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Calc 2 notes

The document contains notes on Calculus 2, covering techniques of integration, improper integrals, infinite series, parametric equations, polar coordinates, and differential equations. Key topics include basic integration rules, convergence tests for series, and methods for solving differential equations. Each unit provides essential formulas and concepts necessary for understanding advanced calculus topics.

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lincolnj200212
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2 views

Calc 2 notes

The document contains notes on Calculus 2, covering techniques of integration, improper integrals, infinite series, parametric equations, polar coordinates, and differential equations. Key topics include basic integration rules, convergence tests for series, and methods for solving differential equations. Each unit provides essential formulas and concepts necessary for understanding advanced calculus topics.

Uploaded by

lincolnj200212
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus 2 Notes

Unit 1: Techniques of Integration

Basic Integration Rules

●​ Integral of x^n dx = x^(n+1) divided by (n+1) plus C, for n not equal to -1​

●​ Integral of 1 over x dx = ln absolute value of x plus C​

●​ Integral of e^x dx = e^x plus C​

●​ Integral of a^x dx = a^x divided by ln a plus C​

Trigonometric Integrals

●​ Integral of sin(x) dx = -cos(x) plus C​

●​ Integral of cos(x) dx = sin(x) plus C​

●​ Integral of sec^2(x) dx = tan(x) plus C​

●​ Integral of csc^2(x) dx = -cot(x) plus C​

●​ Integral of sec(x) tan(x) dx = sec(x) plus C​

●​ Integral of csc(x) cot(x) dx = -csc(x) plus C​

Integration by Parts

●​ Integral of u dv = u * v minus Integral of v du​

Trigonometric Substitution

●​ Use x = a sin(theta), x = a tan(theta), or x = a sec(theta) depending on the expression​

●​ Replace with trig identity, integrate, then substitute back​

Partial Fractions
●​ Used when integrating rational functions​

●​ Decompose the fraction before integrating​

Unit 2: Improper Integrals

●​ If the interval is infinite or the integrand has a discontinuity, evaluate the limit​

○​ Example: Integral from a to infinity of f(x) dx = limit as t approaches infinity of


Integral from a to t of f(x) dx​

Unit 3: Infinite Series

Convergence Tests

●​ n-th Term Test: If limit of a_n is not 0, series diverges​

●​ Geometric Series: a * r^n converges if absolute value of r < 1​

●​ p-Series: 1 over n^p converges if p > 1​

●​ Integral Test: Compare with an improper integral​

●​ Comparison Test: Compare with a known series​

●​ Limit Comparison Test: Use limit of a_n divided by b_n​

●​ Ratio Test: lim absolute value of a_(n+1) over a_n​

○​ If less than 1, converges; if greater than 1, diverges​

●​ Alternating Series Test:​

○​ Converges if terms decrease and limit is 0​

Taylor and Maclaurin Series

●​ f(x) = sum from n=0 to infinity of f^(n)(a) over n! times (x - a)^n​


●​ Maclaurin is when a = 0​

●​ Common Maclaurin Series:​

○​ e^x = sum of x^n over n!​

○​ sin(x) = sum of (-1)^n x^(2n+1) over (2n+1)!​

○​ cos(x) = sum of (-1)^n x^(2n) over (2n)!​

○​ 1 over (1 - x) = sum of x^n​

Interval and Radius of Convergence

●​ Use Ratio Test to find radius​

●​ Test endpoints separately for interval​

Unit 4: Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

Parametric Equations

●​ x = f(t), y = g(t)​

●​ dx over dt = f prime(t), dy over dt = g prime(t)​

●​ dy over dx = (dy over dt) divided by (dx over dt)​

●​ Arc Length = integral from a to b of square root of [(dx over dt)^2 plus (dy over dt)^2] dt​

Polar Coordinates

●​ x = r cos(theta), y = r sin(theta)​

●​ r^2 = x^2 plus y^2​

●​ Area under polar curve: (1 over 2) times integral from a to b of [r(theta)]^2 d theta​

●​ Slope of tangent:​
○​ dy over dx = (dr over d theta * sin(theta) plus r * cos(theta)) divided by (dr over d
theta * cos(theta) minus r * sin(theta))​

Unit 5: Differential Equations and Modeling

●​ Separable Differential Equations:​

○​ dy over dx = f(x) * g(y)​

○​ Separate and integrate both sides​

●​ Logistic Growth Model:​

○​ dP over dt = r * P * (1 - P over K)​

○​ Solution: P(t) = K divided by [1 plus A * e^(-r * t)] where A = (K - P_0) over P_0​

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