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    Japanese Encephalitis

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    ShikhaKoul
    Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease prevalent in Asia. It is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus and transmitted between pigs/birds and humans by Culex mosquitoes. The virus was first isolated in Japan in the 1930s and led to major epidemics. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause brain inflammation and death in some cases. Diagnosis involves antibody and virus detection. Prevention focuses on vaccination of humans and animals as well as mosquito control. An inactivated vaccine called JE-VAX is used in endemic areas.

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    Japanese Encephalitis

    Uploaded by

    ShikhaKoul
    161 views25 pages
    Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease prevalent in Asia. It is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus and transmitted between pigs/birds and humans by Culex mosquitoes. The virus was first isolated in Japan in the 1930s and led to major epidemics. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause brain inflammation and death in some cases. Diagnosis involves antibody and virus detection. Prevention focuses on vaccination of humans and animals as well as mosquito control. An inactivated vaccine called JE-VAX is used in endemic areas.

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    Japanese encephalitis

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    Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease prevalent in Asia. It is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus and transmitted between pigs/birds and humans by Culex mosquitoes. The virus was first isolated in Japan in the 1930s and led to major epidemics. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause brain inflammation and death in some cases. Diagnosis involves antibody and virus detection. Prevention focuses on vaccination of humans and animals as well as mosquito control. An inactivated vaccine called JE-VAX is used in endemic areas.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    161 views25 pages

    Japanese Encephalitis

    Uploaded by

    ShikhaKoul
    Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease prevalent in Asia. It is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus and transmitted between pigs/birds and humans by Culex mosquitoes. The virus was first isolated in Japan in the 1930s and led to major epidemics. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause brain inflammation and death in some cases. Diagnosis involves antibody and virus detection. Prevention focuses on vaccination of humans and animals as well as mosquito control. An inactivated vaccine called JE-VAX is used in endemic areas.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 25

    Training done at C.R.

    I (Kasauli)

    Submitted by : Manisha Mittal (2306441) Shikha Koul (2306460)

    Japanese encephalitis previously known as Japanese B encephalitis is a disease caused by the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus. Domestic pigs and wild birds are reservoirs of the virus, transmission to humans causes severe symptoms. This disease is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the FarEast.

    Group: Group IV ((+)ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae

    Genus: Flavivirus
    Species: Japanese encephalitis virus Enveloped : Outer envelope is formed by envelope (E) protein and is the protective antigen.

    1870s: Japan Summer encephalitis epidemics 1924: Great epidemic in Japan 6,125 human cases; 3,797 deaths 1935: First isolated From a fatal human encephalitis case 1938: Isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus

    1940-1978 Disease spread with epidemics in China, Korea and India 1983: Immunization in South Korea Started as early as age 3 Endemic areas started earlier 1983-1987: Vaccine available in U.S. on investigational basis

    Endemic in temperate and tropical regions of Asia


    China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, India, Nepal, Malaysia, Torres Strait Islands, Australia
    Korea
    Japan

    China
    India

    Philipines

    Indonesia

    Reduced prevalence in Japan and U.S.A

    Vector-borne disease Enzootic cycle Mosquitoes: Culex species Culex tritaeniorhynchus Reservoir: Ardeid (wading) birds Amplifying hosts Pigs, bats Possibly reptiles and amphibians Incidental hosts Horses, humans, others

    35,000-50,000 cases annually. Incubation period: 6 to 8 days Most asymptomatic or mild signs Children and Elderly At highest risk for severe disease Elderly: High case fatality rate (30%) Mortality: 5-35%

    Acute encephalitis Headache, high fever, stiff neck, stupor Severe encephalitis Paralysis, seizures, convulsions, coma and death

    Neuropsychiatric sequelae 30-50% of survivors In utero infection possible Abortion of fetus

    Laboratory Tests Tentative diagnosis Antibody titer: HI, IFA, ELISA JE-specific IgM in serum or CSF Definitive diagnosis Virus isolation: CSF sample, brain No specific treatment Supportive care

    Vector control Eliminate mosquito breeding areas Adult and larval control Vaccination Equine and swine Humans Personal protective measures Avoid prime mosquito hours Use of repellants containing DEET

    Live attenuated vaccine Used in equine and swine Successful for reducing incidence Inactivated vaccine (JE-VAX) Used for humans Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Thailand Used for endemic or epidemic areas Recommended for travelers Visiting endemic areas for > 30 days

    JE-VAX, Vaccine

    Japanese

    Encephalitis

    Virus

    Inactivated, sterile, lyophilized vaccine


    Prepared by inoculating mice intracerebrally with Japanese encephalitis virus, "Nakayama-NIH" strain.

    Mice (3-4 weeks old) Intracerebral inoculation with JE virus NAKAYAMA- NIH strain Observation (4 days) Moribund mice

    Bleed to death
    Washing of mice

    Cutting of brains Harvesting of brains

    20% brain emulsion in PBS


    Centrifuge at 4000rpm for 15 min at 4C Supernatant

    Supernatant + protamine sulphate (0.09%) Kept at 4C for 2 hrs

    Centrifuge at 4000rpm for 15 min at 4C Supernatant

    Filter sterilization of the supernatant


    VIRUS SUSPENSION

    1) Test for sterility Bacterial Fungal Mycoplasma


    2) Virus titre

    INACTIVATION with Formalin (0.1%)


    Keep at 4C for 45 days for inactivation Zonal centrifugation in K-II zonal centrifuge using sucrose (60%) density gradient Collection of fractions Pooling of fractions

    BULK MATERIAL Test for staining Test for sterility Inactivation Preliminary potency FINAL BULK Thiomersal content Abnormal toxicity test Sterility tests

    Distributed in vials & freeze dried Test : moisture pH Thiomersal content Formaldehyde Sterility Inactivation (in vivo) Abnormal Potency VACCINE

    Final / Required conc. Total protein - 80g/ml Moisture content - 3% Thiomersal - 0.01% Formaline - 0.01% pH - 6.8-7.4 Dose - 1ml (adult) / 0.5ml (child) Shelf-life - 5yrs after freeze drying Optical density - 550-650nm

    Sterility Test Virus Inactivation Test Abnormal Toxicity Test

    Potency Test

    World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) website


    www.oie.int

    USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases The Gray Book


    www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)


    www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/jencephalitis/ facts.htm

    Queries ???

    THANK YOU!!!

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