2C_2_Chung

Seismic Design Criteria of a Cable-
Stayed Bridge- An Owner’s Perspective
Paul Chung, P.E., M.E.

Jason Fang, P.E., Ph.D.
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
Cable-Stayed Bridge is an ordinary non-standard bridge
Non-standard elements need project-specific seismic design
provisions in addition to Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria
Stayed Cables
Tower
Superstructure
End Bent
Foundation
Non-standard elements need

project-specific seismic
design provisions
Gerald Desmond Bridge Replace
Port of Long Beach
Construction of a new bridge north of existing old

bridge with horseshoe ramps leading on/off the bridge
Preliminary Bridge Layout
Main Bridge
High Level Approaches
Low Level Approaches
Project Objective
•Signature span
•100-year life
•Enhance traffic volume and safety
•Enhance vessel passage and safety under the
bridge
Meet Caltrans geometric and seismic standards and
project-specific seismic design criteria
Gerald Desmond Bridge
• 2000’ cable-stayed bridge: 1000’ main span, 220’

vertical clearance
• Accommodate 3 lanes with 10’ shoulders in each
direction
Main Span Cable-Stayed Bridge
•2001-2010 Design-Bid-Build
• Cable stayed- semi-harp two planes
• 1000’ main span with 500’ back span each side
• Mono towers- concrete sections
• Steel girders with concrete deck
• Pile foundation – large Ø piles
•2010-present Design-Build contract
• Prescribe technical requirements and design
criteria in Contract
• Bridge Owner at completion- Caltrans
Seismic Design Criteria-
cable-stayed bridge
• Cable-stayed bridge is an ordinary non-standard
bridge
– Non-standard elements need project-specific
seismic design provisions in addition Caltrans
Seismic Design Criteria (CT-SDC)
• Foundations- piles, pile caps
• Tower and End Bent
• Cable System
• Superstructure
Seismic performance criteria
Bridge Owner’s Perspective:
• Responsibility for operation and maintenance
• Meet serviceability, maintainability, minimize life-
cycle costs, life-safety
Two Tiers Seismic Performance design:

• Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) –
1000 years return period; non-collapse and
repairable damage
• Functional Evaluation Earthquake (FEE) –
100 years return period; bridge should be operational
after the event (post-FEE), only cosmetic damage
FEE
• All structure elements- No damage
• Bearings- no damage
• Expansion joints- Minimal damage
Bridge Owner’s and Users Perspective:
• Bridge needs to be serviceable after FEE event
• Full live loads on the bridge
• All other service loads
• Any minor repairs (joints, barriers, fuses) not to impose
full closure anytime nor lane closures during daytime
hours
• Operations and Maintenance Manual to include special
procedures after FEE event
SEE
• Foundations- piles: minimal damage
• pile caps
• Tower: minimal damage, permanent offset 6-in
• Shear links: significant damage
• Cables systems: no damage
• Superstructure: minimal damage
• Bearings, shear keys: Moderate damage
• Foundation permanent offset: repairable
Prescribe damage allowance, strain limits, capacity
protection and reserve per Caltrans SDC
• No damage: nominal capacity per AASHTO LRFD, full
serviceability w/o repair
• Minimal damage: minor inelastic response, narrow
cracking in concrete
• Moderate damage: inelastic response, concrete
cracking/cover spalling, rebar yielding, structural steel
yielding
• Significant damage: major concrete spalling &
deformation in minor components, require closure for
repair. Partial or complete replacement of secondary
elements (non gravity load system) may be required
Performance Level
Stay cables- minimum tension of 10% of dead load
Joints and Bearings- prevent collapse at SEE
Allowable Concrete Strains @ Allowable Concrete Strains @
SEE FEE
Towers & End Bents 0.004 < 0.4 ultimate strains 0.003
Piles 0.004 < 0.4 ultimate strains 0.003
All Other Elements 0.015 < 0.75 ultimate strains 0.004
Allowable Allowable
Reinforcement Strains @ SEE Reinforcement Strains @ FEE
Towers & End Bents 0.015 AASHTO LRFD
Tower/End Bt 0.05 AASHTO LRFD
(Lateral Reinf)
Piles 0.015 AASHTO LRFD
All Other Elements 0.06 0.015
Seismic Demand Analysis
• Nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis
• Include main span and one approach bridge frame on each
end
• Geometrically nonlinear DL and seismic analysis- account
for geometric nonlinear stiffness of cable elements
• Non-linear boundary conditions
• Geometric nonlinearity and inelastic behavior for energy
dissipating devices
• Material nonlinearity- D/C > 1.5
• Explicit foundation modeling- nonlinear inelastic soil-pile
interaction effects
Tower Design Alternatives
Tower Design- flexibility allowed in the design criteria:
Steel towers, Tower with Shear Links, viscous dampers
Steel Towers- prescribed strain limits
Steel Shear Links- preliminary design. Need full-scale

prototype laboratory cyclic testing to validate the
performance
Rotation Demands SEE FEE
Shear Links 0.1 radians 0.03 radians
Prescribe cyclic load testing protocol

Steel Shear Link Alternative
Details by HNTB/Parsons JV
Viscous Dampers Alternatives
Rion Antririon Bridge, Greece

Viscous Dampers Alternatives
Prior applications in California
• SFOBB West Spans- Suspension Bridge (San
Francisco)
• Vincent-Thomas Bridge- Suspension Bridge (San
Pedro)
• Richmond-San Rafael Bridge- Steel Truss Bridge
• experience: sizeable percentage of dampers
leaked within first 3 years-
 Issues: fluids leaking and draining from
dampers
Viscous Dampers
• Damper leakage- seals worn due to excessive daily piston
movement from ambient, transient loads/vibrations
• Prescribe criteria:
• Viscous damper to be locked by a fuse (internal or
external)
• Damper piston prevented from movement in non-seismic
load combinations
• Fuse to be broken and damper to be activated in sizeable
earthquake motions
• Testing protocol per AASHTO Guide Specs for Seismic
Isolation Design
• Minimum 10 year warranty
Design-Build Procurement
~$650 million design-build contract awarded to

Shimmick, FCC, and Impregilo (SFI)- July 2012
Design Engineer: ARUP
Viscous Damper Alternative
Cable-Stayed Bridge Design
• Tower- mono leg hollow section
– Longitudinal and transverse viscous dampers with
internal fuses
– Tower section remain essentially elastic in FEE and
SEE events
• End Bents- twin leg hollow section
– Longitudinal and transverse viscous dampers with
internal fuses
•
Design Status:
Type Selection: February, 2013
Foundation System- > 65%
Tower, Cables, Anchorages, Dampers- 65%
Thank You !
Owner’s Design Review Consultant: HNTB/Parsons JV (original and

preliminary designer)
Owner’s PM/CM: Parsons Brinckerhoff

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Seismic Design Criteria of a Cable-

Stayed Bridge- An Owner’s Perspective

Paul Chung, P.E., M.E.

Non-standard elements need

Construction of a new bridge north of existing old

• 2000’ cable-stayed bridge: 1000’ main span, 220’

Two Tiers Seismic Performance design:

Steel Shear Links- preliminary design. Need full-scale

Prescribe cyclic load testing protocol

Rion Antririon Bridge, Greece

~$650 million design-build contract awarded to

Owner’s Design Review Consultant: HNTB/Parsons JV (original and

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