Addis Ababa University

Faculty of Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Laboratory Report
Course number: Eceg:‐ 2205 ‐ Electrical Engineering Laboratory II

Experiment Number: 01

Title: Basic Measurements

100 KΩ

100 nF

10 KΩ

1nF

10 Ω

Figure A: Circuit Layout diagram for the Laboratory Session

By: Besufekad Mekuria

Group: 1B, Subgroup 5, ID: TCR/0590/01

Date of experiment: 22, Oct, 2009

Date of submission: 4, Nov, 2009

AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT II 0

 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Section Sub­Title Location

NO
1.1 Introduction Page Two

1.2 Objective Page Two

1.3 Preparation Page Two

1.4 Used Equipment Page Three

1.5 Components used Page Three

1.6 Theory Page Three

1.7 Procedure Page Four

1.8 Results Page Four

1.9 Semi‐log Graph Page six

1.10 Conclusion Page Seven

AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT II 1

 Title:
Basic Network Measurements
1.1 INTRODUCTION
When working with networks in the practical world, it is important that we are
able to determine the voltages across, the currents through and in some cases the
frequency relations among the different components of the network. These
components include: resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, etc… and
among the measurement devices that we utilize are: CROs, multimeters, stopwatches,
etc…

1.2 OBJECTIVE
A. To go through and remember the ways of measuring the characteristics of circuits using laboratory
equipment.
B. To observe the deviation that exists between the measured values and theoretically calculated
values.

1.3 PRE‐LAB PREPARATION

Before the laboratory session, a laboratory manual was supplied by the Laboratory instructors. This
manual included a set of preliminary calculations that had to be carried out prior to the session. And

The First question asked was to calculate the DC values across the resistors in figure A.

¾ If we observe carefully, we can see that since there is no sinusoidal voltage input, the capacitors
act like a strict open, then we will get a much simpler circuit to analyze, where all three resistors
are connected in series.

¾ Then we use simple addition to find out the equivalent resistance and apply current division to
determine the DC values across each resistor.

10V DC

Applying Voltage Division

V1 = 1,000 * 10/111010 = 90mV

V2 = 10,000 * 10 /111010 = 0.9V

AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT II 2

 V3 = 100,000 * 10 / 111010 = 9 V

V4 = 10*10/111010 = 0.9mV

1.4 USED EQUIPMENT

No Description Code/Lab Reference Quantity
1 DC Power supply (10V) ‐ 1
2 Multimeter (VOM) ‐ 1
3 Cathode Ray oscilloscope (X input) ‐ 1
4 Conducting Wires ‐ 8
8 Stop watch (Counter B 2010) ‐ 1
Table 1: Electrical Equipments that were used to set up the circuit for the laboratory procedure

1.5 USED COMPONENTS

No Description Type Quantity
1 Resistor 100KΩ 1
2 Resistor 10KΩ 1
3 Resistor 1KΩ 1
4 Resistor 10Ω 1
5 Capacitors 100 nF 1
6 Capacitor 1nF 1
7 Decade Resistor 0 ‐ 100KΩ 1
Table 2: Electrical Components that were used to set up the circuit for the laboratory procedure

1.6 THEORY
The Main theory is about how we can use the equipments to determine the required voltages,
current or another property of the circuit. Therefore

After completing setting up of the circuit, using the necessary wires and circuit board and other
circuit elements, we use the following measuring Devices:

The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO):

is a visual device that is mainly used to analyze Alternating Inputs, determine their Amplitudes, Periods
(Indirectly their Frequency), and if more than one input is connected into the different channels, it can be
used to determine their frequency relation by using a figure called a “Lissajous Pattern”.

The DC multimeter:

Is a simple numerical data displaying device that displays the current, the voltage and resistance
characteristics of the components found in a DC Circuit.

AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT II 3

 1.7 PROCEDURE

100 KΩ

100 nF

10 KΩ

1 KΩ

1nF

10 Ω

Figure 1: Procedural diagram for the laboratory session

1. The network for the procedure was set up according to ‘Figure 1’.

2. A DC 10 Voltage was supplied to the circuit, and voltage was measured with the CRO.

3. Another AC source with 10 Vpp and frequency of 1 KHz was supplied, and VR1 was measured.

4. A similar square wave was supplied and the measurements were repeated.

5. The rise and fall times of the square wave at the output was measured.

6. The frequency response of the circuit was determined by measuring the amplitude of the output
voltage at pre determined intervals of frequency.

7. The input resistance Rii and output resistance Rio were determined.

1.8 Results
After completing setting up the network,

Table for the Measured Voltage and current values of the three resistors powered by 10 V DC

Resistor Voltage (DC meter) Voltage (CRO)

R1 0.0905V 0.1 V
R2 0.904 V 0.9 V
R3 9.04 V 10 V
R4 0.0009 V 0.001 V

AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT II 4

 Table for the Measured frequency Response of the circuit

Frequency Output Voltage (V) Phase Angle in (0)

100 0.3 87
200 0.58 82.3
300 0.84 77.16
400 1.08 74.6
500 1.36 71.8
600 1.6 66.8
700 1.8 64.15
800 2.0 60.45
900 2.2 58.2
1000 2.4 53.1
2000 3.4 30
3000 3.75 14.4
4000 3.8 7.5
5000 3.85 0
6000 3.9 4.7
7000 3.80 9.6
8000 3.75 16.96
9000 3.7 19.47
10,000 3.6 24.6
20,000 2.7 48.6
30,000 2 56.5
40,000 1.6 61.0
50,000 1.3 66.4
60,000 1.1 73.4
70,000 0.96 Approx 90
80,000 0.84 Approx 90
90,000 0.76 Approx 90
100,000 0.68 Approx 90

Again, Graphing the measured Voltage drop as a function of the frequency of the input signal
on a Semilog Paper we get the following graph:

AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT II 5

 1.9 Conclusion
Upon completion of the laboratory session, many observations were made; these observations have been
dealt with here under their own subheading.

Observations made from the Analysis of the network.

¾ When a square wave is added to the circuit, the output voltage shows a rise – fall characteristics.

And this phenomenon can be depicted by taking the rise time (which is the time it takes for the output
voltage to increase from 0% to 90 %) and the fall time (which is the period of time it takes for the
voltage reading at the output to decrease from 90% to 10%).

¾ Whereas if a sinusoid is input to the network, the voltage reading at the output will be a similar sinusoid
with the same frequency as that of the input signal but having a different amplitude. These can be
theoretically determined by applying the circuit simplification methods, like, Thevenin’s theorem, Mesh
and Nodal analysis.

¾ The smaller the frequency of a sinusoid, the more like a DC waveform it becomes. Because, a DC current
is nothing but a AC waveform with a frequency of “Zero”. And 1 KHz is a relatively small frequency;
hence it might be possible to determine the corresponding AC voltage and RMS values.

Observations made about practical errors encountered

It is a well known fact that there does not exist a circuit element that functions with a hundred percent
efficiency. Therefore slight deviations of the measured values from the calculated ones are to be expected under
any circumstances. However the possible causes for these irregularities include:

• The DC voltmeter does not give rise to a potential difference with a magnitude that it is programmed to do.
This is generally due to manufacturing defects, defects from improper usage and gradual wearing off.

• The leads are not of Zero Resistance; this is because of factors like: Temperature change, corrosion, etc…

• The CRO used was an analog device; therefore readings are perceptible to be misconstrued. And also
continuous mistreatment of the device leads to incorrect readings in the future.

End of Report

AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT II 6