜃 = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑟 ∙ 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 ,𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Or +𝑖 =𝑖∙𝑟∙ +𝑖
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑖 × 𝑖 = −1
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
+ 𝑖 = −𝑟 + 𝑖𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Therefore
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= −𝑟 =𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣
=− =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
 Cauchy–Riemann Equations in Polar Form
Example
1. If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 , show that is differentiable for all 𝑧 ≠ 0 and that 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = 2𝑧.
Solution
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )2 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃 2
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 2𝑖𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
= 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃

𝑢 = 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 𝑣 = 𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃
𝜕𝑢
𝑢𝑟 = = 𝑟 2 0 + cos 2𝜃 2𝑟 = 2𝑟 cos 2𝜃
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢
𝑢𝜃 = = 𝑟 2 −2 sin 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 0 = −2𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣
𝑣𝑟 = = 𝑟 2 0 + sin 2𝜃 2𝑟 = 2𝑟 sin 2𝜃
𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑣
𝑣𝜃 = = 𝑟 2 2 cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 0 = 2𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃
𝜕𝜃

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −2𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 = 2𝑟 sin 2𝜃 ∙ −𝑟 = −𝑟 = −𝑟 ∴ = −𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
 Cauchy–Riemann Equations in Polar Form
𝜕𝑢 1 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑟 cos 2𝜃 = ∙ 2𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 = ∴ =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Therefore 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 is differentiable and it satisfies the C – R equations in

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣
polar form = −𝑟 , =
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

b. Show that 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = 2𝑧
𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
−𝑖𝜃 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑒 +𝑖
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 2𝑟 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖2𝑟 sin 2𝜃
= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 2𝑟 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 2𝑟 cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 𝑖2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 2𝑟 cos 2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 2𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 2𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 2𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
= 2𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
 Cauchy–Riemann Equations in Polar Form
Alternatively
𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
1 −𝑖𝜃 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑒 −𝑖
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 −𝑖𝜃
= 𝑒 2𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑖 −2𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑟
2 1 −𝑖𝜃
= 2𝑟 ∙ 𝑒 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
𝑟
−𝑖𝜃 2 2
= 2𝑟𝑒 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 + 𝑖2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 2𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 cos2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
= 2𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
= 2𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 2𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
= 2𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
 Cauchy–Riemann Equations in Polar Form
Classwork
1
1. If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 in the domain 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 : 𝑟 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −