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Assignment 3

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4 views

Assignment 3

Uploaded by

mohith0451
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mathematics, IIT Madras

MA2101 Linear Algebra via Matrices


Assignment 3

1. Let 𝑈 be a subspace of 𝑉 and let 𝑉 be a subspace of 𝑊, where 𝑊 is a subspace of F𝑛 . Is 𝑈 a subspace of


𝑊?
2. Let 𝑢, 𝑣 1 , 𝑣 2 , . . . , 𝑣 𝑛 be 𝑛+1 distinct vectors in F𝑛 , 𝑆1 = {𝑣 1 , 𝑣 2 , . . . , 𝑣 𝑛 }, and let 𝑆2 = {𝑢, 𝑣 1 , 𝑣 2 , . . . , 𝑣 𝑛 }.
Prove that span(𝑆1 ) = span(𝑆2 ) iff 𝑢 ∈ span(𝑆1 ).
3. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be subsets of F𝑛 . Prove or disprove the following:
(a) 𝐴 is a subspace of F𝑛 if and only if span( 𝐴) = 𝐴.
(b) If 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵, then span( 𝐴) ⊆ span(𝐵).
(c) span( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = {𝑢 + 𝑣 : 𝑢 ∈ span( 𝐴), 𝑣 ∈ span(𝐵)}.
(d) span( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ span( 𝐴) ∩ span(𝐵).
(e) span( 𝐴) ∩ span(𝐵) ⊆ span( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵).
4. Let 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑈 ⊆ F𝑛 , where 𝑈 is a subspace of F𝑛 . Suppose for any subspace 𝑉 of F𝑛 , if 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑉 then 𝑈 ⊆ 𝑉 .
Prove that 𝑈 = span(𝑆).
5. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be subsets of F𝑛 . Prove or disprove: 𝐴∪𝐵 is linearly independent iff span( 𝐴) ∩span(𝐵) = {0}.
6. Let 𝑉 be a subspace of F𝑛 and let 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑉 . Prove the following:
(a) 𝐵 is a basis of 𝑉 iff 𝐵 is linearly independent and each proper superset of 𝐵 is linearly dependent.
(b) 𝐵 is a basis of 𝑉 iff 𝐵 spans 𝑉 and no proper subset of 𝐵 spans 𝑉 .
7. Let {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧} be a basis for a vector space 𝑉 . Is {𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑧 + 𝑥} also a basis for 𝑉?
8. Find a basis for the subspace {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ R3 : 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 5𝑐 = 0} of R3 .
9. Find bases and dimensions of the following subspaces of R5 :
(a) {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒) ∈ R5 : 𝑎 − 𝑐 − 𝑑 = 0}.
(b) {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒) ∈ R5 : 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑒 = 0}.
(c) span{(1, −1, 0, 2, 1), (2, 1, −2, 0, 0), (0, −3, 2, 4, 2),
(3, 3, −4, −2, −1), (5, 7, −3, −2, 0)}.
10. Extend the set {(1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, −1, 0)} to a basis of R4 .
11. Let 𝑢 1 , 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ∈ R5 satisfy 𝑥 1 = 𝑢 + 2𝑣 + 3𝑤, 𝑥 2 = 2𝑢 − 3𝑣 + 4𝑤, 𝑥 3 = −3𝑢 + 4𝑣 − 5𝑤 and
𝑥 4 = −𝑢 + 6𝑣 + 𝑤. Is {𝑥 1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 } linearly dependent?
12. Prove that the only proper subspaces of R2 are the straight lines passing through the origin.
13. Describe all subspaces of R3 .
14. Let 𝐴 ∈ F𝑛×𝑛 . Let {𝑣 1 , . . . , 𝑣 𝑛 } be any basis of F𝑛×1 . Prove that 𝐴 is invertible iff 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑖 has at least
one solution for each 𝑖 = 1, . . . , 𝑛.
1 2 1 1 1
 
3 5 3 4 3
15. Let 𝐴 =   . Write 𝑟 = rank( 𝐴) and 𝑘 = null( 𝐴).
1 1 1 2 1

5 8 5 7 5
 
(a) Find bases for 𝑅( 𝐴) and 𝑁 ( 𝐴), and then determine 𝑟 and 𝑘.
(b) Express suitable 4 − 𝑟 rows of 𝐴 as linear combinations of other 𝑟 rows.
(c) Express suitable 5 − 𝑟 columns of 𝐴 as linear combinations of other 𝑟 columns.
16. Construct bases for (i) the row space, (ii) the column space, and the null space for each of the following
matrices:
 −3 1 −3 
1 2 4   3 4 5 6
   1 2 8  
(a)  3 1 7 
  (b)   (c)  2 1 3 2 
 3 −1 4 

2 4 8  1 3 −2 1 
   4 −2 2   
 

1
17. Let 𝐴 ∈ F𝑛×𝑛 . Consider 𝐴 as the linear transformation 𝐴 : F𝑛×1 → F𝑛×1 given by 𝐴(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 for each
𝑥 ∈ F𝑛×1 . Prove the following:
(a) 𝐴 is one-one iff 𝑁 ( 𝐴) = {0}.
(b) 𝐴 is one-one and onto iff 𝐴 maps any basis onto a basis of F𝑛×1 .
(c) 𝐴 is one-one iff 𝐴 is onto.
18. Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be matrices having the same RREF. Then which of the following may be concluded? Explain.
(a) 𝑅( 𝐴) = 𝑅(𝐵) (b) 𝑁 ( 𝐴) = 𝑁 (𝐵)
(c) The row space of 𝐴 is equal to the row space of 𝐵.
19. For 𝐴 ∈ F𝑚×𝑛 and 𝐵 ∈ F𝑛×𝑘 , prove: rank( 𝐴𝐵) ≤ min{rank( 𝐴), rank(𝐵)}.
20. In the following a basis 𝐵 for F3×1 and a vector 𝑢 ∈ F3×1 are given. Compute the coordinate vector [𝑢] 𝐵 .
(a) 𝐵 = {[0, 0, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 0, 0] 𝑡 , [0, 1, 0] 𝑡 }, 𝑢 = [1, 2, 3] 𝑡
(b) 𝐵 = {[0, 1, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 0, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 1, 0] 𝑡 }, 𝑢 = [2, 1, 3] 𝑡
(c) 𝐵 = {[1, 1, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 2, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 2, 3] 𝑡 }, 𝑢 = [3, 2, 1] 𝑡
1 1 1
 
21. Let 𝐴 = 1 2 2 . Consider the bases 𝐵 = {[1, 0, 1] 𝑡 , [0, 1, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 1, 0] 𝑡
1 2 3
 
and 𝐶 = {[1, 1, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 2, 1] 𝑡 , [1, 1, 0] 𝑡 } for F3×1 . Compute [ 𝐴] 𝐶,𝐵 and [ 𝐴] 𝐵,𝐶 in the following ways:
(a) by expressing 𝐴-images of the basis vectors of 𝐵 in terms of those of 𝐶 and vice versa.
(b) by computing the inverses of two matrices constructed from the basis vectors.
(c) by using the RREF conversion as mentioned in the text.
22. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ F𝑚×𝑛 , 𝐶 be a basis of F𝑛×1 , 𝐷 be a basis for F𝑚×1 , and let 𝛼 ∈ F. Show that [𝛼𝐴 + 𝐵] 𝐷,𝐶 =
𝛼[ 𝐴] 𝐷,𝐶 + [𝐵] 𝐷,𝐶 .
23. Construct a matrix 𝐴 ∈ R2×2 , a vector 𝑣 ∈ R2×1 , and a basis 𝐵 = {𝑢 1 , 𝑢 2 } for R2×1 satisfying [ 𝐴𝑣] 𝐵 ≠
𝐴[𝑣] 𝐵 .
 3 1 0
 
24. Let 𝐴 =  0 1 3 , 𝑉 = {[𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐] 𝑡 : 𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ R}, 𝐵 = {[0, 3, −2] 𝑡 , [2, −1, 0] 𝑡 }, and
−1 −1 −2
 
let 𝐶 = {[1, 1, −1] 𝑡 , [3, 0, −1] 𝑡 }.
(a) Show that 𝑉 is a 2-dimensional subspace of R3×1 .
(b) Show that 𝐴 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 defined by 𝐴(𝑣) = 𝐴𝑣 for 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 is a well defined function.
(c) Show that 𝐵 and 𝐶 are bases for 𝑉 .
(d) Extend the basis 𝐵 of 𝑉 to a basis 𝑂 for F3×1 .
(e) Extend the basis 𝐶 of 𝑉 to a basis 𝑁 for F3×1 .
(f) Find the change of basis matrix 𝐼 𝑁 ,𝑂 .
(g) Verify that [𝑣] 𝑁 = 𝐼 𝑁 ,𝑂 [𝑣] 𝑂 for 𝑣 = [−4, −1, 2] 𝑡 .
(h) Find the matrix [ 𝐴] 𝑁 ,𝑂 .
(i) Verify that [ 𝐴𝑣] 𝑁 = [ 𝐴] 𝑁 ,𝑂 [𝑣] 𝑂 for 𝑣 = [−4, −1, 2] 𝑡 .
25. In each of the following cases, show that 𝑇 is a linear transformation. Find the matrix 𝐴 so that 𝑇 (𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥.
Determine rank( 𝐴). And then construct the full rank factorization of 𝐴.
(a) 𝑇 : R3×1 → R2×1 , 𝑇 ( [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐] 𝑡 ) = [𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑎] 𝑡
(b) Let 𝑇 : R3×1 → R3×1 , 𝑇 ( [𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐] 𝑡 ) = [𝑎 + 𝑏, 2𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐] 𝑡
26. Which matrices are equivalent to, and which are similar to
(a) the zero matrix (b) the identity matrix?
27. Consider the bases 𝑂 = {𝑢1 , 𝑢 2 } and 2×1
 𝑁 = {𝑣 1 , 𝑣 2 } for F , where 𝑢 1 = [1, 1] , 𝑢 2 = [−1, 1] , 𝑣 1 = [2, 1] ,
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

−1 0
and 𝑣 2 = [1, 0] 𝑡 . Let 𝐴 = .
0 1

2
(a) Compute 𝑄 = [ 𝐴] 𝑂,𝑂 and 𝑅 = [ 𝐴] 𝑁 , 𝑁 .
(b) Find the change of basis matrix 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑁 ,𝑂 .
(c) Compute 𝑆 = 𝑃𝑄𝑃 −1 .
(d) Is it true that 𝑅 = 𝑆? Why?
(e) If 𝑆 = [𝑠𝑖 𝑗 ], verify that 𝐴𝑣 1 = 𝑠11 𝑣 1 + 𝑠21 𝑣 2 , 𝐴𝑣 2 = 𝑠12 𝑣 1 + 𝑠22 𝑣 2 .

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