A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
“AUTOMATED WATERING THE PLANTS USING ARDUINO”
Submitted to
MSBTE
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA
IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BY
1.MR. ERANDE PRATHAMESH RAMESH (23612390320)
2.MR. VARPE GAURAV NAVANATH (2216690069)
3.MR. GAVHANE NIKHIL HEMENT (2216690076)
4.MR. GOSAVI SAHIL GOKUL (23612390316)
5.MR. MOKAL YASH RAJENDRA (2216690080)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

(Prof. SOLASE P.R)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,
LOCATION IN GAUTAMNAGAR-423602
2024-2025

I
 A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“AUTOMATED WATERING THE PLANTS USING ARDUINO”

Submitted to
MSBTE
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BY
1.MR. ERANDE PRATHAMESH RAMESH (23612390320)
2.MR. VARPE GAURAV NAVANATH (2216690069)
3.MR. GAVHANE NIKHIL HEMENT (2216690076)
4.MR. GOSAVI SAHIL GOKUL (23612390316)
5.MR. MOKAL YASH RAJENDRA (2216690080)

UNDERTHE GUIDANCE OF

(Prof. SOLASE P.R)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,LOCATION
IN GAUTAMNAGAR– 423602
2024-2025
AFFILIATED TO

II
 GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,
Department of Electrical Engineering
LOCATION IN KOLPEWADI,GAUTAMNAGAR 423602

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project entitled

“AUTOMATED WATERING THE PLANTS USING ARDUINO”

SUBMITTED BY
1.MR. ERANDE PRATHAMESH RAMESH (23612390320)
2.MR. VARPE GAURAV NAVANATH (2216690069)
3.MR. GAVHANE NIKHIL HEMENT (2216690076)
4.MR. GOSAVI SAHIL GOKUL (23612390316)
5.MR. MOKAL YASH RAJENDRA (2216690080)
is a record of bonafide work carried out by them, in the partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the award of Diploma of Engineering ( Electrical
Engineering ) at GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE,
GAUTAMNAGAR under the University of MSBTE. This work is done
during year 2023-2024,under our guidance.

Date: / /

(Prof. SOLASE P.R) (Prof. Solase P.R )

Project Guide Project Coordinator

(Prof. SHINDE P.A) (Prof. BHARATI S.M) External Examiner

HOD, Electrical Department Principal

III
 ABSTRACT

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought revolution to each and every
field of common man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. IoT refers to a
network of things which make a self-configuring network. The development of Intelligent
Smart Farming IoT based devices is day by day turning the face of agriculture production by
not only enhancing it but also making it cost-effective and reducing wastage. The aim /
objective of this report is to propose IoT based Smart Farming System assisting farmers in
getting Live Data (Temperature, Soil Moisture) for efficient environment monitoring which
will enable them to increase their overall yield and quality of products. The IoT based Smart
Farming System being proposed via this report is integrated with Arduino Technology mixed
with different Sensors and a Wifi module producing live data feed that can be obtained
online from Thingsspeak.com. The product being proposed is tested on Live Agriculture
Fields giving high accuracy over 98% in data feeds.
The objective so fth is report is to proposed IoT based Smart Farming
System which will enable farmers to have live data of soil moisture environment temperature
at very low cost so that live monitoring can be done. The structure of the report is as follows
will cover over of overview of IoT Technology and agriculture-concepts and definition, IOT
enabling technologies, IOT application in agriculture, benefits of IOT in agriculture and IOT
and agriculture current scenario and future forecasts will cover definition of IOT based smart
farming system , the components and modules used in it and working principal of it. Will
cover algorithm and flowchart of the overall process carried out in the system and its final
graphical output consist of conclusion, future scope and references.

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CH.NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF FIGURES V
LIST OF ABBREVTION VI
LIST OF TABLE VII

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 IOT AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 1
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 2

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3

2.1 OVERVIEW 3
2.2 SURVEY OF PREVIOUS WORKS 3

3 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION 7

3.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT 7
3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 7

3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 8

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 9

4.1 ARDUINO UNO 9
4.1.1 ARDUINO 10
4.1.2 OVERVIEW 11
4.1.3 BASIC ARDUINO CODE DEFINITIONS 13
4.1.4 ARDUINO UNO PIN TYPE DEFINITIONS 14
4.1.5 BASIC ARDUINO PIN REFERENCE SHEET 15

4.2 SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS 16

4.2.1 AGRICULTURE 16
4.2.2 RESEARCH 16

4.2.3TECHNOLOGIES 17

4.3 DC MOTOR 17
4.3.1 DC MOTORS USAGES 17

IV
V
 4.3.2 TYPES OF DC MOTOR 17
4.4 RELAY 18
4.4.1 ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS 19
4.5 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY 24
4.5.1 TYPES IS RECHARGEABLE 25
4.5.2 APPLICATION 25
4.5.3 CHARGING&DISCHARING 26
4.5.4 RATE FOR DISCHARGING 26
4.5.5 LIFESPAN AND CYCLE STABILITY 27

5 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 27
5.1OVERVIEW 27
6 COMPONENTS LIST 28

7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 29

7.1 SUMMART 29
7.2 CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 30

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

RE.NO TITLE PAGENO

4.1 ARDUINO UNO 11

4.2 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 14
4.3 DC MOTOR 17
4.3a DC MOTOR PERFORMANCE 18
4.4 RELAY MODULE 21
4.5 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY 24
5.1.a PROJECT DESIGN 28
5.1.b OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT 30

VII
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

ABBREVIATION EXPANSION

IOT - Internet and Things

WSN - Wireless Sensor Network

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

WSU - Wireless Sensor Units

PTEEN - Periodic Threshold old sensitive Energy-Efficient sensor NetworkGPS-

Global Positioning System

USB - Universal Serial Bus

DC -Direct current

PWM - Pulse-width modulation

IDE - integrated development environment

FDR - Frequency Domain Reflectometry AC -

Alternative current

TDT - Time Domain Transmission

TDR - Time Domain Reflectometry

PCB - printed circuit

VIII
 List of Tables

S .no. Table Name Pg.no.

4.1.2 ARDINO UNO 11
4.1.4 ARDUINO UNO PIN TYPE 13

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 Automated Watering The Plants Using Arduino 2024-25

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Internet of things IOT consists of two words Internet and Things .The term things
in IOT refers to various IOT devices having unique identities and have capabilities to perform
remote sensing , actuating and live monitoring of certain sort of data.IOT devices are also
enable to have live exchange of data with other connected devices and application either directly
or indirectly , or collected data from other devices and process the data and send the data to
various servers. The other term internet is define as Global communication Network connecting
Trillions of computers across the planets enabling sharing of information .Thus the IOT can be
define as:”A dynamic Global Network Infrusture with self configuring capabilities based on
standard and inter operable communication to protocol where physical and virtual things have
identities, physical attributes ,and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces and are
seamlessly integrated into the information network ,often communicate data associated with user
and their environment.” An ideal IOT device consists of various interfaces for making
connectivity to other devices which can either be wired or wireless. Any IOT based device
consists of following components: • I/O interface for Sensors. • Interface for connecting to
Internet. • Interface for Memory and Storage.
• InterfaceforAudio/Vide

1.2 IOT AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

Internet of Things has a strong backbone of various enabling technologies- Wireless Sensor
Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and
Architectures, Protocols enabling communication, web services, Internet and Search Engines.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): It consists of various sensors/nodes which are integrated
together to monitor various sorts of data. Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing also known as on-
demand computing is a type of Internet based computing which provides shared processing
resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It can be in various forms like
IAAS, PAAS, SAAS, DAAS etc.

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Big Data Analytics: Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets containing
various forms of data types i.e. Big Data to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations,
market trends, customer preferences and other useful business information. Communication
Protocols: They form the backbone of IOT systems to enable connectivity and coupling to
applications and these protocols facilitate exchange of data over the network as these protocols
enable data exchange formats, data encoding and addressing. Embedded Systems: It is a sort of
computer system which consists of both hardware and software to perform specific tasks. It
includes microprocessor/microcontroller, RAM/ROM, networking components, I/O units and
storage devices

1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

DEFINITION IOT BASED SMART FARMING SYSTEM IOT based SMART FARMING
SYSTEM is regarded as IOT gadget focusing on Live Monitoring of Environmental data in
terms of Temperature, Moisture and other types depending on the sensors integrated with it. The
system provides the concept of Plug & Sense‖ in which farmers can directly implement smart
farming by as such putting the System on the field and getting Live Data feeds on various
devices like Smart Phones, Tablets etc. and the data generated via sensors can be easily shared
and viewed by agriculture consultants anywhere remotely via Cloud Computing technology
integration. The system also enables analysis of various sorts of data via Big Data Analytics from
time to time.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Overview
Irrigation is most important for high yield of the farm. Today, by using WSN technology it is
possible to monitor and control the environmental conditions as soil moisture, temperature, wind
speed, wind pressure, salinity, turbidity, humidity etc for irrigation. Automated irrigation performed
by using solenoid valve and pump. Solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve used with liquid
controller to control an electronic current through solenoid which is a coil of wire that uses to control
the state of the valve according to need of irrigation.

2.2 SURVEY OF PREVIOUS WORKS

M.Nesa Sudha et al., 2011 proposed a TDMA based MAC protocol used for collect data such as soil
moisture and temperature for optimum irrigation to save energy. MAC protocol plays an important
role to reduce energy consumption. Two methods used for energy efficiency as Direct
Communication method and aggregation method. Direct Communication method provides collision
free transmission of data, because all the sensor nodes send data directly to the base station without
the need of header node. This method is better where the base station is near but it is not optimum
where the base station is far because sensor nodes consume more energy during transmission of data
and if there is much data to the sensor node, sensor nodes quickly damaged. The data aggregation
method is better to use rather than direct communication method. The sensor node senses the data
and send to the head node. The head node collects data from the entire sensor node, performs
aggregation using various aggregation techniques, and then sends data to the base station. Thus by
using aggregation method overall energy consumption reduce of the network. The simulation result
show that aggregation method provide better performance rather than direct communication method.
It provides 10% increase in residual energy and 13% increase in throughput. Sensor nodes consume
more energy while transmitting data. AnujNayak et al., 2014 describe that sensor nodes batteries are
charged by using harnessing wind energy. A routing algorithm named DEHAR is proposed to extend
overall batteries power. The proposed method is efficient where the amount of sensor nodes very low
because of latency experienced due to synchronous sleep scheduling. A small band belt used to
harness wind energy to sensor nodes.

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Wind belt is aero elastic flutter, which is capable for harnessing wind energy. Harnessing wind
energy is a renewable energy source. However, the main problem using harnessing wind energy is
the unreliability as the power of the wind is not permanent.

Man Zhang et al., 2012 analysis the temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture for the
realization of variable irrigation and for improve yield in the farm. Temporal variability adopts the
changes of soil moisture at the place where the sensor nodes installed and analyze soil moisture
variation at different times according to season. Spatial variability analyses calculate all parameter of
soil moisture as average, maximum, minimum in whole area. The temporal variability curve has
drawn according to measure data. It showed that the corn was in severe water stress state during the
completely monitoring period.
Joaquin Gutierrez et al., 2013 proposed an irrigation system that uses photovoltaic solar panel to
power system because electric power supply would be expensive. For water saving purpose, an
algorithm developed with threshold value of temperature and soil moisture programmed into a micro
controller gateway. The system has a full duplex communication links based on internet cellular
interface using GPRS based on mobile data for graphically display and stored in a database
server.The automation irrigation system consists of two components were WSU and WIU. Wireless
Sensor Units (WSU) components were used for minimize power consumption because
microcontroller is well suited by its lower power current in sleep mode. Wireless Information Unit
(WIU) transmits soil moisture and temperature data to a web server using GPRS module. The WIU
identify recorded and analyzed received temperature and soil moisture data collected by WSU.
WIU functionality is bases on microcontroller that programmed to perform different task as to
download the date and time information from web server and compare the temperature and soil
moisture value with maximum soil moisture and minimum temperature value so
that irrigated pumps activated.

SherineM.AbdEl-kader et al., 2013 proposed APTEEN (Periodic Threshold oldsensitive Energy-

Efficient sensor Network) protocol. APTEEN is a Hierarchical based routing protocol in which nodes
have grouped into clusters. Each cluster has a head node and head node is responsible for broadcast
data to the base station.

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APTEEN broadcast parameters attribute, which is a set of physical parameters, in which the user is
interested to obtain info, Thresholds value as Hard Threshold and Soft Threshold, Schedule as
TDMA schedule uses to assign slots to save energy, which provide collision free transmission. It
controls the energy consumption by changing threshold values and count time. The performance of
proposed protocol is better than LEACH on average 79% and by LEACH-C on average 112%.

B. Balaji Bhan et al., 2014 proposed a system to develop WSN based soil moisture controllers that
determine the water requirement by comparing soil moisture with predefined threshold value. An
intelligent remote system consists of wireless sensor nodes and computer system in which data is
transmitted to a server system from where the data accessed by individuals for decision making for
automated control of irrigation for the yield productivity. Field validation tests routinely performed
on different soils to measure the soil moisture, water amount in soil for efficient irrigation system. If
the stored data does not match with the soilmeasured data, an interrupt sent to the pressure unit and
stop irrigation automatically.

SbrineKhriji et al., 2014 describe different type of sensor nodes for real monitoring and control of
irrigation system. Each node consists of B mote and actuator. TelosB mote is an ultralow power
wireless module for monitoring applications. Soil nodes used to measure the soil moisture weather
nodes used to measure environmental parameter and actuator used for controlling the opening of
valves for irrigation. The system has cost efficient and reduce the power consumption The
experimental result shows that the plants are well irrigate and if there is any change in threshold
value the system alert to farmer about the problem to take the appropriate decision.

Yunseop Kim et al., 2008 represents real time monitoring and control of variable rate irrigation
controller. The sensor nodes measure environmental parameter and transmit data to base station
where base station process data through a user-friendly decision making program and all data
commands send to irrigation control station. The Irrigation control station sends machine location
using GPS to the base station, send control signal back to irrigation control

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The plug and play capabilities enabled by the developed WSN platform allow for integration of any
commercially available water quality sensors. PSOC plug and play system capable of transmitted data to
the sensor that processed data for transmission to the web.

Joaquin Gutierrez et al., 2015 represents that the sensors use Smartphone to capture and process images
of soils. Images can be capture to estimate the water content of the soil. The router node is used to
forward collected values to the gateway that provide automatically pump the water to the crop in a field.
An Android app used for connectivity such as Wi-Fi. Android app wakes up the Smartphone by using
given parameters. In-built camera takes an RGB picture of the soil through an anti-reflective glass
window to take estimation of wet and dry area. The mobile app enables the Wi- Fi connection of
Smartphone to transmit the estimation value to the gateway via a router node for control an irrigation
water .

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CHAPTER-3
Aim & Scope
3.1 Aim of the project:
Since nowadays, in the age of advanced technology and electronics, the life style of the human
should me smart, simpler, easier and much more convenient. So, therefore; there is a need for many
automated systems in human’s daily life routine to reduce their daily activities and jobs. Here an idea
of one such system named as automatic plant watering system is very useful. As many people are
facing a lot of problem watering the plants in the garden, especially when they away from the home.
This model uses sensor technologies with microcontroller in order to make a smart switching device
to help millions of people.
In its most basic form, system is programmed in such a way that soil moisture sensor which senses
the moisture level from the plant at particular instance of time, if moisture level of the sensor is less
than the specified value of threshold which is predefined according to the particular plant than the
desired amount of water is supplied to plant till it’s moisture level reaches to the predefined threshold
value. System involves humidity and temperature sensor which keep tracks the current atmosphere of
the system and has an influence when watering happens. Solenoid valve will control the
water flow in the system, when Arduino reads value from moisture sensor it triggers the solenoid
valve according to the desired condition.

3.2 Existing System

During day to day activities many people often forget to water their plants and thus it becomes
challenging for them to keep their plants healthy and alive. Also it is a challenge for farmers to
maintain their fields and manage watering of plants during shortage of water. Based on the above
background, we thought that it is necessary to implement the automated system which will take care
of plants. In the existing system we can’t automatically water the plants and we need to be there at
every situation in order to detect the moisture of soil which is burden to us and time taking process

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3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Automatic watering of plants is based on Internet Of Things(IOT).In this proposed system we use
Arduino uno software and hardware, Soil moisture sensor, Rechargable Battery, Relay Module, Dc
motor. The sensors automatically checks the soil moisture and based on some threshold value if soil is
dry then it waters the plant and if soil is wet which is more than threshold value then is stops watering
the plants.

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CHAPTER-4 MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1 ARDUINO R3

Fig:4.1 :arduino uno

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board it has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connec-tion, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It con-tains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simp- ly connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started

4.1.1 ARDUINO

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world than your
desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller
board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.Arduino can be used to develop
interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights,
motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects can be stand- alone, or they can communicate with
software running on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by
hand or purchased preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.

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There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp

Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than
$50
Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating
systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environmentis easy- to-
use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For
teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students
learning to program in that environment will be familiar with the look and feel of Arduino
Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software is published as open
source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded
through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap
from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add
AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and
ATMEGA168/ATMEGA2560 microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard
version of the modulein order to understand how it works and save money.

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4.1.2 OVERVIEW:-

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of
which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter
or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing
something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE)
1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino,
now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the
Arduino index of boards. You can find here your board warranty informations. Getting StartedYou can
find in the Getting Started section all the information you need to configure your board, use the
Arduino Software (IDE), and start tinker with coding and electronics.
Need Help?

 On the Software on the Arduino Forum

 On Projects on the Arduino Forum
 On the Product itself through our Customer Support

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Table no:4.1.2:ARDINO UNO

Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328P)
Flash Memory
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
25 g
Weight

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4.1.3 BASIC ARDUINO CODE DEFINITIONS:

int water; //random variable void

setup() {
pinMode(3,OUTPUT); //output pin for relay board, this will sent signal to the relay
pinMode(6,INPUT); //input pin coming from soil sensor
}

void loop() {
water = digitalRead(6); // reading the coming signal from the soil sensor if(water
== HIGH) // if water level is full then cut the relay
{
digitalWrite(3,LOW); // low is to cut the relay
}
else
{
digitalWrite(3,HIGH); //high to continue proving signal and water supply
}
delay(400);
}
input: A pin mode that intakes information.

output: A pin mode that sends information.

HIGH: Electrical signal present (5V for Uno). Also ON or True in boolean logic. LOW:
No electrical signal present (0V). Also OFF or False in boolean logic. digitalRead: Get a
HIGH or LOW reading from a pin already declared as an input. digitalWrite: Assign a
HIGH or LOW value to a pin already declared as an output.
analogRead: Get a value between or including 0 (LOW) and 1023 (HIGH). This allows you
to get readings from analog sensors or interfaces that have more than two states.

analogWrite: Assign a value between or including 0 (LOW) and 255 (HIGH).

Thisallows you to set output to a PWM value instead of just HIGH or LOW.

PWM: Stands for Pulse-Width Modulation, a method of emulating an analog signal through
a digital pin. A value between or including 0 and 255. Used with analogWrite.

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4.1.4 ARDUINO UNO PIN TYPE DEFINITIONS: (TAKE A LOOK AT YOUR

ARDUINOBOARD)

Reset 3v3 5v Gnd Vin Analog In RX/TX Digital PWM(~) AREF

Resets 3.3 5 Ground Voltage Analog Serial Input or Digital External

Arduino volts volts in for inputs, comm. output, pins with reference
sketch in in sources can also Receive HIGH or output voltage
on board and and over 7V be used as and LOW option of used for
out out (9V - Digital Transmit PWM analog
12V)
Table no.-4.1.4 uno pin Type

4.1.5 BASIC ARDUINO PIN REFERENCE SHEET

These boards below use the same micro-controller, just in a different package. The Lilypad is
designed for use with conductive thread instead of wire and the Arduino Mini issimply a
smaller package without the USB, Barrel Jack and Power Outs. Other boardsin the

Together a voltage divider:-

It's really pretty easy. Here is a schematic and explanation detailing how

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4.2 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Fig :4.2 Soil moisture sensor

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the direct gravimetric
measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighing of a sample, soil moisture
sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectlyby using some other property of the soil, such as
electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content.
The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary
depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity. Reflected
microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote sensing in hydrology and
agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used byfarmers or gardeners.
Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric water content. Another class of
sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called water potential; these sensors are usually
referred to as soil water potential sensors and include tensiometers and gypsum blocks.
A resistive soil moisture sensor works by using the relationship between electrical resistance and water
content to gauge the moisture levels of the soil. You'll observe these sensors to possess two exposed
probes that are inserted directly into the soil sample.
A soil moisture sensor is a device that measures current soil moisture. Sensors integrated

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into the irrigation system aid in scheduling water supply and distribution much more efficiently. Such
gauges help to reduce or enhance irrigation for optimum plant growth.
Tensiometers are soil moisture sensors that measure this tension between soil particles and water
molecules. In order for plants to access this water they must overcome the tension to draw water
molecules away from the soil particles and into their roots.

4.2.1 AGRICULTURE

Measuring soil moisture is important for agricultural applications to help farmers manage their
irrigation systems more efficiently. Knowing the exact soil moisture conditions on their fields, not
only are farmers able to generally use less water to grow a crop, they are also able to increase yields
and the quality of the crop by improved management of soil moisture during critical plant growth
stages.

In urban and suburban areas, landscapes and residential lawns are using soil moisture sensors to interface
with an irrigation controller. Connecting a soil moisture sensor to a simple irrigation clock will convert it
into a "smart" irrigation controller that prevents irrigation cycles when the soil is already wet, e.g.
following a recent rainfall event.

Golf courses are using soil moisture sensors to increase the efficiency of their irrigation systems to
prevent over-watering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals into the ground.

4.2.2 RESEARCH

Soil moisture sensors are used in numerous research applications, e.g. in agricultural science and
horticulture including irrigation planning, climate research, or environmental science including solute
transport studies and as auxiliary sensors for soilrespiration measurements

Simple sensors for gardeners.Relatively cheap and simple devices that do not require a power source
are available for checking whether plants have sufficient moisture to thrive. After inserting a probe
into the soil for approximately 60 seconds, a meter
indicates if the soil is too dry, moist or wet for plants.

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4.2.3 TECHNOLOGIES

Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR): The dielectric constant of a certain volume element around
the sensor is obtained by measuring the operating frequency of an oscillating circuit.

Time Domain Transmission (TDT) and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR): The dielectric constant of a
certain volume element around the sensor is obtained by measuring the speed of propagation along a
buried transmission line; (see also: TDR moisture sensor)

Neutron moisture gauges: The moderator properties of water for neutrons are utilized to estimate soil
moisture content between a source and detector probe.

Soil resistivity: Measuring how strongly the soil resists the flow of electricity between two electrodes
can be used to determine the soil moisture content.

Galvanic cell: The amount of water present can be determined based on the voltage the soil produces
because water acts as an electrolyte and produces electricity. The technology behind this concept is the
galvanic cell

Soil moisture sensor work:-

A small charge is placed on the electrodes and electrical resistance through the sensor ismeasured. As
water is used by plants or as the soil moisture decreases, water is drawn from the sensor and resistance
increases. Conversely, as soil moisture increases, resistance decreases.

Used in soil moisture:-

meter soil moisture sensors use high-frequency capacitance technology to measure thevolumetric water
content of the soil, meaning they measure the quantity of water on a volume basis compared to the total
volume of the soil.

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4.3 RELAY MODULE

Fig : 4.4 RELAY MODULE

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple
control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in
multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.

Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph
circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on
another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.

The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other operating
principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor properties for
control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes
multiple operating coils are used to

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protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called protective relays

Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch persistently. Another
pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity, resets the switch,
while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful in
applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the relay is controlling.

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core (a solenoid), an
iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or
more sets of contacts (there are two contacts in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke
and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. The armature is held in place by a spring
so that when the relay is de- energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of
the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have
more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire
connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts
on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB)via the yoke, which is soldered to
the PCB.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the
armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending
upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was
de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the
contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided
by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured
to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current
application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode or resistor is often placed across the coil to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would

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otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Such diodes were
not widely used before the application of transistors as relay drivers, but soon became ubiquitous as early
germanium transistors were easily destroyed by this surge. Some automotive relays include a diode
inside the relay case. Resistors, while more durable than diodes, are less efficient at eliminating voltage
spikes generated by relaysand therefore not as commonly used.

If the relay is driving a large, or especially a reactive load, there may be a similar problem of surge
currents around the relay output contacts. In this case a snubber circuit (a capacitor and resistor in series)
across the contacts may absorb the surge. Suitably rated capacitors and the associated resistor are sold as
a single packaged component for this commonplaceuse.

If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some method is used to split the flux
into two out-of-phase components which add together, increasing the minimum pull on the armature
during the AC cycle. Typically this is done with a small copper "shading ring" crimped around a portion
of the core that creates the delayed, out-of-phase component which holds the contacts during the zero
crossings of the control voltage.

Contact materials for relays vary by application. Materials with low contact resistance may be oxidized
by the air, or may tend to "stick" instead of cleanly parting when opening. Contact material may be
optimized for low electrical resistance, high strength to withstand repeated operations, or high capacity
to withstand the heat of an arc. Where very low resistance is required, or low thermally-induced voltages
are desired, gold-plated contacts may be used, along with palladium and other non-oxidizing, semi-
precious metals. Silver or silver-plated contacts are used for signal switching. Mercury-wetted relays
make and break circuits using a thin, self-renewing film of liquid mercury. For higher-power relays
switching many amperes, such as motor circuit contactors, contacts are made with a mixtures of silver
and cadmium oxide, providing low contact resistance and high resistance to the heat of arcing. Contacts
used in circuits carrying scores or hundreds of amperes may include additional structures for heat
dissipation and management of the arc produced when interrupting the circuit. Some relays have field-
replaceable contacts, such as certain machine tool relays; these may be replaced when worn out, or
changed between normally
open and normally closed state, to allow for changes in the controlled circuit

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4.3.1 RELAY MODULE:-

The relay module is an electrically operated switch that can be turned on or off deciding to let current
flow through or not. They are designed to be controlled with low voltages like 3.3V like the ESP32,
ESP8266, etc, or 5V like your Arduino.Converting a small electrical input into a high-current output is
no easy feat, but this task is necessary to efficiently operate a wide range of standard appliances and
vehicles. Many circuits achieve these conversions through the use of relays, which are indispensable in
all kinds of electronic equipment.Relays are normally used in the control panels, manufacturing and
building automation to control the power along with switching the smaller current values in a control
circuit.

4.3.2 ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS

Simple and effective operation. The operating principle of a relay is really simple. ...
Circuit multiplication. Relays can switch many contacts at once. ...
Galvanic isolation. ... Voltage
conversion. ... Accessory
options. ...
AC or DC contact switching. ... Compact
size and low cost. ... Terminal connection.

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4.4 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY / CHARGER

Fig:4.5 Rechargeable battery

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell (formally a type of energy accumulator), is a
type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as
opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use.
It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it
accumulates and stores energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are
produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected
to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials
and electrolytes are used, including lead–acid, zinc–air, nickel– cadmium (NiCd), nickel–metal hydride
(NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion
polymer).

Rechargeable batteries typically initially cost more than disposable batteries, but have a much lower total
cost of ownership and environmental impact, as they can be recharged inexpensively many times before
they need replacing. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes and voltages as
disposable types, and can be used interchangeably with them.

Billions of dollars in research are being investedaround the world for improving batteries and industry
also focuses on building better batteries.

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RECHARGEABLE BATTERY:-

A rechargeable battery is an energy storage device that can be charged again after beingdischarged by
applying DC current to its terminals.

4.4.1 TYPESIS RECHARGEABLE:-

Common types of rechargeable batteries are lead-acid, nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel- metal
hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), lithium-ion polymer (LiPo), and rechargeable alkaline
batteries.

4.4.2 APPLICATION:

Devices which use rechargeable batteries include automobile starters, portable consumer devices, light
vehicles (such as motorized wheelchairs,golf carts, electrical bicycles, and electric forklifts) road vehicles
(cars, vans, trucks, motorbikes), trains, small airplanes, tools, uninterruptible power supplies, and battery
storage power stations. Emerging applications in hybrid internal combustion- battery and electric
vehicles drive the technology to reduce cost, weight, and size, and increase lifetime.

Older rechargeable batteries self-discharge relatively rapidly, and require charging before first use; some
newer low self-discharge NiMH batteries hold their charge for many months, and are typically sold
factory-charged to about 70% of their rated capacity.

Battery storage power stations use rechargeable batteries for load-leveling (storing electric energy at
times of low demand for use during peak periods) and for renewable energy uses (such as storing power
generated from photovoltaic arrays during the day to be used at night). Load-leveling reduces the
maximum power which a plant must be able to generate, reducing capital cost and the need for peaking
power plants.

Small rechargeable batteries can power portable electronic devices, power tools, appliances, and so on.
Heavy-duty batteries power electric vehicles, ranging from scooters to locomotives and ships. They
areusedin distributedelectricitygeneration and in stand-alone power systems.

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4.4.3 CHARGING&DISCHARING.

During charging, the positive active material is oxidized, producing electrons, and the negative material
is reduced, consuming electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit.
The electrolyte may serve as a simple buffer for internal ion flow between the electrodes, as in lithium-
ion and nickel-cadmium cells, or it may be an active participant in the electrochemical reaction, as in
lead–acid cells.

The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains
electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet. The voltage of the
source must be higher than that of the battery to force current to flow into it, but not too much higher or
the battery may be damaged.

Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a battery. Slow "dumb" chargers without
voltage or temperature-sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours or more to
reach a full charge. Rapid chargers can typically charge cells in two to five hours, depending on the
model, with the fastest taking as little as fifteen minutes. Fast chargers must have multiple ways of
detecting when a cell reaches full charge (change in terminal voltage, temperature, etc.) to stop
charging before harmful overcharging or overheating occurs. The fastest chargers often incorporate
cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating. Battery packs intended for rapid charging may include a
temperature sensor that the charger uses to protect the pack; the sensor will have one or more additional
electrical contacts.

Different battery chemistries require different charging schemes. For example, some battery types can be
safely recharged from a constant voltage source. Other types need to be charged with a regulated current
source that tapers as the battery reaches fully charged voltage. Charging a battery incorrectly can damage
a battery; in extreme cases, batteries can overheat, catch fire, or explosively vent their contents.

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4.4.4 Rate for discharging

Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by referencing a "C" rate of current. The
C rate is that which would theoretically fully charge or discharge the battery in one hour. For
example, trickle charging might be performed at C/20 (or a "20- hour" rate), while typical charging
and discharging may occur at C/2 (two hours for full capacity). The available capacity of
electrochemical cells varies depending on the discharge rate. Some energy is lost in the internal
resistance of cell components (plates, electrolyte, interconnections), and the rate of discharge is
limited by the speed at which chemicals in the cell can move about. For lead-acid cells, the
relationship between time and discharge rate is described by Peukert's law; a lead-acid cell that can
no longer sustain a usable terminal voltage at a high current may still have usable capacity, if
discharged at a much lower rate. Data sheets for rechargeable cells often list the discharge capacity
on 8-hour or 20-hour or other stated time; cells for uninterruptible power supply systems may
be rated at 15-minute discharge.

4.4.5 Lifespan and cycle stability

If batteries are used repeatedly even without mistreatment, they lose capacity as the number of charge
cycles increases, until they are eventually considered to have reached the end of their useful life.
Different battery systems have differing mechanisms for wearing out. For example, in lead-acid
batteries, not all the active material is restored to the plates on each charge/discharge cycle;
eventually enough material is lost that the battery capacity is reduced. In lithium-ion types, especially
on deep discharge, some reactive lithium metal can be formed on charging, which is no longer
available to participate in the next discharge cycle. Sealed batteries may lose moisture from their
liquid electrolyte, especially if overcharged or operated at high temperature.

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CHAPTER -5

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

5.1 OVERVIEW

Whenever me and my family go for vacations, I used to get worried about my plants because they
need water on regular basis. I gone through several options to solve this problem as plants need water
according to the moisture level of soil. So I have made Automatic Plant Watering System Using
Arduino UNO.

In this system, soil moisture sensor senses the moisture level of the soil. If soil will get dry then
sensor senses low moisture level and automatically switches on the water pump to supply water
to the plant. As plant get sufficient water and soil get wet then sensor senses enough moisture in soil.
After which the water pump will automatically getstopped.

I have used a self made water pump in this system using 5 volt DC motor. I could use 12 volt water
pump in the system but to operate this, it will require a relay module. So, to reduce all these
hardware complexity, I made DC motor based water pump using diode,transistor and
registerscombinedcircuitwhichoperatesDCmotoraccordingtotheArduinocode.
Fig 5.1 Proposed Diagram

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5.2 CIRCIT DIGRAM

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CHAPTER- 6

Components List

Components List

Component Quantity Approx. Price (INR)

Arduino R3 1 ₹ 1800

12V Submersible Pump 1 ₹ 1000

5V Relay Module 1 ₹ 50

Soil Moisture Sensor 1 ₹ 450

12V 2A Adapter 1 ₹ 750

Plywood (1x1 ft) 1 ₹ 150

Jumper Wires (Male-Female) 10-15 ₹ 100

PVC Pipe & Fittings - ₹ 50

Misc. (Glue, Nuts, Bolts) - ₹ 100

Coding Assembly - ₹ 3500

Total - 8000

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CHAPTER-7

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

7.1 SUMMARY

Soil Moisture has been proposed using Arduino and

Cloud Computing.The System has high efficiency and accuracy in fetching the live data of
temperature and soil moisture. The IoT based smart farming System being proposed via this report
will assist farmers in increasing the agriculture yield and take efficient care of food production as the
System will always provide helping hand to farmers for getting accurate live feed of environmental
temperature and soil moisture with more than 99% accurate results
7.2 CONCLUSION
An automatic plant irrigation system using Arduino is designed in this project. The prototype of the
model worked properly when tested on different soils. The components that we use in the system are
readily available and easy to operate. Thus, this system acts as an effectual method of irrigation. It
is far better than the manual irrigation process which requires a lot of manpower and time. By using
the app, the farmer can operate the system from distant places. The farmer can utilize this time in
other significant activities. Also, the major issue of water scarcity is dealt with. No amount of water
is wasted in the process of irrigation.
Thus, this system can be very useful in areas where water is in short supply. As the required amount
of water is provided to the crop, the crop growth is better. Farmers can thus benefit from the
enhanced crop yields. The project is tested for different types of soils and it works properly. The
future work of the system can include the addition of temperature sensors and a more powerful
motor to pump water to the fields. Thus, the large-scale implementation of the project can also be
done.

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CHAPTER 8
8. REFERENCES

i. Akyildiz I. F, WeilianSu, SankarasubramaniamY. and Cayirci E, "A survey on sensor

networks," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102-114.

ii. Abu-El Magad M, KamelE "Economic assessment of an irrigation canal automation and
control project," Intelligent Control, 1997. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International
Symposium on, Istanbul, 1997, pp. 205-208.

iii. Ahmed and Ladhake, "Design of Ultra Low Cost Cell Phone Based Embedded System for
Irrigation," Machine Vision and Human-Machine Interface (MVHI), 2010 International
Conference on, Kaifeng, China, 2010, pp. 718-721.

iv. Baviskar, Mulla, Baviskar, Dsouza and M. Khan, "Designing of mobile controlled
automatic Interactive Voice Response irrigation system," Recent Advances and Innovations
in Engineering (ICRAIE), 2014, Jaipur, 2014, pp. 1-6.

v. Doddapanen K, OmondiF. A., E. Ever, P. Shah, O. Gemikonakli and R. Gagliardi,

"Deployment Challenges and Developments in Wireless Sensor Networks Clustering,"
Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2014 28th
International Conference on, Victoria, BC, 2014, pp. 227-232.

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