PHYS 1441 – Section 004

Lecture #9 Dynamics
Monday, February 12, 2007

• Chapter four: Newton’s Laws of

Motion
– Newton’s First Law of Motion
– Newton’s Second Law of Motion
– Newton’s Third Law of Motion
– Gravitational Force
– Solving problems using Newton’s Laws

Monday February 12, 1

2007
Newton’s Third Law (Law of Action
and Reaction)
If two objects interact, the force, F21, exerted
on object 1 by object 2 is equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction to the force, F12,
exerted on objectF21 1 by object 2.
F12
F 12 = − F 21
The action force is equal in magnitude to the
reaction force but in opposite direction. These
two forces always act on different objects.
What is the reaction The force exerted by
force to the force of a the ground when it
free fall object? completed the motion.
Stationary objects on top of a table has a
reaction force (normal force) from table to
balance
Monday the
February 12, action force, the gravitational force. 2
2007
 Example of Newton’s 3rd Law
A large man and a small boy stand facing each other on
frictionless ice. They put their hands together and push against
each other so that they move apart. a) Who moves away with the
higher speed and by how much?
F 12 =−F 21 F 12 = F 21 = F
ur r
F 12  ma b F 12 x  mabx F 12 y  maby  0
F12 ur r
F 21  M a M F 21x  MaMx F 21 y  MaMy  0
ur ur ur ur F M
abx   aMx
F 12   F 21 F 12   F 21  F
m m
F21=-F12
M m vMxf  vMxi  aMxt  aMx t
M M
vbxf  vbxi  abxt  abxt  aMxt = vMxf
b) Who moves farther m m
while their hands are ∴vbxf 〉vMxf if M 〉m by the ratio of the masses
in contact? 1 M M
Given in the same time interval, xb = vbxf t + a bx t 2
= v Mxf t + a Mx t 2

2 m 2m
since the boy has higher
M 1 2  M
acceleration and thereby higher xb   vMxf t  aMx t   m xM
m 2 
speed, he moves farther than the
man.
Monday February 12, 3
2007
 Some Basic Information
n Newton’s laws are applied, external forces are only of inter

Because, as described in Newton’s first law,

Why?
an object will keep its current motion unless
non-zero net external force is applied.
Reaction force that reacts to
Normal Force, n: gravitational force due to the
surface structure of an object.
Its direction is perpendicular to
Tension, T: The reactionary force by a
the surface.
stringy object against an
external force exerted on it.
A graphical tool which is a diagram
Free-body of external forces on an object
diagram and is extremely useful analyzing
forces and motion!! Drawn only on
Monday February 12, 4
2007 one object at a time.
 Free Body Diagrams and Solving
• Free-body diagram:Problems
A diagram of vector forces acting on an
object
⇒ A great tool to solve a problem using forces or using dynamics
– Select object in a system and isolate it from the others
– Identify all the forces acting only on the selected object
– Choose a reference frame with positive and negative axes
specified
– Draw arrows to represent the force vectors on the selected
object
– Write down net force vector equation
– Write down the forces in components to solve the problems FN
⇒ F N matter
No Which
whichone
onewould you like
we choose to select
to draw to drawon, the
the diagram
M results should be the same, as long as they are from the sameF G = M g
FBD?
motion: weWhatmust
do solve all simulatneously
you think are the forces acting on
FG = M g
Gravitational force A force supporting the object
this object?
exerted by the floor
Which one would you like to select to draw FT
FBD?
FT
What do you think are the forces acting on this FG = M g
FN Gravitational force The force pulling the elevator
elevator?
Me (Tension)
What about the box in the elevator?Gravitati Norm FN
m onal al
Monday February 12,
FG = M g force F5BG = m g
2007 F GB = m g force
 Applications of Newton’s
Laws
uppose you are pulling a box on frictionless ice, using a rope.
What are the forces
being exerted on the
M T box?
Gravitational
force: Fg
n= -Fg Normal
Free- force: n
body T Tension
diagra force: ∑ T F = T = Ma a =
T
m -F
n= Total force: x x M
x

g
Fg=Mg F=Fg+n+T ∑ F = − F + n = Ma = 0 a = 0
y g y y

T =T
v xf = v xi + a xt = v + T t
If T is a xi
M 
Fg=Mg constant 1T 
∆x = x f − xi = v t + 2  M t
xi
2

 
force, ax, is
Monday February 12, What happened to the motion in 6
2007 constant y-direction?
 Example of Using
Newton’s Laws
A traffic light weighing 125 N hangs from a cable tied
to two other cables fastened to a support. The upper
cables make angles of 37.0o and 53.0o with the
horizontal. Find the tension in the
y three cables.
37o 53o
T1 T2
Free-body 37o 53o
Diagram x
T3
ur ur ur ur r
F  T 1  T 2  T 3  ma  0 Newton’s 2nd law
cos  53 
− T1 cos(37 ) + T2 cos(53 ) = 0
x-comp. i =3 o

of net Fx = ∑
 
Tix = 0  T  T 0.754T
cos  37 
1 2 2
o
i =1
force
y-comp. i =3
Fy = ∑Tiy = 0
   
T1 sin 37o  T2 sin 53o  mg  0
of net i =1
[ ( ) ( )]
T2 sin 53 + 0.754 × sin 37  = 1.25T2 = 125 N
force
T2  100 N ; T1  0.754T2  75.4 N
Monday February 12, 7
2007
 Example w/o Friction
A crate of mass M is placed on a frictionless inclined
plane of angle θ.
ya) yDetermine the acceleration of the crate after it is
released. y F = Fg + n = m a
n
M a Fx = Ma x = Fgx = Mg sin θ
x n
xd Free-body
x a x = g sin θ
Fg θ Diagram
F= -Mg Fy = Ma y = n − Fgy = n − mg cos θ = 0

θ
Supposed the crate was 1 2 1 2d
d = ix
v t + a x t = g sin θ t 2 ∴ t =
released at the top of the 2 2 g sin θ
incline, and the length of the
incline is d. How long does it 2d
take for the crate to reach the v xf = vix + a xt = g sin θ = 2dg sin θ
g sin θ
bottom and what is its speed
at the bottom? ∴ v xf = 2dg sin θ
Monday February 12, 8
2007
 Forces of Friction
Resistive force exerted on a moving object due to
viscosity or other types frictional property of the
medium
These in or surface
forces on which
are either the object
proportional to moves.
velocity or normal force
Force of static The resistive force exerted on
friction, fs: the object until just before the
Empiri
f ≤µ n beginning ofFrictional
What does
its movement
force
s s
cal
this formula increases till it
Formul
tell you? reaches to the limit!!
a Beyond the limit, there is no more static frictional
force but kinetic frictional force takes it over.

Force of kinetic friction, fThe

k resistive force exerted on
f k = µk n the object during its movement

Monday February 12, 9

2007
 Example w/ Friction
Suppose a block is placed on a rough surface inclined
relative to the horizontal. The inclination angle is increased
till the block starts to move. Show that by measuring this
y
critical angle, θc, one can determine coefficient of static
y
n
M µs. a
friction,
Free-body n
x Diagram fs=µkn
x
Fg θ
F= -Mg

θ
Net force F = M a = F g + n + f s
x comp. Fx = Fgx − f s = Mg sin θ − f s = 0 f s = µs n = Mg sin θc

y comp. Fy = Ma y = n − Fgy = n − Mg cos θ c = 0 n =Fgy = Mg cos θc

Mg sin θc Mg sin θc
µs = = = tan θc
n Mg cos θc
Monday February 12, 10
2007
 Newton’s Second Law & Uniform
Circular Motion
m The centripetal acceleration is
Fr always perpendicular to velocity
vector, v, for uniform
2 circular motion.
r v
ar =
Fr r
Are there forces in this motion? If so,
what do they do?
The force that causes the 2
v
centripetal acceleration acts
toward the center of the circular
path and causes a change in the
∑ F = ma = m
r r
r
direction of the velocity vector.
What do you
This force think will
is called happen to the ball if the string that
centripetal
holds
force.the ball breaks? Why?
Based on Newton’s 1st law, since the external force no
longer exist, the ball will continue its motion without
change and will fly away following the tangential
direction to the circle.
Monday February 12, 11
2007
 Example of Uniform
A ball of massCircular Motion
0.500kg is attached to the end of a 1.50m long
cord. The ball is moving in a horizontal circle. If the string
can withstand maximum tension of 50.0 N, what is the
maximum speed the ball can attain before 2 the cord breaks?
v
Fr m
Centripet
al
ar 
r
accelerat
v2
∑
When
ion:does
the string Fr = mar = m >T
break?
r
when the centripetal force is greater than the
sustainable
2
tension.
v Tr 50.0  1.5
m  T v   12.2  m / s 
r m 0.500

 5.00   8.33 N
2
Calculate the tension of v2
the cord when speed of
T m
r
 0.500   
1.5
the ball is 5.00m/s.
Monday February 12, 12
2007
 Example of Banked
(a) For a car travelingHighway
with speed v around a curve of radius
r, determine a formula for the angle at which a road should
be banked so that no friction is required to keep the car from
skidding.
mv 2
y x comp. ∑ Fx = n sin θ − mar = n sin θ − = 0
mv 2 r
n sin θ =
r
x y comp. ∑ Fy = n cos θ − mg = 0 n cos θ = mg
mg mg sin  mv 2 v2
n= n sin    mg tan   tan θ =
sin θ cos  r gr

(b) What is this angle for an expressway off-ramp curve of

radius 50m at a design speed of 50km/h?

(14) 2
v = 50km / hr = 14m / s tan θ = = 0.4 θ = tan −1 ( 0.4 ) = 22o
50 × 9.8

Monday February 12, 13

2007
 Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation
People have been very curious about the stars in the
sky, making observations for a long time. But the
data people collected have not been explained until
Newton has discovered the law of gravitation.
Every particle in the Universe attracts every
other particle with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely m1m2proportional to the
m1m2
How would you Fg = G 2
square of the Fg ∝ 2 between
distance With G them.
write this principle r12 r12
mathematically?
G is the universal
gravitational G = 6.673 ×10 −11
U N ⋅ m 2
/ kg 2

nit?
constant, and its
This constant is not given by the theory but must be
value is
measured by experiment.
This form of forces is known as an inverse-square law,
because the magnitude of the force is inversely proportional
to the square of the distances between the objects.
Monday February 12, 14
2007
 More on Law of Universal
Gravitation
Consider two particles exerting gravitational
forces to each other.
r̂12 m2 Two objects exert gravitational force
m1 r on each other following Newton’s 3rd
F12 law.
F21 Takingr̂12 as the unit m1m2
F 12 = −G 2 r̂12
vector, we can write the r
force m2 experiences as
What do you It means that the force exerted on the
think the particle 2 by particle 1 is attractive
negative sign force, pulling #2 toward #1.
Gravitational force is a field force: Forces act on object
mean?
without physical contact between the objects at all times,
independent
The gravitational of medium between
force exerted bythem.
a How do you think
finite size, spherically symmetric mass the gravitational
distribution on a particle outside the force on the
distribution is the same as if the entire surface ofM the earth
Em
mass of the distributions was F look?
g
=G
R 2
Monday February 12,at the center.
concentrated E 15
2007
 Example for Gravitation
Using the fact that g=9.80m/s2 at the Earth’s surface, find the
average density of the Earth.
Since the gravitational
acceleration is
ME −11 M E
g =G
RE
2
= 6 .67 ×10
RE
2

So the mass of the Earth is RE 2 g

ME =
G
Therefore the 2
RE g
density of the Earth
is ρ =
ME
VE
=
4π
G =
3g
4πGRE
3
RE
3
3 × 9.80
= = 5. 50 × 10 3
kg / m 3

4π × 6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.37 × 106

Monday February 12, 16
2007
 Free Fall Acceleration &
Gravitational Force
Weight of an object with M Em
mass m is mg. Using the
mg = G
RE2
force exerting on a particle g =G M E
2
of mass m on the surface R E

of the Earth, one can get M Em = G M Em

What would the Fg = mg ' = G
gravitational r 2
( RE + h ) 2

acceleration be if the ME
g' = G
object is at an altitude h ( RE + h ) 2
above the surface of the
What do these tell us about the
Earth?
gravitational acceleration?
•The gravitational acceleration is independent of the mass
of the object
•The gravitational acceleration decreases as the altitude
increases
•If the distance from the surface of the Earth gets infinitely
large,February
Monday the weight
12, of the object approaches 0. 17
2007
 Example for Gravitational
Force
The international space station is designed to operate at an
altitude of 350km. When completed, it will have a weight
(measured on the surface of the Earth) of 4.22x106N. What is
its weight when in its orbit?
The total weight of the station on the
surface of the Earth
M ism
ME FGE = mg =G E

RE
2 = 4.22 ×106 N

Since the orbit is at 350km above the

surface of the Earth, the gravitational force
at that height is
M Em 2
RE
FO = mg ' = G 2 =
( RE + h ) ( RE + h ) 2
FGE

Therefore the weight in the

orbit is 2
FO =
RE
F =
(
6.37 ×106 ) 2

× 4. 22 × 10 6
= 3. 80 × 10 6
N
( RE + h ) 2 GE
(6.37 ×10 + 3.50 ×10
6 5 2
)
Monday February 12, 18
2007