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Physics U4

Unit 4 covers the concepts of force, work, energy, and power, defining force as a vector quantity that can change an object's motion. It discusses Newton's laws of motion, types of forces, friction, and the relationship between work and energy, including kinetic and potential energy. Additionally, it defines power as the rate of doing work or transferring energy, with relevant formulas and units provided.

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birukgetachew392
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5 views

Physics U4

Unit 4 covers the concepts of force, work, energy, and power, defining force as a vector quantity that can change an object's motion. It discusses Newton's laws of motion, types of forces, friction, and the relationship between work and energy, including kinetic and potential energy. Additionally, it defines power as the rate of doing work or transferring energy, with relevant formulas and units provided.

Uploaded by

birukgetachew392
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit- 4: Force, Work, Energy and Power

Definition of Force

 A force is a push or pull acting on a body, capable of changing its motion, velocity,
shape, or size.
 It is a vector quantity (has magnitude and direction) measured in newton (N).
 Examples include friction, normal force, and gravity.

Types of Forces

 Contact Forces: Require physical contact (e.g., applied, frictional, and spring
forces).
 Non-Contact Forces: Act without physical contact (e.g., magnetic force,
gravitational force).

Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. First Law (Law of Inertia)


o An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
o Inertia is an object's resistance to changes in its state of motion,
proportional to its mass.
2. Second Law
o Acceleration (a) of an object is directly proportional to the net force (F)
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (m).
o Formula: F=ma
2
o Unit of force: 1 N=1 kg⋅m/s
2
o Gravitational force: Fg =mg where g=9.8 m/s

Key Concepts

 Weight: Gravitational force acting on an object (W=mg).


 Mass: A measure of an object’s inertia, constant regardless of location.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

 States that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.


 If object 1 exerts a force F12 on object 2, object 2 exerts an equal and opposite
force F12=−F21
 These forces act on different objects and are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.

Example

 A block on a table:
o Action: The block exerts a downward force equal to its weight on the
table.
o Reaction: The table exerts an upward normal force of the same magnitude
on the block.

Friction Forces

 Friction is the resistive force between two surfaces in contact, opposing motion.
 Types:
1. Static Friction: Acts when an object tends to slide but hasn’t yet moved.
Requires a larger force to overcome.
2. Kinetic Friction: Acts when an object is sliding or rolling. Smaller than
static friction.
 Key Factors Affecting Friction:
o Normal Force: Friction increases with higher normal force.
o Surface Roughness: Rough surfaces generate more friction than smooth
ones.

Friction is essential for everyday activities like walking, running, and the motion of
vehicles but can impede movement on slippery surfaces like mud.

Work

 Work in physics: The use of force to move an object in the same direction as the
force applied.
o Formula: W=F∥S
 F∥: Force in the direction of displacement.
 S: Magnitude of displacement.
 Key Points:
o No work is done if the force is perpendicular to displacement or if no
movement occurs.
2 2
o Work is a scalar quantity with SI unit Joule (J) (1 J=1 Nm=1 kg m /s )
o Work involves energy transfer from one object to another via force.
Energy

 Energy: The capacity to do work, measured in Joules (J).


 Two main types: Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.

Kinetic Energy (kE)

 Energy an object possesses due to motion.


2
o Formula: Ek=1/2mv
 m: Mass of the object.
 v: Speed of the object.
 It is a scalar quantity.

Gravitational Potential Energy (pE)

 Stored energy in an object due to its height and mass.


o Formula: Ep=mgh
 m: Mass of the object.
2
 g Gravitational acceleration (≈9.8 m/s ).
 h: Height above the ground.

Mechanical Energy

 Total energy of a system:


o Formula: Mechanical Energy=Ek+Ep
o Includes both kinetic and potential energy.

Power

 Definition: Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.


 Formula:

P=W/t or P=E/t
o P: Power
o W: Work done
o E: Energy transferred
o t: Time taken
 Key Points:
o Power is a scalar quantity.
o SI Unit: Watt (W), where 1 W=1 J/s
 1 watt = 1 joule of energy transferred in 1 second.

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