Phy201 Lect7

Physics 201, Lecture 7
Today’s Topics
n Newton’s Laws of Motion (Chap. 5)

n First Law, Force and Inertia
§ Forces
n Second Law, F=ma
§ Mass
n Third Law, Action and Reaction
n It is very important that you have previewed Chapter 5.

Big Questions
What does it take to maintain a motion?
What does it take to change a motion?

(and quantitatively how?)
What Did the Big Guys Say
v Force is not necessary for a
A force is a Newton’s 2nd Law
motion in constant velocity
must for is mostly right,
v But to change a motion, a
any and all except when the
net force is a must !
motions ! object is at very
--Newton: 3 laws say it all.
high speed.
+
Aristotle Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Albert Einstein
(384-322 BC) (1564-1642) (1643-1727) (1879-1955)
Newton’s First Law
q The Law: An object will maintain a constant motion* (with constant
velocity) until it is acted upon by a net force.
Ø Message #1: Motion (with constant velocity) is possible even without

a force !
Ø Message #2: We do need a force to change a motion.
Ø Some simple examples:
Without a force (or net force =0) 
§ If stationary (v=0), the object will remain stationary.
§ If moving at a velocity, it will keep moving at the same velocity.
q Sometimes, Newton’s First Law is also called Law of Inertia
 All matter has an intrinsic tendency to resist change of motion.
* Unless otherwise specified, the motions we are talking about in this

course are measured in something called a inertia reference frame.
Force
q Force: A measure of action one object exerting on another
q Force has a unit of Newton (N) 1 N = 1 kg m / s2
q Force is a vector ! (Described by both magnitude and direction)
q Total Force: If an object is subject to more than one forces, the
 
total (net) force on it is the vector sum of all forces F = F
net ∑
|F1+F2|=2.2N
F1=1.0 N F2=2.0 N |F1+F2|=3.0 N
Many Forms of Forces
kicking (pushing) electric force on q

force on the ball
pulling force on box
supporting force (normal force)

friction force
gravitational force (“weight”)

Gravitational Force (Weight)
q All objects on earth are experiencing a gravitational force FG (exerted
by the Earth). The direction of the gravitational force is always
downwards (to the Earth) and the magnitude of FG is always
proportional to the mass (M) of the object by a factor of g=9.81 m/s2.
(i.e. FG= Mg )
FG= Mg
q It is important to note that for an object with a certain ( fixed) mass,

its weight on earth is fixed.
(i.e. both direction and magnitude are fixed)
Normal Force
q Normal force (N) is a supporting force exerted on an object by a
supporting surface.
§ Normal Force is always normal to the surface N
§ Normal force is always pointing towards

the object (away from the supporting surface)
§ The magnitude of the normal force is an

adaptive quantity that depends on other factors
such as the weight, inclination, and even
the acceleration of the object.
Tension
q Tension (T) is a pulling force transmitted along a soft string.
§ Tension always goes parallel to the string
§ Tension is always pulling away from the object
§ The magnitude of the tension is adaptive but it is the same
along a massless string.
T
T
T
Friction
q Friction is a kind of dragging force on the contacting surface
between two objects.
q There are two kinds of frictions:
§ Kinetic Friction (Fk): Friction when the object is
moving on the surface. moving along the surface
N
Fk v
§ Static Friction (Fs): Friction when the object is

not moving but has a tendency to move on surface.
N Not moving but has a tendency

pulling to move due to pulling
Fs
Kinetic Friction
q Kinetic Friction (Fk): Friction when the object is moving on the
surface.
§ Fk is always parallel to the surface in the opposite direction of
the relative motion
§ Fk is always proportional to the corresponding Normal force:
Fk= µkN (µk: kinetic coefficient of friction)
N
Fk v
Static Friction
q Static Friction (Fs): Friction when the object is not moving but
has a tendency to move on surface.
§ Fs is always parallel to the surface in the opposite direction of
the tendency of motion
§ Fs is an adaptive force. Its magnitude is self adjustable to
maintain the object to be at rest.
§ For a given normal force N, Fs can not exceed a maximum of
Fs_max= µsN (µs: Static coefficient of friction)
N
pull
Fs You foot “pretends”
to move backwards
The ground provide

an Fs forward
Friction summary
q Friction is a kind of dragging force on the contacting surface
between two objects.
q There are two kinds of frictions:
§ Kinetic Friction (Fk): Friction when the object is
moving on the surface. moving along the surface
N
Fk = µkN Fk v
§ Static Friction (Fs): Friction when the object is

not moving but has a tendency to move on surface.
N Not moving but has a tendency

Fs <= µsN to move due to pulling
pulling
Fs
From Static to Kinetic Friction
For most materials, µs > µk
Newton’s Second Law
q The Law: At any moment, the acceleration of an object is proportional
to the total force on it and inversely proportional to its own mass.

 ∑F  
a=
m
OR
∑ F = ma
Ø Notes:
§ The direction of acceleration is always the same as the direction
of the net force.
§ Mass: An physical quantity intrinsically associated with all matter.
• Mass is additive : M1+2 = M1+ M2 unit: kg
• Mass is conservative
§ Larger mass  more inertia (i.e. harder to change velocity)
* Modern Physics (not required for this course):

Newton’s 2nd law is valid only at size >> 10-10m, and speed<< 3x108 m/s.
Newton’s 2nd Law in Cartesian Coordinates
q Newton’s Second Law: Fx = ma x
  
F = ∑ Fi = ma Fy = ma y
Fz = ma z
q Calculating total force :
Fx = F1x + F2 x + F3 x + ...
   
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + ... Fy = F1 y + F2 y + F3 y + ...
Fz = F1z + F2 z + F3 z + ...
q Apply standard formulas to decompose forces and kinematic
parameters in x,y,z coordinate system.
Exercises on Thursday
Example: Acceleration By Gravitational Force
q Recall: all objects on earth are experiencing a gravitational force FG ,
the magnitude of FG is FG=Mg
If the FG is the only force on an object of mass M, what is the

acceleration of the object?
Solution:
a = FG/M = Mg/M = g = 9.8 m/s2 , and
pointing downwards.
Conventionally, g is called gravitational acceleration.
 The motion under sole gravitational force is called Free Fall.

Trivial Examples
M=10 kg F1=200 N
F1 M What is a ?
a = Fnet/M = 200N/10kg = 20 m/s2
F1 M F2
M=10 kg F1=200 N F2 = 100 N

What is a ?
a = Fnet/M = (200N-100N)/10kg = 10 m/s2

“Weight” Readings
T N
N
Mg
Mg Mg
We feel our weight
A floor scale reads N A Spring scale reads T
by the pressure
on our feet
Quiz: Acceleration of an Elevator
q Which of the four cases has the direction of acceleration
marked wrong?
v v v v
moving up with moving up with down with down with

increasing speed decreasing speed increasing speed decreasing speed
a ↑ a ↑ a↓ a ↑
correct: a ↓
“Weight” Reading Inside an Elevator
(Apparent Weight)
N N N
Mg Mg Mg
accelerating up or up w/ slower |v| or
Not moving, or
decelerating down down w/ faster |v|
moving at constant v
 N=Mg + M|a| >Mg  N=Mg – M|a| <Mg
 N=Mg
Newton’s Third Law
q The Law: When two objects intact, the force F12 , exerted on
object 2 by object 1 is always equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction to the force F21 which is exerted on object 1 by
object 2, regardless of size or mass of the objects.
§ note: Newton’s 3rd law is about two objects
F12 =-F21
F12 =-F21
2 F21
2 F21 F12 1
F12 1
Attractive Repulsive
* F12 and F21 are often called a pair of action-reaction
Newton’s Third Law: Example
 FA ,B = - FB ,A. is true for all types of forces
Fw,m Fm,w
Fm,f
Ff,m
 An action-reaction pair must always refer to two objects

Example of Bad Thinking
 Since Fm,b = -Fb,m , so Fnet = 0, and a = 0 ! Incorrect !
Fb,m Fm,b
a ??
ice
Action-Reaction are two forces on two objects !
Trivial Quiz, so what is a?

End-of-Lecture Quizzes
q What is the net force on the block? 6.0 N, 0.0 N, other.
3.0 N 3.0 N
F2 F1
Fnet= F1+F2= 3+ (-3)=0
q If the two forces are not back to back, can they ever balance
to produce a zero net force?
§ Yes
§ No
a third force is
necessary to balance
One More End-of--Lecture Quiz
q We have shown that if the person is standing still, the
supporting force FN must be equal to his weight FG in
magnitude and opposite to FG in direction.
Do FN and FG form an action-reaction pair?
YES, FN and FG are action-reaction pair as FN

FN=-FG
NO, FN and FG are NOT action-reaction pair as

they are forces on the same object.
FG

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Physics 201, Lecture 7

n Newton’s Laws of Motion (Chap. 5)

n It is very important that you have previewed Chapter 5.

What does it take to maintain a motion?

What does it take to change a motion?

Ø Message #1: Motion (with constant velocity) is possible even without

* Unless otherwise specified, the motions we are talking about in this

kicking (pushing) electric force on q

supporting force (normal force)

gravitational force (“weight”)

q It is important to note that for an object with a certain ( fixed) mass,

§ Normal force is always pointing towards

§ The magnitude of the normal force is an

§ Static Friction (Fs): Friction when the object is

N Not moving but has a tendency

The ground provide

§ Static Friction (Fs): Friction when the object is

N Not moving but has a tendency

* Modern Physics (not required for this course):

If the FG is the only force on an object of mass M, what is the

Conventionally, g is called gravitational acceleration.

 The motion under sole gravitational force is called Free Fall.

a = Fnet/M = 200N/10kg = 20 m/s2

M=10 kg F1=200 N F2 = 100 N

a = Fnet/M = (200N-100N)/10kg = 10 m/s2

moving up with moving up with down with down with

 FA ,B = - FB ,A. is true for all types of forces

 An action-reaction pair must always refer to two objects

 Since Fm,b = -Fb,m , so Fnet = 0, and a = 0 ! Incorrect !

Action-Reaction are two forces on two objects !

Trivial Quiz, so what is a?

YES, FN and FG are action-reaction pair as FN

NO, FN and FG are NOT action-reaction pair as

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