CHAPTER 17

FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE

(17.1~17.8)

1
Chapter Contents
17.1 Complex Numbers
17.2 Powers and Roots
17.3 Sets in the Complex Plane
17.4 Functions of a Complex Variable
17.5 Cauchy-Riemann Equations
17.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
17.7 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
17.8 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
2
 Review some basic complex plane
17.1 & 17.2 theories by yourself
Polar Form: z = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
modulus: r = |z| = x 2 + y 2 = zz
argument: θ = arg(z).
principal argument: Arg(z), −π < θ ≤ π
conjugate: z= x= − iy Re(z ) z=
+z
, Im(z )
z−z
2 2i
Multiplication & Division z1 | z1 |
= | z1 z2 | | =
z1 | | z2 | , ,
z1 r1 (cosθ1 + i sin θ1 ) z2 | z2 |
z1 z2 r1r2 [cos(θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ 2 )]
= arg ( z=
1 z2 ) arg z1 + arg z2
z1 r1  z1 
= [cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ 2 )] arg =  arg z1 − arg z2
z2 r2  z2  3
 17.1 EX3: Modulus of a Complex
2 2
If z = 2 − 3i,  z
= 2 + ( −3)
= 13
triangle inequality: z1 + z2 ≤ z1 + z2  generalized:
Or, z1 + z2 ≥ z1 − z2 z1 + z2 + ... + zn ≤ z1 + z2 + ... + zn
17.2 EX1&2: z1 = i, z2 = 1 − 3i z1 z2 =i (1 − 3i ) =3 + i
r = zz2 = (1) 2 + (− 3) 2 = 2 z1 i 3 1
= =
− + i
z2 1 − 3i 4 4
− 3 5π
tan θ == − 3, θ = arg(z2) =
1 3 π π π
arg( z1 z2 ) = − = , a
 5π 5π  We can choose Arg z = −π/3 2 3 6
z 2 2  cos + i sin  2
 3 3  Arg z = π/2
1
4
 principal
DeMoivre’s Formula nth root
k=0

of z: z n r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ )
Powers = k=1
Branch point
DeMoivre’s formula (r = 1): (cos θ + i sin θ ) n
=cos nθ + i sin nθ

nth root: wn = z  let w = ρ (cos φ + i sin φ) k=2

 EX4: Find
3
𝑖𝑖 =?
  π / 2 + 2 kπ 1/3 π / 2 + 2 kπ 
=wk 1 cos + i sin 
 3 3
k = 0, 1, 2
   θ + 2 kπ   θ + 2 kπ   where k = 0, 1, 2, …, n – 1
1/ n
wk r cos  n
 + i sin 
n

    
5
 17.3 Sets in the Complex Plane
circle: |z – z0| = ρ, ρ > 0, x + iy, z0 =
z= x0 + iy0
z − z0 = ( x − x0 ) 2 + ( y − y0 ) 2
open disk: |z – z0| < ρ (neighborhood of z0)
interior point z0 of a set S: if there exists some
neighborhood of z0 that lies entirely within S.
open set S: every point is an interior point.
open set not an open set defined by Re(z) ≥ 1

Re(z) ≥ 1 is an
Re(z) > 1 Re(z) ≥ 1 open set for itself.

6
 open annulus:
Example 2: 4 Open Sets ρ1 < |z – z0| < ρ2

Boundary points  Connected: any points can be

Domain
connected by a polygonal line that
lies entirely in S.

 Domain: An open connected set

7
 17.4 Functions of a Complex Variable
u and v are real-
Complex Functions = w f= ( z ) u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y )
valued functions
w = f(z)  transformation(mapping) from z-plane to w-plane.
EX1: Find the image of the line Re(z) = 1
under f(z) = z2.
Solution:

x 2 − y 2 , v ( x, y ) =
u ( x, y ) = 2 xy
Re(z) = x = 1, u = 1 – y2, v = 2y.
 y = v / 2, then u = 1 − v 2 4
8
 Complex Functions as Flows
w = f(z): 2D fluid flow (z = x(t) + iy(t))

f(z): a vector at a point z.

 tangent vector T = x′(t) + iy′(t)

 = f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

Streamlines:

Solutions for dx/dt = u(x, y)

dy/dt = v(x, y)

9
 Example 2: Streamlines
Find the streamlines= of (a ) f1 ( z ) z= , (b) f 2 ( z ) z 2 .
Solution: (a ) f1 ( z )= x − iy dx = x, dy = − y
dt dt
t −t
so x(t ) c=
= 1e , y (t ) c2 e . Thus the point x(t ) + iy (t )
lies on the hyperbola xy = c1c2 .

(b) f2(z) = (x2 − y2) + i2xy  dx/dy = x2 − y2, dy/dt = 2xy

 dy 2 xy
= 2
dx x − y 2
 solution is x2 + y2 = c2y,
 circles that have centers on the y-axis and pass through the origin.
10
 f(z)
Limits and Continuity L f(z)

z z
z0
Limit: lim f ( z ) = L for each ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that
z → z0

 |f(z) − L| < ε whenever 0 < |z − z0| < δ.

Continuity: f is continuous at z0 if
lim f ( z ) = f ( z0 )
z → z0

Derivative:
f ( z0 + ∆z ) − f ( z0 )
f ′( z0 ) = lim
∆z →0 ∆z
The limit exists  differentiable at z0 f(z)

If f is differentiable at z0, then f is continuous at z0. z

11
 Rules of differentiation
d d
Constant Rules:
= c 0,= cf ( z ) cf ′( z )
dz dz
d
Sum Rules: dz [ f ( z ) + g ( z )] = f ′( z ) + g ′( z)

Product Rule: d [ f= ( z ) g ( z )] f ( z ) g ′( z ) + g ( z ) f ′( z )
dz
Quotient Rule: d  f ( z )  g ( z ) f ′( z ) − f ( z ) g ′( z )
  =
dz  g ( z )  [ g ( z )]2
Chain Rule: d
f ( g ( z )) = f ′( g ( z )) g ′( z )
dz
Usual rule: d n
z = nz n−1 , n an integer
dz EX3: DIY…
12
 EX 4: Nowhere Differentiable
Show that f(z) = x + 4iy is nowhere differentiable.
Solution: ∆z =∆x + i∆y,

f ( z + ∆z ) − f ( z )= ( x + ∆x) + 4i ( y + ∆y ) − x − 4iy
=∆x + 4i∆y
 f ( z + ∆z ) − f ( z ) ∆x + 4i∆y
lim = lim
∆z →0 ∆z ∆z →0 ∆x + i∆y

∆𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥
For ∆y = 0, lim = lim =1
∆𝑧𝑧→0 ∆𝑥𝑥 ∆𝑥𝑥→0 ∆𝑥𝑥
4𝑖𝑖∆𝑦𝑦 4𝑖𝑖∆𝑦𝑦 f(z) = x + 4iy is not
For ∆x = 0, lim = lim =4 differentiable at any point z.
∆𝑧𝑧→0 𝑖𝑖∆𝑦𝑦 ∆𝑦𝑦→0 𝑖𝑖∆𝑦𝑦
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 17.5 Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Analytic at a point z0: differentiable at z0 and its neighborhood.
Entire function: analytic at every point z (e.g., Polynomial functions).
Theorem 17.5.1 Cauchy–Riemann Equations
f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is differentiable at a point z = x + iy and 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 , 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 ,
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 exist  Cauchy-Riemann eqs. = and = − are satisfied.
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

Theorem 17.5.2 Criterion for Analyticity

Real-valued u(x, y), v(x, y) and 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 , 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 , 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 are continuous in a domain D.
u and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at all points of D

 f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic in D.

14
 Proof
f ( z + ∆z ) − f ( z )
Differentiable  f ′( z ) = ∆lim exists
z →0 ∆z
f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), and ∆z = ∆x + i∆y
 f ′( z )
u ( x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) + iv( x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) − u ( x, y ) − iv( x, y )
= lim
∆z →0 ∆x + i∆y
u ( x + ∆x, y ) − u ( x, y ) v( x + ∆x, y ) − v( x, y )
For ∆y = 0, f ′( z ) lim + i lim
∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x
∂u ∂v
 f ′( z=) +i same
∂x ∂x
u ( x, y + ∆y ) − u ( x, y ) v( x, y + ∆y ) − v( x, y ) ∂u ∂v
For ∆x = 0, f ′( z ) ∆lim + lim −i +
=
y →0 i∆y ∆y →0 i∆y ∂y ∂y
15
 EX 1, 2
EX1: f(z) = z2 + z is analytic for all z EX2: Show that f(z) = (2x2 + y) +
and f(z) = x2 − y2 + x + i(2xy + i(y2 – x) is not analytic at any point.
y).Check Cauchy-Riemann Solution: ∂u ∂v
Equations. = 4= x and 2y
∂x ∂y
Solution: u(x, y) = x2 − y2 + x,
∂u ∂v
v(x, y) = 2xy + y. = 1 and = −1
∂y ∂x

 ∂u/∂y = −∂v/∂x
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v  ∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y  only on y = 2x.
=2 x + 1 = and =−2 y =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x  For this line, no z neighborhood
in which f is differentiable.
 f is nowhere analytic.
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 Potential Flow Net
f ′(z) Stream lines
𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐2

1. Real-valued u(x, y) and v(x, y) are continuous

2. 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 , 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 , 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 are continuous in a

equipotential lines
neighborhood of z, 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐1
• 𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 : Velocity potential function
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 : Stream function
3. u and v satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann • Streamlines are orthogonal to
equipotential lines for
equations at the point z incompressible potential flow

 f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is differentiable at z.

∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
f ′( z ) = + i = − i
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
17
 Harmonic Functions
Theorem 17.5.3 A Source of Harmonic Functions
Suppose f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic in a domain D. Then the
functions u(x, y) and v(x, y) are harmonic functions, say ∇2 𝑢𝑢 = ∇2 𝑣𝑣 = 0.
Laplace’s equation satisfied
u and v are called the conjugate harmonic function of each other.

Proof:
∂u ∂x =∂v ∂y , ∂u ∂y =−∂v ∂x , ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2
+ 2 =0
∂x ∂y

2
∂u ∂v 2 2
∂u 2
∂v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
= and = − 2
+ 2= 0
∂x 2
∂x∂y ∂y 2
∂y∂x ∂x ∂y
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 EX4:
(a) Verify u(x, y) = x3 – 3xy2 – 5y is harmonic in the entire complex plane.
(b) Find the conjugate harmonic function of u.
Solution: ∂v ∂u 2 2 ∂v ∂u
(b) == 3 x − 3 y and =− = 6 xy + 5
(a) ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
2 3
∂u 2 2 ∂u 2
Integrating the first one, v ( x , y )
= 3 x y − y + h( x )
3x − 3 y ,
= 2
=6 x,
∂x ∂x ∂v
2 and = 6 xy + h′( x), h′( x) = 5, h( x) = 5x + C
∂u ∂u ∂x
−6 xy − 5,
= =
− 6 x
∂y ∂y 2 Thus v( x, y )= 3 x 2 y − y 3 + 5 x + C
2 2
The analytic function is
∂u ∂u
 2
+ 2 = 6x − 6x = 0 f (z ) = x 3 − 3 xy 2 − 5 y + i (3 x 2 y − y 3 + 5 x + C )
∂x ∂y
19
 17.6 Exponential and Log Functions
Exponential function:
z x +iy x
e e= e (cos y + i sin y )
=
 Periodicity:
e z + 2π i
= e z e 2π i
e z (cos 2π + i sin 2π )
= ez

 Polar Form:

z = r (cosθ + i sin θ ) = reiθ

20
 Logarithm Function
For z = x + iy, z ≠ 0, define w = ln z if z = ew
Let w = u + iv, x + iy = eu +iv = eu (cos v + i sin v) = eu cos v + ieu sin v
 x = eu cos v, y = eu sin v
2u 2 2 2 2
e = x + y =r = z and so u = log e z
y
tan v = , v =θ + 2nπ =arg z , n =0, ± 1, ± 2,...
x
Definition 17.6.2 Logarithm of a Complex Number Properties:

For z ≠ 0, and θ = arg z, ln( z1=

z2 ) ln z1 + ln z2
argument
modulus  z1 
ln  =  ln z1 − ln z2
Logarithm Function: ln z = log e z + i (θ + 2nπ ) , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,   z2 
(branch)
21
 EX2 & 3
z
EX2: Find the values of (a) ln(−2) EX3: Find all z such that e= 3 +i
(b) ln i, and (c) ln(−1 – i ). Solution:
Solution: π
=z ln( 3 + i ), | 3 +
= i | 2, arg( 3 +=
i)
(a) θ= arg(−2)= π , log e | −2=| 0.6932 6
2) 0.6932 + i (π + 2nπ )
ln(−= π 
z ln( 3 +=
= i ) log e 2 + i  + 2nπ 
(b)=θ arg(i ) π / 2, log 6 
= = e1 0
π 
π  = 0.6931 + i  + 2nπ 
ln(
= i ) i  + 2nπ  6 
2 
5π
(c) θ= arg(−1 − i=
) , log e | −1 − =
i | log e 2= 0.3466
4
 5π 
ln(−1=
− i ) 0.3466 + i  + 2nπ 
 4 
22
 Principal Value
 Principal Logarithm Function (principal branch) :
= Ln z log e | z | +iArg z  Arg z is unique; only one value of Ln z
 EX4: The principal values of example 2 are as follows.
Solution: (a) Arg(−2) = π
2) 0.6932 + π i
Ln(−=
π π
(b)=
Arg(i ) = , Ln(i ) i
2 2
5π
(c) Arg(−1 − i ) = is not the principal value.
4
3π
Let n =−1, then Ln(−1 − i ) =0.3466 − i
4
23
 Analyticity
Function Ln z:
一對一函數
 not analytic at z = 0,

 discontinuous on the negative

real axis (the branch cut).

 the principal branch of ln z

一對多函數
 d Ln z = 1
dz z EX6: Find the value of i2i.
Complex powers: Solution: z = i, arg z = π/2, α = 2i
=  i 2i e=2 i [log e 1+i (π /2+ 2 nπ )]
e − (1+ 4 n )π
 zα eα ln z
α, z ∈ complex= , z≠0
where n = ±1, ±2,…
24
 Domain Coloring

∞
0

z = r (cosθ + i sin θ ) = reiθ

Nice website:
https://mpmath.org/gallery/ ln z = log e z + i (θ + 2nπ ) , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, 
25
 Domain Coloring
A single branch of the real part of log(z) Riemann surface
complex logarithm

ln z = log e z + i (θ + 2nπ ) , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, 

26
17.7 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
eiz − e − iz eiz + e − iz eiz, e–iz are entire functions (analytic)
sin z = and cos z
2i 2 sin z, cos z are entire functions
sin z 1 sin z = 0 only for z = nπ
tan z = , cot z , cos z = 0 only for z = (2n + 1)π/2
cos z tan z  tan z , sec z are analytic except z =
1 1 (2n + 1)π/2,
sec z = , csc z
cos z sin z  cot z , csc z are analytic except z =
nπ.
d d
Derivatives: Similarly, dz
sin z = cos z
dz
cos z = − sin z

d d eiz − e − iz eiz + e − iz d d
= sin z = = cos z tan z = sec 2 z cot z = − csc 2 z
dz dz 2i 2 dz dz
d d
sec z = sec z tan z csc z = − csc z cot z
dz dz 27
 Identities =sin z sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
sin(− z ) =− sin z cos(− z ) =cos z =cos z cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y
cos 2 z + sin 2 z =
1 cosh2y = 1 + sinh2y
sin( z1=
± z2 ) sin z1 cos z2 ± cos z1 sin z2 | sin
= z |2 sin 2 x + sinh 2 y
cos( z1 ± z2 ) =
cos z1 cos z2  sin z1 sin z2 | cos
= z |2 cos 2 x + sinh 2 y
sin
= 2 z 2sin z cos z cos
= 2 z cos 2 z − sin 2 z
y −y y −y
e −e e +e
If y is real, sinh y =
= and cosh y
2 2
ei ( x +iy ) − e − i ( x +iy )  e y + e− y   e y − e− y 
sin z = sin x   + i cos x  
2i  2   2 

28
 =sin z sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
Trigonometric Functions=cos z cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y
∞ 0
| sin
= z |2 sin 2 x + sinh 2 y
| cos
= z |2 cos 2 x + sinh 2 y

Periodicity:

period: 2π 29
 EX1 & 2
EX1: sin(2 = + i ) sin 2cosh1 + i cos 2sinh1
= 1.4301 − 0.4891i
EX2: Solve cos z = 10.
Solution: eiz + e − iz
= cos z = 10
2
e 2iz − 20eiz + 1 = 0, eiz = 10 ± 3 11
iz = log e (10 ± 3 11) + 2nπ i
log e (10 − 3 11) =
− log e (10 + 3 11),

 2nπ ± i log e (10 + 3 11)

z=
30
 Hyperbolic Sine and Cosine
e z − e− z e z + e − z  sinh z = −i sin iz = −i sin( − y + ix )
sinh z = and cosh z = −i[sin(− y ) cosh x + i cos(− y ) sinh x]
2 2
sinh z 1 sinh z sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
=
tanh z = , coth z ,
cosh z tanh z = cosh z cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
1 1 Zeros of sinh z and cosh z are
sec h z = , csc h z
cosh z sinh z respectively,
πi
Derivatives: = z nπ i and = z (2n + 1) ,
2
d d n = 0, ±1, ±2,
sinh z cosh= z and cosh z sinh z
dz dz
sin z =
−i sinh(iz ) , cos z =
cosh(iz )
sinh z =
−i sin(iz ) , cosh z =
cos(iz ) 31
Hyperbolic Functions
∞ sinh z sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
=
cosh z cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
=

Zeros of sinh z and cosh z are

respectively,
πi
=z nπ i and = z (2n + 1) ,
2
n = 0, ±1, ±2,
0

32
17.8 Inverse Trigonometric & Hyperbolic Func.
−1
Inverse = Sine: w sin = −1
z if z sin w EX1: Find all values of sin 5.
Solution
eiw − e − iw 2 iw iw sin −1
5 = −i ln[ 5i + (1 − ( 5) 2 1/2
) ]
= z or e −2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 −=2ie − 1 0
2i (1 − ( 5) 2 )1/2 = (−4)1/2 = ±2i
eiw = iz + (1 − z 2 )1/2 = −i ln[( 5 ± 2)i ]
−1 2 1/2
 sin z =−i ln[iz + (1 − z ) ]  π  
= −i log e ( 5 ± 2) +  + 2nπ  i  ,
Similarly,  2  
n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...
cos −1 z =
−i ln[ z + i (1 − z 2 )1/2 ]
1
1 log e ( 5 − 2) = log e = − log e ( 5 + 2)
−1 i i+z 𝑧𝑧
5+2
tan z = ln 𝜃𝜃
π
2 i−z 1 − 𝑧𝑧 2
 sin
−1
5 = + 2nπ ± i log e ( 5 + 2)
2 33
 Derivatives
For w = sin−1z, z = sin w,
d d dw 1
z = sin w gives
dz dz dz cos w
Using cos2 w + sin2 w = 1,  EX2: Find the derivative of
w = sin –1 z at z = 5
cos w = (1 − sin w) = (1 − z )
2 1/2 2 1/2

 d 1 Solution:
sin −1 z =
dz (1 − z 2 )1/2 (1 − ( 5) 2 )1/2 = (−4)1/2 = 2i
d −1
−1
cos z = dw 1 1 1 1
dz (1 − z )2 1/2 = = 1/2
= = − i
dz z = 5 (1 − ( 5) ) 2 1/2
(−4) 2i 2
d 1
tan −1 z =
dz 1+ z2
34
Inverse Trigonometric
sin −1 z =−i ln[iz + (1 − z 2 )1/2 ]

cos −1 z =
−i ln[ z + i (1 − z 2 )1/2 ]

−1 i i+z
tan z = ln
2 i−z

35
 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Similarly, EX3: Find all values of cosh−1(−1).
sinh −1 z = ln[ z + ( z 2 + 1)1/2 ] Solution:
cosh −1 z = ln[ z + ( z 2 − 1)1/2 ]
cosh −1 (−1) = ln(−1) = log e 1 + (π + 2nπ )i
−1 1 1+ z
tanh z = ln = (π + 2nπ )i
2 1− z
d 1 = (2n + 1)π i for n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...
−1
sinh z = 2
dz ( z + 1)1/2
d −1 1
cosh z = 2
dz ( z − 1)1/2
d −1 1
tanh z =
dz 1− z2
36
Inverse Hyperbolic
−1 2 1/2
sinh z = ln[ z + ( z + 1) ]
cosh −1 z = ln[ z + ( z 2 − 1)1/2 ]
−1 1 1+ z
tanh z = ln
2 1− z
d −1 1
sinh z = 2
dz ( z + 1)1/2
d −1 1
cosh z = 2
dz ( z − 1)1/2
d −1 1
tanh z =
dz 1− z2

37
analytic function: a function that is locally given by a convergent power series.
• There exist both real analytic functions and complex analytic functions. Both are infinitely differentiable.
• A function is analytic its Taylor series about 𝑥𝑥0 converges to the function in some neighborhood for every 𝑥𝑥0 in its domain.
• a function 𝑓𝑓 is real analytic on an open set 𝐷𝐷 in the real line if for any 𝑥𝑥0 ∈ 𝐷𝐷 one can write the Taylor series, which is convergent to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
for 𝑥𝑥 in a neighborhood of 𝑥𝑥0 .
• A function 𝑓𝑓 defined on some subset of the real line is said to be real analytic at a point 𝑥𝑥 if there is a neighborhood 𝐷𝐷 of 𝑥𝑥 on which 𝑓𝑓 is
real analytic.
• A function is complex analytic if and only if it is holomorphic i.e. it is complex differentiable. For this reason the terms "holomorphic" and
"analytic" are often used interchangeably for such functions.
entire function: a complex-valued function that is holomorphic on the whole complex plane.
• EX: polynomials and the exponential function, and any finite sums, products and compositions of these, (e.g., sin, cos, sinh, and cosh), as
well as derivatives and integrals of entire functions (e.g., error function).
• EX: neither ln 𝑧𝑧 nor 𝑧𝑧 is an entire function, nor can they be continued analytically to an entire function.
holomorphic function: a complex-valued function that is complex differentiable in a neighborhood of each point in a domain in complex
coordinate space Cn.
• The existence of a complex derivative in a neighborhood is a very strong condition: it implies that a holomorphic function is infinitely
differentiable and locally equal to its own Taylor series (analytic).
• Though the term analytic function is often used interchangeably with "holomorphic function", the word "analytic" is defined in a broader
sense to denote any function (real, complex, or of more general type) that can be written as a convergent power series in a neighborhood
of each point in its domain.
• All holomorphic functions are complex analytic functions.
• A holomorphic function whose domain is the whole complex plane is called an entire function.
• The phrase "holomorphic at a point z0" means not just differentiable at z0, but differentiable everywhere within some neighborhood
of z0 in the complex plane.

Cauchy–Riemann equations satisfied at a point f = u + iv is complex-differentiable (holomorphic) at that point 38