A MINI PROJECT/INTERNSHIP REPORT

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Award of

Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
on
"Energy Management & Auditing"
In
(Abante Integrated Management Services pvt. Ltd.)
Sector 67,Gurugram,Haryana 122002
SUBMITTED BY: Sachin
(Roll No. 20EELEE010)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIMG

GOVT. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHARATPUR

(RAJASTHAN)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to thank Mr. Deepak Kumar Goyal for giving me the
opportunity to do an internship within the organization. I also would like all the
people that worked along with me “Abante integrated management services
pvt. Ltd”. with their patience and openness they created an enjoyable learning
environment. It is indeed with a great sense of pleasure and immense sense of
gratitude that I acknowledge the help of these individuals. I am highly indebted
to college for the facilities provided to accomplish this internship. I would like
to thank my Head of the Department Mr. Navneet Sharma for his constructive
criticism throughout my internship. I am extremely great full to my department
staff members and friends who helped me in successful completion of this
internship.

Sachin
(20EELEE010)
CERTIFICATE

SACHIN
20EELEE010
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

DECLARATION

ABSTRACT

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER I Introduction 7-8

CHAPTER 2 Definition 9

CHAPTER 3 Need for Energy Audit 10-12

CHAPTER 4 Types of Energy Audit 13-21

CHAPTER 5 10 Steps for detailed Energy Audit 22

CHAPTER 6 Question that an energy auditor needs to ask 23-26

CHAPTER 7 Industrial format of energy audit report 27-28

CHAPTER 8 Energy Auditing Instruments 29-41

CHAPTER 9 Identification of energy conservation factors: 42

CHAPTER 10 Technical & Economic Feasibility factors 43-44

CHAPTER 11 Benchmarking 45-48

CHAPTER 12 Conclusion & Reference 49

 ABSTRACT

Energy Audit is the key to a methodical approach for decision-making in the

area of energy management. The energy management is necessary for
procurement and utilization of energy through optimum management,
throughout the area Energy Management and Energy Audit is conducted to
save money by saving the energy for different sort of industries, institution,
hospitals, domestic areas, etc., under the recommendations given by the
energy audit team. These management and audit teams find out the areas,
where there is wastage of electricity and implements the effective and proper
use of energy. Through efficient energy management and auditing methods,
environment can be protected; energy and money can be saved without
affecting the natural and quality ongoing work in any sectors. This paper briefly
describes about importance of energy audit and energy management in and
around our place of living.
S.No. Figure Description Page no.
5.1 Plan of Action (a) 22

5.2 Plan of Action (b) 22

7.1 Detailed Report Format 27

8.1 Instruments 29

8.2 Voltmeter 30

8.3 Ammeter 31

8.4 Power Factor Meter 31

8.5 Power Analyzer 32

8.6 Multimeter 32

8.7 Synergy Meter 33

8.8 Lux Meter 33

8.9 Dragger 34

8.10 Fyrite Kit 34

8.11 Anemometer 35

8.12 Pitot tube 35

8.13 Impact & Smoke Tube 35

8.14 Diaphragm Gauge 36

8.15 Tachometer 36

8.16 Steam Trap Testing 37

8.17 Ultrasonic Leak meter 37

8.18 Dew Point Hygrometer 38

8.19 Psychrometer 38

8.20 Electrolytic Hygrometer 39

8.21 Glass Stem Thermometer 39

8.22 Thermocouple Transducers 39

8.23 Resistance Thermometer 40

8.24 Bimetallic Transducer 40

8.25 Radiation Pyrometer 41

10.1 Worksheet 43

10.2 Energy Bill 43

 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Energy is one of the key inputs for the economic growth of any country [1].
Energy is the strength and vitality essential for continuous physical or mental
activity. Energy is the power derived from the consumption of physical or
chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.
The property of matter and radiation which is manifest as a capacity to
perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules). Energy
is the ability to do work. Energy comes in different forms such as Heat
(thermal), Light (radiant), Motion (kinetic), Electrical, Chemical, Nuclear
energy, Gravitational. Electrical utilities are becoming more and more stressed
since existing transmission and distribution system are facing their operation
constrains with growing load. Now a days human life cannot be imagined
without electricity, saving energy means decreasing the amount of energy
used while achieving a similar outcomes of end use, because we know we are
having limited amount of energy resources in earth to generate electrical
power. Energy demands and costs are increased over time. Increasing usage of
energy-intensive products and services directly disturbs the greenhouse-gas
emissions and climate change [2]. To prevent our living earth from global
warming, it is utmost importance to optimize the energy usage in our home,
offices, industries, institutions and other organizations. To save electrical
energy and resources for our future, energy audit is introduced. An energy
audit can be simply defined as a process of evaluating a building for the usage
of electricity and identifying the opportunities to reduce consumption. An
energy audit is a systematic approach that analyses the power flow and
provides suggestions for reducing the wastage of power. It is an inspection,
review and study of energy flows, for energy conservation in a building,
process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system
without affecting the usual works and its output [3]. In commercial and
industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying
opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprints. Energy
management includes efficient planning and operation of energy production
and energy consumption units. The Objectives of energy management are
resource conservation, climate protection and cost saving and energy saving
while the users have permanent access to the energy they need. It is
connected closely to environmental management, production management,
logistics and other established business functions. Energy management is the
proactive, organized and systematic coordination of procurement, conversion,
distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements taking into account
environmental and economic objectives.
 CHAPTER 2

DEFINATION
Definition of the Energy Audit

As per Indian Energy Conservation Act 2001, Energy Audit is defined as: "The
verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of
technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption."

Energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive

energy management programmes. It has positive approach aiming at
continuous improvement in energy utilisation in contrast to financial audit
which stresses to maintain regularity. Energy audit provides answer to the
question what to do, where to start, at what cost and for what benefits?

Energy audit helps in energy cost optimization, pollution control, safety aspects
and suggests the methods to improve the operating and maintenance
practices of the system. It is instrumental in coping with the situation of
variation in energy cost availability, reliability of energy supply, decision on
appropriate energy mix, decision on using improved energy conservation
equipment, instrumentations and technology.

It has been established that energy saving of the order of 15 to 30% is possible
by. optimising use of energy by better housekeeping, low cost retrofitting
measures and use of energy efficient equipment at the time of replacements.
Indian industry consumes more energy as compared to its counter parts in the
developed countries.
 CHAPTER 3

Why the need for Energy Audit?

i. The three top operating expenses are energy (both electrical and thermal).
labor and materials.

ii. Energy would emerge as a top ranker for cost reduction.

iii. Primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy

consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs.

iv. Energy Audit provides a "bench-mark" (Reference point) for managing

energy in the organization.

In any industry, the top three operating expenses are energy, labor and
minerals. Among the three, energy ranks the top place, where there is an
enormous amount of energy is required and also more expense will be there
and hence there is a need for managing the energy. Energy Audit will analyze
the energy consumption. thereby providing a path to identify the areas, where
wastage of energy occurs and provide the scope for reducing the wastage.

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost
reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programmed which are
vital for production and utility activities. Such an audit programmed will help to
keep focus on variations which occur in the energy costs, availability and
reliability of supply of energy, identifying energy conservation technologies etc.
In general. Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities,
by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other
organizational considerations within a specified time frame. The primary
objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption
per unit of product output or to lower operating cost. Energy Management
includes planning and operation of energy production and energy consumption
units. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost
savings, while the users have permanent access to the energy they need. It is
connected closely to environmental management, protection management
and other established functions. The objective of Energy Management is to
achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization throughout
the organization.

• To minimize energy codes or waste without affecting production and quality

• To minimize environmental effects

IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY AUDIT IN HOME

An energy audit is an analysis of a facility, indicating how and where that

facility can reduce energy consumption and save energy costs. Its insight to
energy efficiency and conservation can lead to significant saving on the
company's utility bill. As per the energy conservation act 2001, energy audit is
defined as "The verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including
submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving
energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy
consumption" Implementation of recommended measures can help consumes
to achieve significant reduction in their energy consumption levels. In India,
energy audit doesn't gain much value as much in other countries people are
focusing. Even though Government is doing multiple projects to increase the
overall efficiency but still most of people don't know about it and thought that
it is an unnecessary and ineffective thing to do, and that's not the truth. In fact,
energy audits are first and foremost step to increase the energy efficiency of
our living place and save more money than invested. Energy audits make the
necessary benefits of:

• Lower Electricity Bills - guaranteed advantage you will get is in your

electricity bill. Most of improvement's payback time is very less for themselves
i.e.
• Make an impact on our Environment - Energy audits are environment-
friendly. When our home consumes less energy, you are reducing your carbon
footprint and helping to decrease unnecessary waste and pollution.

A home energy audit helps individual homeowners find out their residential
consumption and energy flow. An audit is useful to determine areas of your
home where there is energy loss and by identifying where power usage may be
curbed to earn savings. The process involves conducting a walk-through or a
visual inspection of your home, and utilizing testing equipment to identify
problems and analyse energy flow.

An energy audit can be done either by you, you, or a professional energy

auditor. Depending on the size of your home, a typical energy audit can be
completed in an hour to several hours. If you're unsure about investing in a
professional energy auditor, there are tools online that can help you conduct
your own assessment. While it may not be as thorough as a professional audit,
it could provide you with a basic understanding of the process. This can include
a "do-it-yourself assessment" where you inspect your home like a professional
audit looking at copies of monthly utility bills to determine spikes and dips in
energy expenditures or potential issues with existing appliances and systems in
your home.
 CHAPTER 4

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on function and type of
industry, depth to which final audit is needed, potential and magnitude of cost
reduction desired.

Thus, energy audit can be classified into the following types

• Preliminary Audit

• Detailed Audit (comprehensive)

• Targeted audit on energy systems

• Walk through audit

• Audits for investment in energy conservation technologies

Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

• Establish energy consumption in the organization

Preliminary Energy Audit:

i. Preliminary energy audit uses existing or easily obtained data
ii. Find out the energy consumption area in the organization
iii. Estimates the scope for saving Identifies the most likely arcas for attention
iv. Identifies immediate (no cost or low cost) improvements
V. Sets a reference point Identifies areas for more detailed study/
measurement
Preliminary audit is carried out in the limited time say within 10 days and it
highlights the energy cost and wastages in the major equipment's and
processes. It also gives the major energy supplies and demanding accounting.
The questionnaire containing the industrial details of energy consumption
process carried out, energy need to unit product; load data etc. must be
completed before the pre-audit visit.

The pre-audit visit is done, by the audit team/audit consultant, in the plant
area with the attention focused on the energy inputs, spots of wastage and
available energy conservation opportunities. The items for waste recycling
opportunities are identified. The data regarding energy inputs and outputs are
collected for use during preliminary audit.

During the visit, discussions with line supervisors and line technicians and joint
brainstorming may be necessary to acquire creative ideas and to know the
practical difficulties in carrying out the proposed energy conservation
measures (ECMs).

After the pre-audit visit, the work of energy audit is undertaken. In the
preliminary audit, low tech recommendations are preferred. High tech
solutions are given under detailed energy audit. Some of the low-cost
recommendations may be: Switching off lights when not required, replace
incandescent lamps by the fluorescent lamps, automatic thermostat control,
use of solar water heating panels etc.

The preliminary audit spots energy waste spots and recommend short,
intermediate and long-term solutions. It should adopt step by step and
cautious approach for improvements and new techniques of energy
management and control system.

Detailed Audit:

Detailed Energy Audit evaluates all systems and equipment which consume
energy and the audit comprises a detailed study on energy savings and costs.
Detailed Energy Audit is carried out in 3 phases.

• The Pre-audit Phase

• The Audit Phase

• The Post-audit Phase

Detailed energy audit, also known as comprehensive energy audit includes
engineering recommendations and well-defined projects with priorities. It
accounts for the total energy utilised in plants. It involves detailed engineering
for options to reduce energy consumption and also reduce cost. The duration
of such studies is generally from 1 to 10 weeks. The action plan in divided into
short term, medium term and long-term actions.

The short-term action plan requires no capital investment or least investment

to avoid energy wastages and minimising non-essential energy uses and
improving the system efficiency through improved maintenance programme.

The medium-term action plan requires a little investment to achieve efficiency

improvement through modifications of existing equipment's and other
operations.

The long-term action plan is aimed to achieve economy through latest energy
saving techniques and innovations. The capital investments are required to be
studied thoroughly while finalising the long-term action-plan.

The comprehensive (detailed) energy audit is a thorough and extensive energy

audit that analyses and quantifies the amount of energy consumption in each
sub system of the plant and compares the same with the target energy
consumption. Target per unit energy consumption is the optimum energy
consumption per unit product.

The comprehensive audit is quite exhaustive, and it is convenient to split it

into following sub parts:

Overall system audit:

This accounts for energy leakage/loss through the total system to the
atmosphere. The energy conservation measures to eliminate such
leakages/loss are recommended.
Functional audit:
It identifies the energy conservation measures in operation and maintenance
of each main plant and its subsystems and suggests ECOs is operation and
maintenance.
Utility Audit:
It identifies yearly/monthly/daily consumption of commercial secondary
energy (electricity/petroleum products/fuel etc.) and suggests ECOS.
Modernization audit:
It recommends major changes in the process requiring retrofitting
The comprehensive energy audit report generally converts the following:
(i) Energy conservation opportunities (ECOs)
(ii) Energy conservation measures (ECMs)
(iii) Projected investments for ECMs.
(iv) Projected annual savings of ECMs and pay-back period.
(v) Feasibility studies for retrofitting/modification work.
Energy Audit is defined as "the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of
energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations
for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to
reduce energy consumption".

We carry out energy audit to establish and quantify the cost of the various
energy inputs and consumption flows within an organization over a given
period.

The primary objectives of energy audit are to identify and evaluate

opportunities to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output and
reduce operating costs through energy conservation and planning. Energy
audit provides a "bench- mark" for managing energy in the organization and
also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy throughout
the organization. We carryout Preliminary Audit, /Detailed Audit, Investment-
Grade Energy Audit, Baseline Energy Audit.
Detailed energy audit includes a complete description of the facility, including
an equipment inventory, an energy balance, detailed energy savings and costs
associated with each low-cost and not-cost measure, financial analysis of each
recommended measure, identification and rough estimates of capital project
costs and savings. Energy savings and economic feasibility are determined as
accurately as possible. The reports contain more detailed descriptions of the
measures.

The portable instruments, trend logs and data loggers are used in detailed
energy audits for assessing the current performance accurately. The scope of
an energy audit includes an examination of the following areas:

• Energy generation/conversions equipment's like boilers, furnaces, Heaters,

pumps, fans, compressors, transformers etc.

• Energy distribution network of electricity, water, steam, condensate,

compressed air etc.

• Energy utilisation efficiency of all equipment and buildings.

• Efficient planning, operation, maintenance and housekeeping

• Management aspects of design and operating data collection, field

measurements, data analysis, and training

We conduct detailed audit in three phases namely Pre-audit, Detailed Audit

and post audit as per BEE's 10step methodology for effective results

The Results

• Immediate savings through no-cost recommendations

• Expected reduction in utility costs from 10-30%

• Long-term roadmap for ongoing utility savings

• Compliance with benchmarking and regulatory/mandatory laws

Targeted Energy Audit:

It Identifies how energy is used and where the opportunities for savings can be
made various targeted energy efficiency audit forms, with guides, are included
in the resources to help organisations periodically review the compliance &
performance of their installations.

Walk through audit:

Walkthroughs are cradle-to-grave reviews of transaction cycles.

You start at the beginning of a transaction cycle (usually a source document)

and walk the transaction to the end (usually posting to the general ledger). The
auditor is gaining an understanding of how a transaction makes its way
through the accounting system and about related internal controls. As we
perform a walkthrough, we:

• Make inquiries

• Inspect documents

• Make observations

By asking questions, inspecting documents, and making observations, we are

evaluating internal controls to see if there are weaknesses that would allow
errors or fraud to occur. Audit standards do not permit the use of inquiries
alone. Observations and inspections must also occur.

Some auditors believe that audit walkthroughs (or documentation of controls

for significant transaction cycles) are not necessary if the auditor is assessing
control risk at high. This is not true. While the auditor can assess control risk at
high, she must first gain an understanding of the cycle and the related controls.
In other words, the auditor can't default to high. Risk assessment procedures
are required.

What is not an Audit Walkthrough?

Following a transaction through the accounting system without reviewing

controls-is not an audit walkthrough. We must examine controls to see if they
have been implemented and to see if they are properly designed. Placing a
copy of the operating and accounting system manual in the audit file is not a
walkthrough. While manuals tell you what the client intends to do, they don't
tell you what is occurring. In other words, they don't answer the
implementation question.

Audits for investment in energy conservation technologies:

Energy audits assist industrial companies or facilities in understanding how

they use energy and help to identify the areas where waste occurs and where
opportunities for improvement exist. This guidebook provides step-by-step
guidelines that can be easily followed even by those who have not previously
conducted energy audits. These guidelines are developed in a manner that can
be used by both in-house auditors who are auditing their own plant and
outside consultants who are hired to do an energy audit. The Canadian
Industry Program for Energy Conservation (CIPEC) has published a guidebook
titled Energy Efficiency Planning and Management Guide (CIPEC 2002) which
presents a comprehensive discussion of the procedures for conducting an
industrial energy audit. CIPEC also has a more recent guidebook specifically for
energy auditing called the Energy Savings Toolboxan Energy Audit Manual and
Tool (CIPEC 2009). These two CIPEC guidebooks are two of the main references
for Sections 1. to 4 of the guidelines presented here. Also, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has published energy assessment standards that
cover the assessment of pumping, compressed air, steam, and process heating
systems. In these standards the step-by-step procedure for measurement and
assessment of these systems are presented which are key component of any
energy audit practice and are highly recommended to energy auditors and
mangers (ASME, 2009a,b,c, 2010).

Establish energy consumption in the organization:

1. Shutdown your computer

Computers are some of the biggest energy users in office buildings. Turn your
monitor off at night and ditch the screensaver. Today's computers can be
turned on and off over 40,000 times. Opting to shut down over using a
screensaver does not affect your computer's lifespan. (Energy Star). So, power
down!

2. Choose the right light

LED bulbs are the most energy efficient lighting option. LED bulbs use 75% less
electricity than incandescent bulbs (Energy Star). They also have no mercury,
and last about 25 times longer than traditional incandescent bulbs (DoE).

3. Eliminate vampire power: unplug idle electronics.

Devices like televisions, microwaves, scanners, and printers use standby

power. even when off. Some chargers continue to pull small amounts of
energy, even when plugged in (a good judge of this is if a charger feels warm to
the touch). In the US, the total electricity consumed by idle electronics equals
the annual output of 12 power plants (EPA).

4. Use a power strip to reduce your plug load.

To avoid paying for this "vampire power," use a power strip to turn all devices
off at once. Flipping the switch on your power strip has the same effect as
unplugging each socket from the wall, preventing phantom energy loss.

5. Turn off the lights

Just one switch and you're done!

 CHAPTER 6

Question that an energy auditor needs to ask

•What function does this system serve?

•How does this system serve its purpose?

•What is the energy consumption of this system?

•What are the indications that this system is working properly?

•If this system is not working, how can it be restored to good working
conditions?

• How can the energy cost of this system be reduced?

For a lot of New Jersey homeowners, the importance of saving on energy bills
grows ever present when winter approaches. Cold temperatures are already
here. and knowing which steps to take in order to ensure that heating bills
don't go through the roof this winter is essential to moving forward in an
intelligent manner. The first step towards making changes is to conduct a
home energy audit.

The importance of being prepared for your home energy audit simply cannot
be overlooked, and knowing which questions to ask are essential. Here are 5
questions worth asking, all of which can help to ensure that you don't run into
confusion along the way.

1. What are the Specific Elements of the Inspection?

Everyone home energy audit consists of a number of different elements, and

knowing what they are ahead of time can be helpful. Ask about whatever
specific tests might be performed, details regarding inspections and how long
the home energy audit will last. Knowing this information ahead of time will
give you a much better idea of what to expect before things get underway.
2. How will the Home Energy Audit Report Be Delivered and Resulted?

The final step once a home energy audit has been conducted is for a report to
be resulted and delivered. You'll want to ask how this will happen and what
the report will include, such as pictures, technical details, recommendations
for home improvements and comparisons to current standards. Each of these
elements helps to give you an idea as to where your home stands in the grand
scheme of things, which will help you to determine how to move forward.

3. Will the Results Include the Rebate Information?

For homeowners who are looking for a helping hand regarding financing a
project, knowing all of the details regarding rebate information is essential.
With this in mind, you should always ask whether the results of a home audit
will include information about the rebate you're hoping to make use of,
dispelling any confusion that might exist. Tom Rostro Company has certified
auditors who are trained in our rebate process, ensuring you don't have to
worry about the details.

4. How will a Home Energy Audit Meet Our Needs?

The goal of any home energy audit is to put you on a path towards reducing
your energy bills and improving comfort levels within your home. It should also
help you to figure out what improvements need to be made and in what order
through a process of assessment, inspection and delivery of results. In other
words, a home energy audit is designed to help you move forward in reaching
your energy efficiency goals.

5. Are There Multiple Kinds of Home Energy Audits?

While all home energy audits share the same end goal of helping you to
streamline your home's energy efficiency, there may be differences between
one form or another that should be taken into consideration by the
homeowner. Asking what sort of HEA will be conducted at the inspection will
help to square away any remaining questions you may have about the process.
At Tom Rostron Company, we believe that the first step towards home
performance is conducting a home energy audit. Contact us today to learn
more about the process and how it can benefit you and your family.

Energy auditor responsibilities are to analyze energy bills including utility rates
or tariffs to gather historical energy usage data; calculate potential for energy
savings: collect and analyze field data related to energy usage, educate
customers on energy efficiency or answer questions on topics such as the costs
of running household appliances or the selection of energy efficient appliances,
identify and prioritize energy saving measures; inspect or evaluate building
envelopes, mechanical systems, electrical systems, or process systems to
determine the energy consumption of each system; perform tests such as
blower-door tests to locate air leaks; prepare audit reports containing energy
analysis results or recommendations for energy cost savings: prepare job
specification sheets for home energy improvements, such as attic insulation,
window retrofits, or heating system upgrades, quantify energy consumption to
establish baselines for energy use or need; recommend energy efficient
technologies or alternate energy sources, analyze technical feasibility of energy
saving measures using knowledge of engineering, energy production, energy
use, construction, maintenance, system operation, or process systems;
compare existing energy consumption levels to normative data; identify
opportunities to improve the operation, maintenance, or energy efficiency of
building or process systems; measure energy usage with devices such as data
loggers, universal data recorders, light meters, sling psychrometers,
psychrometric charts, flue gas analyzers, amp probes, watt meters, volt
meters, thermometers, or utility meters; determine patterns of building use to
show annual or monthly needs for heating, cooling, lighting, or other energy
needs; oversee installation of equipment such as water heater wraps, pipe
insulation, weather-stripping, door sweeps, or low flow showerheads to
improve energy efficiency.

Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents,

Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to
understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not
interrupting at inappropriate times, Using logic and reasoning to identify the
strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches
to problems, Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to
choose the most appropriate one, Talking to others to convey information
effectively.

I have the ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented
through spoken words and sentences, read and understand information and
ideas presented in writing, communicate information and ideas in writing so
others will understand, tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It
does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem,
apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.

The knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the

construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as
highways and roads, principles and processes for providing customer and
personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality
standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction, the structure
and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of
words, rules of composition, and grammar, arithmetic, algebra, geometry,
calculus, statistics, and their applications, machines and tools, including their
designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
 CHAPTER 7

INDUSTRIAL FORMAT OF ENERGY AUDIT REPORT

Figure 7.1 Detailed Format

Energy audits identify energy consumed by a facility and locate energy

conservation measures or projects. Typical audits start with a walkthrough and
checklist and progress to monitoring and metering for information on real-time
energy consumption. More intricate audits involve economic calculations, such
as internal rate of return that are used to obtain funding for conservation
projects, code compliance and development of an equipment maintenance
schedule.

Lay out the audit specifics in an executive summary that will take about five
minutes to read. Keep the summary concise but meaningful. Begin by stating.
"An energy audit was conducted on July 13, 2011 at ABC facility." State in the
second sentence the dollar amount of potential electricity cost savings from
identified conservation measures. Continue to detail current annual electricity
costs, as calculated from utility bills, and qualifiers as to whether detailed
economic evaluations were conducted during the audit.

Describe the overall purpose of the facility, hours and days of operation and
any energy conservation devices in use. Include specifics on overall square
footage and details on users. For example, describe a multi-use building's
resident on the upper floors, retail space on the main floor and a laundry room
in the basement, all of which use the facility and energy, at different times of
day with different load demands,

Fill out energy accounting forms, which account for energy use at a facility by
tracking kilowatt hours and British thermal units as consumed by equipment,
as determined by sensors or meters or extrapolated from utility bills. Create a
unique picture of use at the facility by illustrating demand factor, which is the
peak power used over a small interval of time, perhaps an hour, and load
factor, the ratio between average demand and peak demand; both factors
affect utility rates.

Review the accounting forms to calculate the base load, the consistent amount
of energy used over a 12-month period, such as 20 million Btu, and break the
base load into individual units. Identify consumption patterns for HVAC,
lighting and public laundry areas so you can suggest conservation measures,
such as installing energy efficient washing machines.

Explain accounting methods and include charts that reflect consumption

patterns and energy costs so decision makers can understand conservation
options. Describe how you determined electricity consumption: whether you
used utility reports and extrapolated or ammeters that measured electric
current from an outlet.
 CHAPTER 8

Energy Auditing Instruments

An energy audit is a systematic analysis of energy use and consumption. It is
important to map all major energy in an energy audit and identify the energy
loss area and saving potential. For accurate and quantified identification of
energy loss or estimation of saving potential, it is important to have some of
the important instruments during an energy audit.

Figure 8.1 Instruments

We have identified some of the important instrument required during energy

audit: -

I. Electrical measurements and Instruments

II. Lighting measurement Instruments

III. Chemical measurements Instruments

IV. Mechanical measurements Instruments

V. Humidity measurements Instruments

VI. Temperature measurements Instruments

Electrical measurements and Instruments

I. Voltmeter and ammeter to measure voltage & current.

Figure 8.2 – Voltmeter

 Figure 8.2-Ammeter

II. Power factor meterto measure power factor

Figure 8.3 – Power Factor Meter

III. Power analyzer to gives a continues measurement and record of real power
(KW), apparent power (kVA), voltage, current and power factor.

Figure 8.4 – Power Analyzer

IV. Multimeter

Figure 8.5 – Multimeter

V. System meter is used to measure and records current , voltage, power
factor, frequency, KWh and kVAh.

Figure 8.6 – Synergy Meter

Lighting measurement Instrument

Usually a substantial portion of electrical energy requirements of a plant are
for illumination. A lux meter is a very convenient instruments to measure the
level of illumination.
 Figure 8.7 – Lux meter

Chemical measurement Instruments

A flue gas analysis is an essential part of energy audit in a plant emitting fluc
gases. The instruments used for flue gas analysis are.

1. Dragger

It indicates the degree of combustion in a boiler especially the extant of

carbon monoxide(CO) in the flue gases.
 Figure 8.8 – Dragger

II. Fyrite Kit

This kit is used to measure percentage of Co2 and O2 in the flue gases.

Figure 8.9 – Fyrite Kit

Mechanical Measurement Instruments:

1. Flow

The instruments for flow measurement are anemometer to measure air

velocity and flow in a duct, pitot tube to measure pressure and gas flow
rate in big ducts and chimneys, electronic air flow meter to measure
velocity and pressure of air, impact tube to measure high air velocity in
small tubes and smoke pellet to measure low air velocity in a room.

Figure 8.10 – Anemometer

Figure 8.11 – Pitot Tube

 Figure 8.12 – Smoke pellet

II. Pressure

The instruments used for pressure measurement are absolute pressure

manometer, diaphragm gauge, barometer, manometer, micromanometer,
draft gauge, Bourdon tube and pressure transducer. Many pressure gauges
available now days have digital display.

Figure 8.13 – Diaphragm Guage

III. Speed

Non-contact tachometer and contact tachometer

Figure 8.14 – Tachometer

IV. Steam trap testing

Engineers stethoscope and electronic steam tester.

Figure 8.15 - Steam trap testing

V. Leaks

Ultrasonic leak checker. It operates by generation of ultrasonic psychrometer,

dew point hygrometer, electrical conductivity humidity meter, electrolytic
hygrometer.

Figure 8.16 – Ultrasonic leak meter

Figure 8.17 - Dew point hygrometer

Humidity measurement Instruments:

The instruments available are psychrometer, dew point hygrometer, electrical

conductivity humidity meter, electrolytic hygrometer .

Figure 8.18- Psychrometer

Figure 8.19 – Electrolytic Hygrometer

Temperature measurement Instruments:

1. Glass stem thermometer

Figure 8.20 – Glass stem Thermometer

2. Thermocouple transducers

Figure 8.21 – Thermocouple transducers

3. Resistance thermometer

Figure 8.22 – Resistance thermometer

4. Bimetalic transducer

Figure 8.23 – Bimetallic transducer

5. Optical pyrometer

Figure 8.24 – Optical pyrometer

6. Radiation pyrometer

Figure 8.25 – Radiation pyrometer

 CHAPTER 9

Identification of energy conservation factors & areas

Steps for conserving energy can be taken if we know the correct factors and
areas to be studied and also details of fuels used. These can be:

ENERGY GENERATION

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION

ENERGY USAGE BY PROCESSES

FUEL SUBSTITUTION

Energy conservation is the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy

by using less of an energy service. This can be achieved either by using energy
more efficiently (using less energy for a constant service) or by reducing the
amount of service used (for example, by driving less). Energy conservation is a
part of the concept of Eco-sufficiency. Energy conservation measures (ECMs) in
buildings. reduce the need for energy services and can result in increased
environmental quality, national security, personal financial security and higher
savings. It is at the top of the sustainable energy hierarchy. It also lowers
energy costs by preventing future resource depletion. Energy can be conserved
by reducing wastage and losses, improving efficiency through technological
upgrades, and improved operation and maintenance. On a global level, energy
use can also be reduced by the stabilization of growth. Energy can only be
transformed from one form to another, such as heat energy to motive power
in cars, or kinetic energy of water flow to electricity in hydroelectric power
plants. However, machines are required to transform energy from one form to
another. The wear and friction of the components of this machine while
running cause losses of very high amounts of energy and very high related
costs. It is possible to minimize these losses by adopting green engineering
practices to improve the life cycle of the components.
 CHAPTER 10

Technical & Economic Feasibility factors

Technology availability, space, skilled manpower, reliability, service, Impact of
masine on safety, quality, production or process. Maintenance requirements
and spatos availability.

ENERGY COSTS IN INDIAN SCENARIO COMMON FUELS:

•Fuel oil

•Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS)

•Light Diesel Oil (LDO)

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

• Coal Lignite

Wood FUELS COST INPUTS & FACTORS:

•Price at source, transport charge, type of transport

•Quality of fuel

•Contaminations, Moisture, Energy content (GCV)

UNDERSTANDING ENERGY COSTS6y

Figure 10.2 Energy bill
 CHAPTER 11
Benchmarking
Benchmarking can be a useful tool for understanding energy consumption
patterns in the industrial sector and also for taking requisite measures for
improving energy efficiency.

FACTORS INVOLVED:-
• Scale of operation
• Use of technology
• Raw material specifications and quality
•. Product specifications and quality
BENCHMARKING FOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE
Internal Benchmarking
Historical and trend analysis
External Benchmarking
Across similar industries
The scale of operation, use of technology, raw material specification and
quality and product specification and quality
BENCHMARKING FOR ENERGY PERFORMANCE

Quantification of fixed and variable energy consumption trends vis-à-vis

production levels Comparison of the industry energy performance w.r.t.
various production levels (capacity utilization) Identification of best practices
(based on the external benchmarking data) Scope and margin available for
energy consumption and cost reduction Basis for monitoring and target setting
exercises

BENCHMARKING PARAMETER
Gross production related e.g. kWh/MT clinker or cement produced (Cement
plant) c.g. kWh/MT, kCal/kg, paper produced (Paper plant)

Equipment/ utility related e.g. kWh/ton of refrigeration (on Air conditioning

plant)

MEASURING ENERGY PERFORMANCE

•.Reference Year Equivalent Energy Use

•.The reference year's equivalent energy use for reference year equivalent) is
the energy that would have been used to produce the current year's
prodüction output.

•.The reference year equivalent is obtained by multiplying the reference year

energy use by the production factor (obtained above)

•.Reference year equivalent Reference year energy uie x Production factor

• Plant Energy Performance is the improvement or deterioration from the

reference year. It is a meusure of plant's energy progress

MAXIMIZING SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES

• Replace pumps, fans, air compressors, refrigeration compressors, boilers,

furnaces, heaters and other energy conservation equipment, wherever
significant energy efficiency margins exist

•.Eliminate steam leakages by trap improvements

•.Maximize condensate recovery

•.Adopt combustion controls for maximizing combustion efficiency

MATCHING ENERGY USAGE TO REQUIREMENT

The mismatch between equipment capacity and user requirement often leads
to inefficiencies due to part load operations, wastages etc. It is thus essential
that proper energy matching studies are carried out & actions implemented.
Examples: Eliminate throttling, eliminate damper operations, Fan resizing for
better efficiency & Moderation of chilled water temperature for process
chilling needs, etc.

OPTIMISING ENERGY INPUT REQUIREMENT

In order to ensure that the energy given to the system is being put to optimal
use, site specific measures and checks should be carried out regularly.

EXAMPLES:

• Shuffling of compressors to match needs.

•Periodic review of insulation thickness

• Identify potential for heat exchanger networking and process integration

IDENTIFICATION OF ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES

FUEL SUBSTITUTION:

•Replacement of coal by coconut shells, rice huisk ete

•Replacement of LDO by LSHS (light diesel of and low sulphur heavy stock)

ENERGY SUBSTITUTION

•Replacement of electric heaters by steam beuters

•Replacement of stram hased hot water by solar vystems

ENERGY MONITORING & TARGETING IMPORTANCE

An effective monitoring & implementing system with adequate technical ability

for analyzing energy saving options is key to ENERGY MANAGEMENT. Energy
monitoring and targeting is primarily a management technique that uses
energy information as a basis to eliminate waste, reduce and control current
level of energy use and improve the existing operating procedures. These
techniques cover all plant and building utilities such as fuel, steam,
refrigeration, compressed air, water, effluent, and electricity are managed as
controllable resources in the same way that raw materials, finished product
inventory, building occupancy. personnel and capital are managed. It Becomes
the "Energy Cost Centers."

ELEMENTS OF MONITORING & TARGETING SYSTEM

• Recording - Measuring and recording energy consumption

• Analyzing-Correlating energy consumption to a measured output, such as

production quantity

• Comparing -Comparing energy consumption to an appropriate standard

benchmark

• Setting Targets -Setting targets to reduce or control energy consumption

• Monitoring-Comparing energy consumption to the set target on a regular

basis

• Reporting -Reporting the results including any variances from the targets
which have been set

• Controlling Implementing management measures to correct any variances,

which may have been occurred

Particularly M&T system will involve the following:

•Cheeking the accuracy of energy invoices

•Allocating energy costs to specific departments (Energy Accounting Centers)

• Determining energy performance/efficiency

• Recording energy use, so that projects intended to improve energy efficiency

can be checked Highlighting performance problems in equipment or systems.
 CHAPTER 12

Conclusion & Reference

The implementation of a structured energy audit offers numerous benefits.
to the enterprises including:
Improved energetic efficiency;
Reduced energy bills;
Reduced environmental impact;
Reduced maintenance costs;
Improvement of working conditions and safety
Greater organizational involvement and competency concerning energy issues.
The main condition for the success of the energy audit is the commitment of
the top management. In addition to the evident and immediate benefits of the
energy audit, there are also other success factors that can motivate the top
management to implement energy efficiency measures:
• The need to gain competitiveness by reducing production costs.
• The increase of energy prices.
The opportunity represented by the diffusion of new and more efficient
technologies.
• New legislation and regulations that incentivize energy saving interventions.
REFRENCE:

https://jeeexplore.ieee.org/document/8300974

https://www.slideshare.net/rayvarun/energy-conservation-ppt-by-vp-singh

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270275938 The Case study of

Energy Conse rvation Audit in Industry Sector