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SQL commands

The document outlines the various SQL command categories including DDL, DML, DRL, TCL, and DCL, detailing their specific commands and syntax. It explains how to manipulate data using commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE, as well as how to define data structures with CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. Additionally, it covers transaction control with COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT, and data control with GRANT and REVOKE commands.

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rameshkudipati015
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© © All Rights Reserved
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5 views

SQL commands

The document outlines the various SQL command categories including DDL, DML, DRL, TCL, and DCL, detailing their specific commands and syntax. It explains how to manipulate data using commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE, as well as how to define data structures with CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. Additionally, it covers transaction control with COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT, and data control with GRANT and REVOKE commands.

Uploaded by

rameshkudipati015
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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=================SQL================

SQL commands
------------

 Data Definition Language (DDL)


 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Data Retrieval Language (DRL)
 Transaction Control Language (TCL)
 Data Control Language (DCL)

Data Manipulation lauguage :- DML -- insert, update, delete and merge


Data Definition Language :- (DDL) DDL -- create, alter, drop, truncate and rename
Dara retrieval lauguage :- DRL -- select
Transaction control lauguage:- TCL -- commit, rollback and savepoint
Data control lauguage:- DCL -- grant and revoke

Data Definition lauguage(DML)


-----------------------------

USING INSERT :- This will be used to insert the records into table.

We have two methods to insert.


By value method Syntax: insert into <table_name) values (value1, value2,
value3 …. Valuen);

By address method Syntax: insert into <table_name) values (&col1, &col2,


&col3 …. &coln);
This will prompt you for the values but for every insert you have to use
forward slash.

USING UPDATE :- This can be used to modify the table data.

Syntax: Update <table_name> set <col1> = value1, <col2> = value2 where <condition>;

USING DELETE :- By using Delete command will delete the table data temporarliy.

Syntax: DELETE <table_name> where <condition>;

USING MERGE :- By using this command to perform insert and update in a single
command.

Syntax :- MERGE into <table_name1>


using (table_name2)
on (Condition)
when matched then
update set
<table_name1.col1=table_name2.col1,table_name1.col2=table_name2.col2>
when not matched then
insert

SQL> Merge into student1 s1


Using (select *From student2) s2
On(s1.no=s2.no)
When matched then
Update set marks = s2.marks
When not matched then
Insert (s1.no,s1.name,s1.marks)
Values(s2.no,s2.name,s2.marks);

DDL(data definition lauguage)


-----------------------------

USING CREATE :- By using this command to perform create any database objects

USING ALTER :- This can be used to add or remove columns and to modify the
precision of the datatype or alter database objects.

a) ADDING COLUMN

Syntax: alter table <table_name> add <col datatype>;

b) REMOVING COLUMN

Syntax:
alter table <table_name> drop <col datatype>;

c) INCREASING OR DECREASING PRECISION OF A COLUMN

c) INCREASING OR DECREASING PRECISION OF A COLUMN

Syntax:
alter table <table_name> modify <col datatype>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student modify marks number(5);

* To decrease precision the column should be empty.

d) MAKING COLUMN UNUSED

Syntax:
alter table <table_name> set unused column <col>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table student set unused column marks;

Even though the column is unused still it will occupy memory.

d) DROPPING UNUSED COLUMNS

Syntax:
alter table <table_name> drop unused columns;

Ex:
SQL> alter table student drop unused columns;
* You can not drop individual unused columns of a table.

e) RENAMING COLUMN

Syntax:
alter table <table_name> rename column <old_col_name> to <new_col_name>;

Ex:
SQL> alter table student rename column marks to smarks;

USING TRUNCATE :- This can be used to delete the entire table data permanently.
USING DROP :- This will be used to drop the database object;

USING RENAME : This will be used to rename the database object; Syntax: rename
<old_table_name> to <new_table_name>;

Rename <table_name1> to <table_name2>

Data Retrieval Language (DRL)


-----------------------------

USING SELECT :- by using this command to perform fetch data from more than one
table.

Transaction Control Language (TCL)


----------------------------------
USING COMMIT :- this will be used to save work.

Commit is of two types.


 Implicit
 Explicit

a) IMPLICIT

This will be issued by oracle internally in two situations.


 When any DDL operation is performed.
 When you are exiting from SQL * PLUS.

b) EXPLICIT

This will be issued by the user.

Syntax:
Commit or commit work;
* When ever you committed then the transaction was completed.

USING ROLLBACK :-

This will undo the operation.


This will be applied in two methods.
 Upto previous commit
 Upto previous rollback

Syntax:
Roll or roll work;
Or
Rollback or rollback work;
* While process is going on, if suddenly power goes then oracle will rollback the
transaction.

USING SAVEPOINT :-

You can use savepoints to rollback portions of your current set of transactions.

Syntax:
Savepoint <savepoint_name>;

Ex:
SQL> savepoint s1;
SQL> insert into student values(1, ‘a’, 100);
SQL> savepoint s2;
SQL> insert into student values(2, ‘b’, 200);
SQL> savepoint s3;
SQL> insert into student values(3, ‘c’, 300);
SQL> savepoint s4;
SQL> insert into student values(4, ‘d’, 400);

Before rollback

SQL> select * from student;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 a 100
2 b 200
3 c 300
4 d 400

SQL> rollback to savepoint s3;


Or
SQL> rollback to s3;

This will rollback last two records.


SQL> select * from student;

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 a 100
2 b 200

Data Control Language (DCL)


---------------------------

USING GRANT :-

This is used to grant the privileges to other users.

Syntax:
Grant <privileges> on <object_name> to <user_name> [with grant option];

USING REVOKE :-

This is used to revoke the privileges from the users to which you granted the
privileges.

Syntax:
Revoke <privileges> on <object_name> from <user_name>;

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