N00/420/S(3)M

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL
BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL

MARKSCHEME

November 2000

CHEMISTRY

Standard Level

Paper 3

12 pages
 –6– N00/420/S(3)M

OPTION A – HIGHER ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

A1. (Give [1] for each correct structure and [1] for correct reasoning for each structure.)

The infra-red absorption at 1700 cm −1 indicates C == O ; as A cannot be oxidised it must be

the alkanone / as B is oxidised it must be the alkanal. [2]

Compound A Compound B

H O H H H
O
H C C C H H C C C [2]
H
H H H H

C (is formed by oxidation of the alkanal B and has acidic properties so) must be an alkanoic
acid. [1]

Compound C
H H
O
H C C C [1]
O H
H H

The infra-red data (3230–3550 cm −1 ) indicates O—H bond;

M r value of 60 indicates that D and E are both alkanols with formula C 3 H 8 O .
D must be a secondary alkanol as it is formed by reduction of A, an alkanone;
E must be a primary alkanol as it is formed from reducing B, an alkanal.
(any two for [2]) [2]

Compound D Compound E
H OH H H H H

H C C C H H C C C O H [2]

H H H H H H
 –7– N00/420/S(3)M

A2. (a) (i) Linear OR H C N [1]

H
(ii) Trigonal planar OR C O [1]
H

(iii) Tetrahedral OR C [1]

Cl Cl
H

(b) (i) Six [1]

2−
Cl
Cl Cl
(ii) Octahedral OR Si [1]
Cl Cl
Cl
 –8– N00/420/S(3)M

OPTION B – HIGHER PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

B1. (a) = C 2 H 5COO − + H 3O +

C2 H 5COOH + H 2O kz

H 2O
= C 2 H 5COO − + H + )
(OR C 2 H 5COOH kz [1]
− +
C 2 H 5COO × [ H ]
(b) Ka = [1]
C 2 H 5COOH

. × 10−5 mol dm−3 (units not necessary for mark)

Ka = 135 [1]
+
[ H ]2
−5
(c) . × 10 =
135 [1]
0.01

+
. × 10−5 × 0.01 = 3.67 × 10−4 mol dm −3
[ H ] = 135 [1]

200
(d) For NaOH, n = 0.01 × = 0.002 mol
1000

300
For acid, n = 0.01 × = 0.003 mol
1000

After reaction, n = 0.003 − 0.002 = 0.001 mole of acid remaining. [1]

−
C 2 H 5COO = 0.004 mol dm −3 , C 2 H 5COOH = 0.002 mol dm −3 [1]
+ 0.002
[H ] = 1.35 × 10−5 × = 6.75 ×10 −6 [1]
0.004
+
pH = − log10 [ H ] = 517
. [1]

B2. (a) The value is positive as a solid is forming a gas which is more disordered. [1]

(b) ∆G Ö = ∆H Ö − T∆S Ö [1]

FG 161 IJ
= +130 kJ mol −1
H
= 178 − 298 ×
1000 K [1]

(c) In a spontaneous reaction the total entropy of a system and its surroundings increases.
(Accept that for a spontaneous reaction ∆G must be less than zero.) [1]

(d) For the reaction to become spontaneous ∆H Ö − T∆S Ö < 0 . [1]

∆H Ö 178 × 103
T= Ö
= > 1106 K (833 ! C) [1]
∆S 161
 –9– N00/420/S(3)M

OPTION C – HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY

C1. (a) Retinol will contain an —OH (alkanol) group ([1]).

Retinal will contain a —CHO (alkanal) group ([1]).
(If both alkanol and alkanal are given but no structures, award [1]) [2]

(b) Two pairs of electrons (four electrons) between the two carbon atoms. [1[

(c) M r for retinol = (19 ¥ 12.01) + (30 ¥ 101

. ) + (1 ¥ 16.00) = 274.5 [1]
-3
Concentration is 0.30 g dm which is 11 . ¥ 10-3 mol dm -3 . [1]
−3 −3
(accept 1.09 × 10 mol dm )

(d)More fat soluble. [1]

Because the polar O—H bond will be insignificant compared to the bulky non-polar
‘tail’ of the molecule. [1]
OR Because there is a very low concentration (of retinol in the blood).
OR Non-polar hydrophobic chain will be more soluble in fat than polar water.

C2. (a) Iodine. [1]

(b) Any two from: acid, —COOH; amine, —NH 2 ; alkoxyalkane (ether), —O—; [4]
(do not accept amide for —NH 2 )

(Give [1] for each correct name and [1] for each correct formula. Award no marks for
C6 H5 – phenyl.)

(c) Hormones are chemical messengers OR substances that regulate bodily processes such [1]
as growth and metabolism.
Hormones are transported by the blood stream. [1]

(d) Thyroxine regulates the rate at which cells use oxygen OR controls the rate of [1]
carbohydrate metabolism OR controls the rate of protein synthesis and breakdown OR
stimulates energy production in cells.
 – 10 – N00/420/S(3)M

OPTION D – ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

D1. (a) 1000:1 (do not accept 1:1000) [1]

(b) Sulfuric acid (accept sulfuric(IV) acid or sulfurous acid). [1]

(No mark if just the formula is given.)

S + O 2 Æ SO 2 OR 2SO 2 + O 2 Æ 2SO 3 [1]

SO 2 + H 2 O → H 2SO 3 OR SO 3 + H 2 O Æ H 2SO 4 [1]

(c) Nitric acid (accept nitrous acid or nitric(III) acid). [1]

(Award [1 mark] each for any two different ways, for example:)

! Use a catalytic converter;

! use a richer petrol:air mixture;
! car sharing;
! switching to a different fuel such as solar power or electricity etc;
! thermal exhaust system;
! increase the use of public transport;
! switch to a car with a ‘lean-burn’ engine. [2]
+ 2+
(d) CaCO 3 + 2 H Æ Ca + CO 2 + H 2 O (accept H 2 CO 3 ). [1]
(Accept the full equation with either nitric or sulfuric acid.)

D2. (a) (i) As the temperature increases the solubility of oxygen decreases. [1]

(ii) As organic pollutants decompose they use up available oxygen so the amount of
dissolved oxygen decreases. [1]

(iii) Nitrates and phosphates act as nutrients and increase the growth of algae. As the
algae die they use up dissolved oxygen (eutrophication). [1]

(b) The BOD is the quantity of oxygen (in ppm) utilised when the organic matter in a fixed
volume of water is decomposed biologically over a set time period (usually five days).
[1]
3 -3
(c) Amount of Na 2S2 O 3 in 10 cm of 0.100 mol dm Na 2S2 O 3 is
10
× 0.100 = 1.00 × 10−3 moles. [1]
1000

One mole of O 2 reacts to give two moles of MnO 2 which give two moles of I 2 which
react with four moles of S2 O 2- 3
3 so that the amount of oxygen present in 1000 cm is
1
× 1.00 × 10−3 = 2.50 × 10−4 moles. [1]
4
Mass of 2.50 × 10−4 moles of O 2 is 32 × 2.50 × 10−4 = 8.00 × 10 −3 g.
Concentration of dissolved oxygen is 8.00 ×10−3 g dm-3 (or 8 mg dm-3 ). [1]
 – 11 – N00/420/S(3)M

OPTION E – CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

E1. (a) (i) Carbon. [1]

(ii) Contains higher percentage of iron. [1]

(b) (i) Oxygen and powdered lime (calcium oxide / calcium carbonate). [2]
(do not accept metals such as chromium)

(ii) The impurities are oxidised OR oxidation takes place. [1]

The oxidised impurities combine with the lime to form slag OR an acid–base
reaction takes place (accept equation). [1]

(c) It is more expensive to produce aluminium from its ores as it requires more energy
(even though Al is more abundant in the earth’s crust than Fe). [1]

E2. (a) Crude oil was formed from marine organisms which contained sulfur (in their amino
acids). [1]

(b)Sulfur can poison many of the catalysts used in the refining processes (by reacting
irreversibly with their reactive sites). [1]
OR When the oil is burned SO 2 is produced which leads to acid rain.

(c) C10 H 22 Æ C 8 H 18 + C 2 H 4 (accept other balanced combinations of an alkane and an

alkene). [1]
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller more useful molecules (the alkane is [1]
used as gasoline and the alkene as feedstock for polymers).

(d) Isomerisation involves rearrangement to form another isomer. [1]

Alkylation involves the combination of alkanes and alkene (to form higher-grade
gasolines). [1]

(e) (i) C 6 H 14 Æ C 6 H 6 + 4 H 2 [1]

(ii) Haber process (manufacture of ammonia). [1]

 – 12 – N00/420/S(3)M

OPTION F – FUELS AND ENERGY

F1. (a) Methane / CH 4 . [1]

(b) Carbon monoxide OR hydrogen. (accept correct formulas) [1]

(c) Any two from:

! particulates (soot);
! C x H y (accept HC or hydrocarbons);
! CO (do not accept SO x or NO x ). [2]

(d)Biomass is produced (continuously) from waste products or quick growing crops,

therefore there is no need to use foreign exchange to import oil or other fuels. [1]
OR Because fossil fuels are running out / biomass is obtained from recyclable materials.

F2. (a) Splitting of an (unstable) nucleus. [1]

(b) There is a small mass loss which is converted into a large amount of energy.
[1]
(c)
X n b 1
Y Pu c 0
Z e d 0
a 92 e −1
[4]
(Award [½] for each, round down.)

(d) To prevent radioactivity from escaping. [1]

Closed loop primary coolant: water, heavy water, sodium, CO 2 . [1]

1.2 ¥ 10-12
(e) -13
= 8 = 2 n therefore number of half-lives (n) is 3. [1]
. ¥ 10
15

Age of object is 3 ¥ 5730 = 17

. ¥ 104 years (17 190 years). [1]