nanditha final report

A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON
WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER IN ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
By
Nanditha Reddy(21891A0224)
Under the guidance of
Mr. R.Ramanjan Prasad
(Associate Professor, Department of EEE)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Vignan Institute of Technology and Science

(Affiliated to JNTU-Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Accredited by NBA)
Vignan Hills,Near Ramoji Film City, Deshmukhi(V), Pochampally(M)
Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana – 508 284
(2021-2025)
A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON

A technical seminar report submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering.
By
Nanditha reddy(21891A0224)
Under the guidance of
Mr. R.Ramanjan Prasad
(Associate Professor, Department of EEE)

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana - 508 284
(2021-2025)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled “WIRELESS POWER
TRANSFER IN ELECTRICAL VEHICLES submitted by Nanditha Reddy (21891A0224) in
partial fulfilment for the award of B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University is a record of Bonafide work carried out by her under our guidance
and supervision.
The results embodied in this technical seminar report have not been submitted to any other
university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Signature of Supervisor/Guide Signature of Head of the Department

Mr. R.Ramanjan Prasad Dr.T.Rama Subba Reddy
(Associate professor) (Professor&HOD)

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana - 508 284 (2021-2025)

TECHNICAL SEMINAR EVALUATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar work entitled “WIRELESS POWER
TRANSFER IN ELECTRICAL VEHICLES” submitted by Nanditha Reddy (21891A0224)
has been examined and adjudge as sufficient for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University , Hyderabad.
Internal Examiner:
(Signature with Date)
Head of the Department:

(Signature with Date)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This acknowledgement transcends the reality of formality when I would like to express
deep gratitude and respect to all those people behind the screen who guided, inspired and
supported me in completing of my technical seminar .
I am thankful to our principal sir Dr. G. DURGA SUKUMAR of Vignan Institute of

Technology and Science, Deshmukhi, for giving me permission to carry out this technical
seminar.
I acknowledge to Dr. T. RAMA SUBBA REDDY, Head of Department of Electrical

&Electronic Engineering for his guidance and moral support throughout the technical seminar.
I extend my sincere thanks to Mr..R.Ramanjan Prasad Assistant Professor of Electrical

& Electronics Engineering for his guidance and valuable suggestions, boundless co-operation
and encouragement throughout the technical seminar.
I also extend my thanks to all the staff of the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, VITS for their co-operation and support during my course work.
By
Nanditha Reddy(21891A0224)
ABSTRACT
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is an innovative technology that enables the charging
of electric vehicles (EVs) without the need for physical cables or plugs. Using
electromagnetic fields, energy is transferred between a transmitter coil embedded in the
ground and a receiver coil installed in the vehicle. This system operates through inductive
coupling, which allows for seamless power transfer when the vehicle is positioned over a
charging pad. WPT aims to enhance convenience for EV owners by eliminating the need for
traditional plug-in chargers, making the charging process more efficient and user-friendly.
The impact of wireless power transfer in electric vehicles is significant. It promises

to improve the adoption and usability of EVs by offering a more convenient and automated
charging experience. This technology can reduce wear and tear on connectors, increase safety
by minimizing electrical hazards, and enable more flexible charging infrastructure, such as
dynamic on-the-go charging. With WPT, EVs can charge while parked at home, in public
spaces, or even while moving on specially equipped roads. The widespread implementation
of wireless charging could accelerate the transition to electric mobility by making the
charging process more accessible and reducing range anxiety. A working example of WPT
can be found in systems where inductive charging pads are installed on the ground, and the
EV is equipped with a compatible receiver. When the vehicle is parked over the pad, the
system activates, transferring energy wirelessly through a magnetic field between the coils.
Applications of WPT go beyond stationary charging; dynamic wireless charging systems,
where EVs can charge while driving on highways equipped with wireless transmitters, are
being developed. This technology is set to revolutionize electric transportation, offering
practical solutions for both private and public EV users, and creating a more efficient and
sustainable charging ecosystem
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives 2
1.2 Working method 2
1.2.1 Process 3
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER 4
2.1 Coupling Theory 5
2.1.1 Winding structures 5
2.2 Inductive WPT 5
2.3 Capacitive WPT 6
2.4 Low Frequency PMPT 7
2.4.1 PMPT Transmitter 7
2.4.2 PMPT Reciever 8
2.5 Comparision between different WPT technologies 8
3. WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 9
3.1 Advancement in WPT technology 11
4. CURRENT STATUS OF WIRELESS CHARGING 14
4.1Global development of wireless charging systems 14
4.1.1 Static Wireless Charging 14
4.1.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging 15

4.2 Technologies Innovations in Wireless Charging 16
4.3 Challenges in Wireless Charging Development 17
5. Future Trends and Research Directions 18
5.1 Higher Power Levels and Efficiency Improvements 18
5.1.1 Dynamic wireless charging on highways 18
5.1.2 Integration with renewable energy and smart grids 19
5.2 Advanced materials for coils and components 19
5.2.1 Standardization and inter operatability 20
5.2.2 Autonomous Vehicles And WPT integration 20
6. Conclusion 21
7.References 23
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No Figure Name Page no
Fig:1.1 Wireless charging of an ev 1
Fig:2.1 Magnetically coupled WPT systems 4
Fig:2.2 Inductive Interface equivalent circuit 6
Fig:2.2.1 Systematic of a series resonant converter circuit 6

constructed around the coupling capacitor
Fig:2.4 Use of a rotating magnet to enhance inductive 7
power transfer between two coils
Fig:3 BI-Directional wireless charging circuit diagram 9
with grid diagram
Fig:3.1.1 Magnetic resonant coupling 12
Fig:3.1.2 Various types of SPS 13
Fig:4.1.1 Static Wireless Charging 15
Fig:4.1.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging 16

LIST OF TABLES
TableNo NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO
Comparision of Wireless charger 8

Table2.5 technologies
Chapter – 1
INTRODUCTION
Wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) is inductive or capacitive power transfer

across an air gap (see Figure 1). Power electronics convert grid power to high voltage and a
higher frequency that is required for efficient wireless power transfer (WPT). Typical operating
frequencies are 10 to 145 kHz.
Fig 1.1 Wireless charging of an EV
Wireless charging of EVs has the potential to untether EVs from their charger cables
and possibly reduce the size of EV batteries. In the future, when vehicles can be charged while
Vignan Institute Of Technology And Science, EEE (2021-25) Page 1

in motion, wireless charging has the potential to extend vehicle range for the same
battery size used in vehicles today. Research groups in industry, academia, and in national
laboratories
around the world are working to improve WPT technologies so that EVs can charge by parking
over a coupling device (referred to as static charging), by charging at natural stopping points
but not parking (referred to as opportunity charging), or even while the vehicle is in motion
(called dynamic charging).
However, the standards for WPT vary in different member countries, which limits
system interoperability and slows the maturation and adoption of this technology. Task 26
focused on developing a greater global understanding of WPT systems and interoperability
through a focused study of WPT technologies being developed in the participating countries.
Topics covered by this task included a study of country-based standards (Japan Automobile
Research Institute [JARI], Society of Automotive Engineers [SAE], International Organization
for Standardization [ISO]/International Electrochemical Commission [IEC]), technical
approaches, grid interactions, interoperability, and safety codes for WPT. The focus of the task
included provisions to gather information on both passenger vehicle and commercial vehicle
applications.
1.1 Objectives
The task addressed many fields of interest in WPT. Areas considered were broad as the
task got underway and narrowed in focus as meetings progressed. Task objectives included the
following: Categorize deployment approaches and requirements for WPT technologies such
that participants develop an understanding of what challenges are faced in different countries
or markets and what it takes to put this technology into the field in these markets. Compare the
characteristics of WPT systems being developed in the participating countries, and discuss how
to address interoperability concerns. Catalog, discuss, and compare standards for WPT in
different countries (JARI, SAE, ISO/IEC, etc.). Discuss and summarize safety issues regarding

misalignment, leakage fields, and debris tolerance and response. Catalog potential grid
impacts associated with higher levels of WPT.
1.2 Working Method
Task members conducted biannual workshops and supporting conference calls and
visited locations of WPT research or deployment activities to gain first-hand knowledge of how
this technology is progressing and to inform the committee of new work. Based on information
gathered from participating countries, task members identified specific areas of critical interest
for off-line research. Collaborators developed conference papers and contributed to ongoing
discussions with standards groups. Task members summarized and shared workshop results
among the task participants and presented to the HEV TCP ExCo. The outcome of all
discussions in the workshops is a final task report that is available to Task 26 participants, the
HEV TCP ExCo, and the public via the HEV TCP website.
1.2.1Process
The process for how this task operated is as follows. Develop an understanding of the
challenges faced in various countries or markets. Compare current WPT technology
development and address interoperability concerns for both static and dynamic systems.
Identify safety issues arising from misalignment, leakage fields, and debris tolerance and
response. Establish a repository for the data collected and links to other activities available to
the members of the task.

CHAPTER 2
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
There has been a widespread research on wireless power transmission in the previous decade.
It can be categorised into radiative and non-radiative on the basis of energy transfer mechanisms.
Radiative power is transmitted through an antenna in the form of an electromagnetic wave. But since
electromagnetic waves travel in all direction, the energy efficiency is low. [5,6] Non-radiative power
is based on the magnetic coupling of the conducting loops. Non-radiative power transmission can
be further divided into short range and mid range where the mid range WPT means transmission
distance is greater than the resonating coil’s dimensions.
The three basic aspects of WPT are:
1. Inductive coupling between working and driving circuits.
2. Tuning in of circuits, that is “oscillation transformer”.
3. Capacitance loaded open circuit. [5]
Fig 2.1Magnetically coupled WPT system
The Tx coil gets excited due to the magnetic oscillating field produced by the RF amplifier
which gives power to the drive loop. The Tx coil is a multiturn spiral coil next to the single turn drive
loop. This system acts as a stepup transformer. On the receiving side the similar arrangement now acts
as a stepdown transformer due to the single turn load loop connected to the device. The Tx coil and

the Rx coil share mutual inductance which is a function of the distance between them and their
geometry. Power can be transmitted through large air gaps when the transmitting and the receiving
coil is in resonance and have the same resonant frequency. The further approach and description
through which transmissions can take place are:
2.1 Coupling theory:
This technology is based on the working principle of mutual inductance via a two part
transformer such that change in current flow through one winding induces a voltage across the ends of
the other winding through electromagnetic induction, as shown in
2.1.1 Winding Structures:
The shape size and location of the magnetic core becomes important due to absence of metal-
metal contact and hence windings play an important role in an efficient power transfer. Recent
development in magnetic circuits for coupling on-vehicle pads to ground based pads at higher
efficiency have improved significantly. New polarized pads have been developed and exhibit superior
performance when compared to earlier
pads developed.
2.2 Inductive WPT:
Inductive power transfer (IPT) has been used successfully in several EV systems such
as the GM EV1. The magne aka the primary is the charging paddle and the secondary
are embedded in epoxy. The charging paddle is inserted in the centre of the secondary
coil which begins the charging of the EV1 without any contacts or connectors at either
6.6 kW or at 50 kW. This system is connector-less but is not wireless.

Fig.2.2: Inductive interface (paddle) equivalent circuit.

The equivalent circuit parameters at the charge coupling interface for an IPT charger
Fig2.2.1 schematic of a series resonant converter circuit constructed around the coupling capacitor.
An universal IPT system using 10 kVA coaxial winding transformer for a 6.6 kW, 77 kHz,
200/400 V EV charger is presented in Fig 6 [8]. By utilizing a coaxial winding transformer benefits
the ability to relocate all transformer core material off-board, and minimizes the sensitivity of on-board
EV components to flux density and frequency. By using this method, transformer makes it feasible to
implement a single loop, which can operate over wide frequency range and the ability to scale up to
meet different power requirements. The design of the core of the transformer concerns over the impact
of non-linear flux distribution which results in losses like eddy current losses. and electromagnetic
interferences. The losses mentioned above are dependent on the core size, increasing when the
transformer is scaled up.

2.3 Capacitive WPT:
Recent technological venture of capacitive wireless power transfer has been proposed
as an alternate contactless power transfer solution. The structure is same to the fig(5) , with the CPT
interface between a pair of coupling capacitors. Other parts such as the inverter and rectifier structures
remains same. Since magnetics do not scale down as desired with decreasing power, at some power
level. The cost and size of the galvanic isolation components can be minimized with a capacitive
interface.[8] However, this solution is not preferred in High Power applications. And because of this
most of the existing CPT solutions are applied in low power applications and portable electronic
devices such as wireless tooth brush chargers, or wireless cellular phone chargers where the power
transfer interface is implemented with capacitive coupled matrix pads.
2.4 Low frequency permanent magnet coupling power transfer (PMPT):
Low frequency PMPT is a combination of elements such as magnetic gears and synchronous
permanent magnet electric machines. It consists of two main physical components and they are shown
in the figure:

Fig. 2.4 Use of a rotating magnet to enhance inductive power transfer between two coils.
2.4.1 PMPT transmitter:
A cylindrical, permanently magnetized rotor is either driven by an external, self-contained

motor or directly by means of static windings that are positioned around the circumference of the rotor
itself, separated by an air-gap and located either outside of the rotor, or inside if the rotor is hollow.
2.4.2 PMPT Receiver:
`A similar rotor on the vehicle is positioned within 150 mm and parallel to the utility-side
installation during charging. Owing to the coupling of the magnetic fields of the two rotors, the vehicle
rotor will tend to rotate at the same speed as the utility-side rotor. This is the magnetic gear effect.

2.5 Comparison between different WPT technologies:
Table 2.5 Comparison of Wireless Charger Technologies

CHAPTER – 3
WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
As shown in Figure 1.1, a wireless charger consists of two electrical coils, one on the ground
and another on the vehicle and associated power conversion systems. Grid voltage is rectified to direct
current (DC) voltages sent through a high-frequency inverter and a resonant network, which produces
a high frequency alternating current (AC) voltage supplied to the ground side/primary/transmitter coil.
The power is transmitted through the airgap to the vehicle side/secondary/receiver coil, which receives
this power through a resonant network and rectifies it to DC to be fed to the vehicle battery. Figure 3
shows these power conversion and transmission stages for a wireless charging system.The Grid
interface inverter/rectifier can be single-phase or three-phase depending on power levels. Figure 2
shows a three-phase grid interface inverter/rectifier with three phase legs and six switches. For a single
phase system, only two phases with four switches would be needed. The main function for this power
conversion system is to convert AC grid voltages to variable DC voltages while showing high power
factor to the grid and not injecting harmonics into the grid connection. The High Frequency
inverter/stationary rectifier converts the DC voltages into high-frequency square waves, typically at
85 kHz. Zero voltage switching and zero current switching is the method of turning the switches on
and off while either the voltage or the current is zero. This results in higher efficiencies and lower
electrical noise. The Stationary side resonant stage acts as a filter for converting the square wave into

a sinusoidal AC waveform generated by the high frequency (HF) inverter/stationary rectifier to be
transmitted by the primary coupling coil using resonance. The Primary coupling coil is the stationary
coil on the ground. It can be embedded in the pavement/concrete or can sit on the ground depending
on the design. The Secondary coupling coil is placed on the underside of the vehicle. As it starts lining
up with the primary coupling coil, power starts to transfer.
The Vehicle side resonant stage is a similar tuning circuit as the primary side tuning circuit and
functions the same way. In the charging mode, it generates a low impedance path for the voltage
received by the secondary coupling coil. The Vehicle HF inverter/vehicle rectifier is the rectifier that
converts high-frequency AC waveforms received through the resonant network to DC. Several
parameters affect wireless charging design and efficiency. Because this area of research is still in its
infancy, multiple solutions are being implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of wireless
charging under a wide range of conditions. One such parameter is the air gap, which is the distance
between coils. This has been tested at up to 20 cm. Another parameter is coil design, of which the three
primary geometries are D-coil, circular, and square. Wireless charging is being developed in both
stationary and dynamic applications. Dynamic applications are testing charging at speeds between 5–
60 miles per hour. Wireless charging technology is also being developed at different power levels. For
light-duty vehicles (LDVs), there are efforts to wirelessly charge at power levels between 3–22 kW
with plans to move beyond 100kW.
ORNL has partnered with Hyundai on a project targeting 300 kW for a LDV. For medium-
duty vehicles (MDVs), such as buses and trams, efforts are being made at power levels between 22–
250 kW and some transit and Class 6 vehicles are planning to charge at 500 kW. For heavy-duty
vehicles (HDVs), such as trams, light rail, and Class 7 and 8 trucks, power levels are between 60–
1,000 kW. Other aspects affecting development of this technology are cybersecurity, safety, grid
impacts, and standards. Grid impacts are an important challenge. Task participants catalogued
potential grid impacts associated with higher levels of WPT and identified barriers including
management of storage assets, business/compensation models, and interoperability. Charging impacts
differ according to traffic, season, location, and charging installation properties. Cybersecurity for
WPT is continuously evolving as threats change. Areas of emphasis for WPT cybersecurity include

exploring vulnerabilities, performing risk analyses, mitigating risks, and performing formal security
analyses. Regarding standards, there are two SAE recommended practices related to this area, SAE
J2954-1 for LDVs and SAE J2954-2 for HDVs. SAE Recommended Practice J2954 establishes an
industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic
compatibility, EMFs, and minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless charging of electric
and plug-in electric vehicles. There is substantial OEM representation in the development of these
recommended practices.
3.1 ADVANCEMENT IN WPT TECHNOLOGY:
The first ever demo of WPT was given by Kurs et al in 2007, since then there have been
lots of developments in magnetic resonant coupling to make use in commercial applications. In
2008 , Fig(10B) , Intel modified the magnetic resonant coupling using flat coils which were
easier to fit in a mobile device rather than the helix coils.[9] Kurs et al[8] started up a company
known as Witricity Corp. and the TED Global 2009 conference, together they demonstrated WPT
for portable devices such as cell phones. Afterwards, Kurs et al developed an enhanced
technology by properly tuning coupled resonators which can lead to energy transfer to multiple
coils at the same time which was used in home and office applications like laptops, tablets,
cell phones simultaneously.[9] In 2010, home appliances manufacturer Haier exhibited an all
wireless HDTV without any power cords and signal cables. Recently several automobile
companies like Rolls-Royce, Audi, Nissan, Toyota and Mitsubishi were working on powering
electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles wirelessly. In 2011, Rolls-Royce manufactured electric
version of its Phantom car.[8]The development of WPT technology allows these electric
vehicles to be charged while they are parked along the street or in a garage without any power
cord. This WPT technology, once fully mature, could help boost the electric car industry.

Wireless electricity is a technology based on the strongly coupled magnetic
resonance. At a distance of seven feet from the power source, a 60 Watt bulb was illuminated
with a 40% power transfer efficiency with the help of two identical
resonating coils.
Fig3.1.1 a) Magnetic Resonant Coupling was first demonstrated by Kurs et al

b) Intel developed wireless power system by using flat coils
c) Witricity demonstrated this power transfer technology for cell phones
The Solar Power Satellite (SPS) is believed to be the future of technology. Hence wireless
power transmission is very important for the transmission from the geo stationary orbit
to the ground. Power transmission using microwaves have been demonstrated for over 40
years but still requires research. To choose a frequency in the medical and scientific band (ISM)
2.45 GHz was selected earlier but 5.8 GHz is now considered more desirable due to the
recent advancement in C-band RF technologies.Sasaki[19,20] and his team would decide
the more desirable medium among the microwaves or the laser and with the selected medium
they will conduct a 100kW class experiment in the space before 2020. Depending on the

expected power costs, 2 MW and 200 MW would be tested before 2030. This scenario would
guarantee the construction of 1 GW class commercial SPS in 2030’s.
Fig. 3.1.2: Various types of SPS

CHAPTER – 4
CURRENT STATUS OF WIRELESS CHARGING
Introduction to Wireless Charging
Wireless charging, also known as Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), has emerged as a
transformative technology, enabling the transfer of electrical energy without physical connectors.
Using electromagnetic fields, energy is transmitted from a power source to a device through
inductive or resonant coupling. In the context of electric vehicles (EVs), wireless charging
eliminates the need for plug-in cables, offering unparalleled convenience and advancing the goal
of seamless energy transfer.
While initially applied to small devices like smartphones and medical implants, wireless
charging has evolved to accommodate high-power applications, including EVs. Its growing
relevance reflects both advancements in technology and increasing global emphasis on
sustainable and user-friendly energy solutions.
4.1 Global Deployment of Wireless Charging Systems
4.1.1 Static Wireless Charging
Static wireless charging is the most commercially viable and widely implemented method.
This system involves the installation of charging pads at fixed locations such as parking spaces,
garages, and public charging stations. When a vehicle is parked over the pad, energy is
transferred wirelessly through inductive coupling.

Countries like Norway, the United States, and Germany have adopted static wireless
charging for public and private EV fleets. For instance, Norway's Oslo Taxi Project uses this
technology to reduce taxi downtime, enhancing operational efficiency. Similarly, the United
States has incorporated static charging in bus depots to support electric public transport.
Fig. 4.1.1: Static Wireless Charging
4.1.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging
Dynamic wireless charging, though still in experimental stages, promises continuous

energy transfer to vehicles in motion. Charging pads embedded in roadways generate
electromagnetic fields, which are captured by receiver coils in EVs. This technology has the
potential to revolutionize transportation by reducing reliance on large batteries and enabling
uninterrupted travel.Pilot projects in South Korea, Sweden, and Israel have demonstrated the
feasibility of dynamic charging. For example, South Korea’s OLEV (Online Electric Vehicle)
system powers buses while they drive along designated lanes. Despite its potential, dynamic
charging faces challenges such as high infrastructure costs and the need for standardization.

Fig. 4.1.2: Dynamic Wireless Charging
4.2 Technological Innovations in Wireless Charging
Hardware Improvements
Advancements in hardware components have enhanced the efficiency and reliability of

wireless charging systems. Modern coils feature better alignment tolerances, ensuring effective
energy transfer even with slight misalignment between transmitter and receiver. Materials like
gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) are increasingly used in power converters to
minimize energy losses.Additionally, electromagnetic shielding techniques have been developed
to reduce interference, ensuring safe operation in complex urban environments. These
innovations have made wireless charging more practical for larger and energy-intensive
applications, such as EVs.

Software and Control Systems
Software plays a critical role in optimizing wireless charging performance. Real-time

alignment systems use sensors and algorithms to maintain precise coil alignment, maximizing
power transfer efficiency. Smart energy management systems, integrated with vehicle-to-grid
(V2G) technology, allow bidirectional energy flow, enabling EVs to act as energy storage units
for the grid.Predictive maintenance powered by IoT and AI ensures the reliability of charging
infrastructure by identifying potential failures before they occur. These advancements address
operational challenges and pave the way for widespread adoption.
4.3 Challenges in Wireless Charging Deployment
Efficiency and Alignment
One of the primary challenges in wireless charging is achieving high efficiency.

Misalignment between the transmitter and receiver coils can result in significant energy losses.
While modern systems boast efficiencies of 85–90%, maintaining these levels in real-world
conditions remains a hurdle.Dynamic charging systems face even greater alignment issues, as
vehicles in motion require precise synchronization with road-embedded charging infrastructure.
Research is ongoing to develop adaptive coil designs and advanced sensor systems to overcome
these challenges.
Infrastructure and Costs
Deploying wireless charging infrastructure, particularly dynamic systems, demands

substantial investment. Installing charging pads in roads or retrofitting existing facilities is
expensive and logistically complex. Public-private partnerships and government incentives are
essential to fund these projects and drive large-scale adoption.
Regulatory and Interoperability Issues

Standardization is another critical concern. Different manufacturers use varying specifications

for wireless charging systems, which complicates interoperability. Organizations like SAE
International and ISO are working to establish universal standards, such as SAE J2954 for static
charging, to ensure compatibility between vehicles and infrastru

CHAPTER – 5
FUTURE TRENDS AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is poised to revolutionize electric vehicle (EV)
charging by offering seamless, efficient, and user-friendly solutions. While significant progress has
been made in static and dynamic charging, ongoing research aims to overcome existing limitations
and expand the technology’s potential. Future advancements will focus on higher efficiency, broader
integration, and innovative applications, making WPT a cornerstone of sustainable transportation
systems.
5.1 Higher Power Levels and Efficiency Improvements
A key focus of future WPT research is increasing power transfer efficiency to match or exceed
traditional wired charging. Current systems achieve efficiencies of 85–90%, but losses due to
misalignment and distance remain significant barriers. Researchers are exploring advanced materials
such as gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) for power converters, which minimize energy
losses and enhance thermal management. These materials enable the design of compact and
lightweight systems capable of handling higher power levels.
In addition to hardware improvements, optimizing coil design and alignment mechanisms is critical.
Adaptive coil systems that dynamically adjust to maintain maximum power transfer efficiency are
being developed. Enhanced resonant frequency tuning and active feedback systems are also being
integrated to improve performance in real-world conditions. Achieving efficiencies of over 95% will
make WPT a viable alternative for high-power EV charging.

5.1.1 Dynamic Wireless Charging on Highways
Dynamic wireless charging, which allows EVs to charge while in motion, is a transformative
concept that has gained significant attention. This system involves embedding charging coils beneath
roadways, enabling continuous energy transfer as vehicles pass over them. By reducing the reliance
on large onboard batteries, dynamic charging can lower vehicle weight and production costs.
Several pilot projects worldwide are testing this technology. For instance, South Korea’s OLEV
(Online Electric Vehicle) initiative powers buses along designated routes, and similar projects in
Sweden and Germany are exploring highway integration. The development of cost-effective and
scalable infrastructure for dynamic charging is a major research direction. Additionally, addressing
alignment challenges, electromagnetic interference, and safety concerns is essential to enable
widespread adoption.
5.1.2 Integration with Renewable Energy and Smart Grids
The integration of WPT systems with renewable energy sources and smart grids is another
promising trend. Solar- or wind-powered wireless charging stations can provide clean energy for EVs,
reducing their overall carbon footprint. Coupled with bidirectional energy flow enabled by vehicle-to-
grid (V2G) technology, EVs can act as mobile energy storage units, supporting grid stability during
peak demand.Smart grids equipped with real-time energy management systems will optimize power
distribution, ensuring efficient use of renewable energy. These grids will also facilitate dynamic
pricing models, encouraging EV owners to charge during off-peak hours. The combination of WPT
and renewable energy integration will create a sustainable and resilient energy ecosystem for electric
mobility.

5.2 Advanced Materials for Coils and Components
Research into advanced materials for WPT components, such as coils and resonant circuits, is
critical for improving performance. High-conductivity materials, including graphene and composite
alloys, are being explored to enhance energy transfer efficiency and reduce heat generation.
Lightweight materials are also being developed to minimize the weight and size of onboard
components in EVs.In addition, researchers are investigating the use of superconducting materials,
which can significantly reduce resistance and energy losses. Though currently limited by high costs
and cooling requirements, superconductors hold immense potential for future WPT applications,
particularly in high-power, long-distance charging systems.
5.2.1 Standardization and Interoperability
To ensure global adoption of WPT technology, standardization efforts are underway.

Organizations like SAE International and ISO are developing guidelines for compatibility between
EVs and wireless charging infrastructure. Standards such as SAE J2954 for static wireless charging
are already facilitating interoperability, and similar frameworks are being proposed for dynamic
systems.
Standardization also extends to electromagnetic field (EMF) safety, ensuring compliance with
international health regulations. By addressing interoperability and safety concerns, these efforts will
encourage collaboration among automakers, infrastructure developers, and government agencies,
accelerating the deployment of WPT technology.
5.2.2 Autonomous Vehicles and WPT Integration

The future of EVs is closely tied to the development of autonomous vehicles, and WPT
technology is expected to play a significant role in this evolution. Wireless charging eliminates the
need for human intervention, making it ideal for autonomous fleets, including taxis, delivery vans, and
public transport. Automated alignment and charging systems will enable seamless energy transfer,
allowing vehicles to charge during scheduled stops or while waiting for passengers. Dynamic wireless
charging can also support autonomous vehicles by reducing downtime and extending operational
range. Research in this area focuses on integrating WPT systems with autonomous navigation and
energy management technologies, creating a self-sustaining ecosystem for electric mobility.

CHAPTER – 6
CONCLUSION
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology represents a significant leap forward in the
evolution of electric vehicles (EVs), offering a transformative approach to charging
infrastructure. This innovation eliminates the reliance on traditional plug-in charging systems
by utilizing electromagnetic fields to transfer energy wirelessly from a transmitter to a receiver
embedded in the EV. As a result, WPT has the potential to enhance the convenience, safety, and
efficiency of EV operations, paving the way for widespread adoption and integration into daily
life.A key advantage of WPT is its ability to address one of the primary barriers to EV adoption:
charging convenience. Wireless charging systems eliminate the need for manual cable
connections, providing a seamless and automated charging experience. This is especially
beneficial in urban settings and for users with limited physical mobility. By integrating WPT
into public parking spaces, residential garages, and commercial zones, EV owners can
effortlessly recharge their vehicles while conducting other activities, effectively making
charging an invisible part of their routines. In addition to convenience, WPT significantly
enhances safety by reducing exposure to high-voltage systems and mitigating risks associated
with worn-out or damaged cables. The absence of physical connectors reduces wear and tear,
making WPT systems inherently more durable and less prone to mechanical failure.
Furthermore, the integration of advanced communication protocols within WPT systems
enables precise energy transfer control, ensuring compatibility with various EV models and
contributing to the overall safety and reliability of the charging process.

From an environmental perspective, WPT systems support the broader goals of
sustainability by enabling dynamic charging scenarios such as on-road wireless charging. This
technology allows EVs to recharge while in motion, reducing the need for large battery
capacities and lowering the demand for raw materials like lithium and cobalt. Additionally, by
promoting greater use of EVs through enhanced convenience and operational efficiency, WPT
can contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and a shift away from fossil fuel
dependency.
However, the widespread adoption of WPT in EVs is not without challenges. The
technology currently faces issues related to efficiency, cost, and standardization. Energy
transfer efficiency is a critical concern, as losses during wireless transmission can result in
higher electricity consumption. Moreover, the cost of implementing WPT infrastructure, such
as retrofitting roads for dynamic charging, remains high. Collaborative efforts among industry
stakeholders, governments, and research institutions are essential to address these challenges
through technological advancements, cost reductions, and the establishment of universal
standards.
The deployment of WPT systems in EVs also has implications for urban planning and energy
infrastructure. Cities will need to incorporate wireless charging capabilities into their
transportation ecosystems, which includes integrating renewable energy sources to power WPT
systems sustainably. Governments and policymakers must play a proactive role in facilitating
this transition through incentives, regulations, and investments in research and development.
In conclusion, Wireless Power Transfer technology has the potential to revolutionize the EV
industry by offering a more convenient, safe, and environmentally friendly charging solution.
Its ability to integrate seamlessly into existing urban landscapes and support dynamic charging
scenarios makes it a compelling option for the future of transportation. While challenges related
to efficiency, cost, and infrastructure development persist, ongoing advancements and
collaborative efforts are likely to overcome these hurdles. As WPT technology continues to
mature, it promises to be a cornerstone in the transition to a more sustainable and electrified
transportation system, fostering a future where EVs are more accessible, practical, and widely
adopted across the globe.

CHAPTER-7
REFERENCES
[1] M Maqsood and N Nauman Nasir, Wireless electricity (Power) transmission using solar
based
power satellite technology, Journal of Physics, 2013
[2] Fariborz Musavi, Wilson Eberle, Overview of wireless power transfer technologies
for electric vehicle battery charging, IET Power Electronics,2013
[3] Sanghoon Cheon, Yong-Hae Kim, Seung-Youl Kang, Myung Lae Lee, Jong-Moo Lee,
and Taehyoung Zyung, Circuit-Model-Based Analysis of a Wireless Energy-Transfer
System via Coupled Magnetic Resonances, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
Volume: 58, Issue: 7, July 2011
[4] Seungyoung Ahn, Nam Pyo Suh & Dong-Ho Cho, Charging Up the Road, IEEE
Spectrum, Volume: 50, Issue: 4, 2013
[5] S.Y.R. Hui, Fellow, IEEE, W.X. Zhong and C.K. Lee, Member, IEEE, A Critical
Review of Recent Progress in Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer, Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2012
[6] André Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher,
Marin Soljacˇic´, Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances
Science, Vol. 317, Issue 5834, 2007
[7] Alanson P. Sample, Student Member, IEEE, David A. Meyer, Student Member, IEEE,
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[8] Musavi, M Edington, Wilson Eberle, A Survey of EV Battery Charging Technologies,
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2012

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A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER IN ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Under the guidance of

Mr. R.Ramanjan Prasad

(Associate Professor, Department of EEE)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Vignan Institute of Technology and Science

Vignan Hills,Near Ramoji Film City, Deshmukhi(V), Pochampally(M)

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana – 508 284

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER IN ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

Under the guidance of

Mr. R.Ramanjan Prasad

(Associate Professor, Department of EEE)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Vignan Institute of Technology and Science

Vignan Hills,Near Ramoji Film City, Deshmukhi(V), Pochampally(M)

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana - 508 284

Signature of Supervisor/Guide Signature of Head of the Department

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Vignan Institute of Technology and Science

Vignan Hills,Near Ramoji Film City, Deshmukhi(V), Pochampally(M)

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana - 508 284 (2021-2025)

Head of the Department:

I am thankful to our principal sir Dr. G. DURGA SUKUMAR of Vignan Institute of

I acknowledge to Dr. T. RAMA SUBBA REDDY, Head of Department of Electrical

I extend my sincere thanks to Mr..R.Ramanjan Prasad Assistant Professor of Electrical

The impact of wireless power transfer in electric vehicles is significant. It promises

1.2 Working method 2

2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER 4

2.1 Coupling Theory 5

2.1.1 Winding structures 5

2.2 Inductive WPT 5

2.3 Capacitive WPT 6

2.4 Low Frequency PMPT 7

2.4.1 PMPT Transmitter 7

2.4.2 PMPT Reciever 8

2.5 Comparision between different WPT technologies 8

3. WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 9

3.1 Advancement in WPT technology 11

4. CURRENT STATUS OF WIRELESS CHARGING 14

4.1Global development of wireless charging systems 14

4.1.1 Static Wireless Charging 14

4.1.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging 15

4.3 Challenges in Wireless Charging Development 17

5. Future Trends and Research Directions 18

5.1 Higher Power Levels and Efficiency Improvements 18

5.1.1 Dynamic wireless charging on highways 18

5.1.2 Integration with renewable energy and smart grids 19

5.2 Advanced materials for coils and components 19

5.2.1 Standardization and inter operatability 20

5.2.2 Autonomous Vehicles And WPT integration 20

Fig No Figure Name Page no

Fig:1.1 Wireless charging of an ev 1

Fig:2.1 Magnetically coupled WPT systems 4

Fig:2.2 Inductive Interface equivalent circuit 6

Fig:2.2.1 Systematic of a series resonant converter circuit 6

Fig:3.1.2 Various types of SPS 13

Fig:4.1.1 Static Wireless Charging 15

Fig:4.1.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging 16