The document discusses the functions and evolution of excitation systems used in power generation. It describes how excitation systems work to maintain constant terminal voltage, supply reactive power, and ensure system stability. It also summarizes the different types of excitation systems that have been used over time, from early DC excitation to modern static excitation systems. Key components and control functions of excitation systems are illustrated in block diagrams and figures.
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The document discusses the functions and evolution of excitation systems used in power generation. It describes how excitation systems work to maintain constant terminal voltage, supply reactive power, and ensure system stability. It also summarizes the different types of excitation systems that have been used over time, from early DC excitation to modern static excitation systems. Key components and control functions of excitation systems are illustrated in block diagrams and figures.
The document discusses the functions and evolution of excitation systems used in power generation. It describes how excitation systems work to maintain constant terminal voltage, supply reactive power, and ensure system stability. It also summarizes the different types of excitation systems that have been used over time, from early DC excitation to modern static excitation systems. Key components and control functions of excitation systems are illustrated in block diagrams and figures.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document discusses the functions and evolution of excitation systems used in power generation. It describes how excitation systems work to maintain constant terminal voltage, supply reactive power, and ensure system stability. It also summarizes the different types of excitation systems that have been used over time, from early DC excitation to modern static excitation systems. Key components and control functions of excitation systems are illustrated in block diagrams and figures.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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The document discusses different types of excitation systems used in power generation including DC, AC, brushless, and static excitation systems. It also outlines various functions and components of excitation systems.
The different types of excitation systems discussed are DC excitation through a DC exciter, AC excitation through an AC exciter, brushless excitation through an AC exciter and rotating diodes, and static excitation systems.
The functions of an excitation system discussed are to build up and maintain constant terminal voltage, supply reactive power to the system, keep the generator parameters within the capability chart, protect the transformer from over-fluxing, ensure system stability in dynamic and transient states, and incorporate most generator protection features.
GE Power Services
June 28, 2002
GE Power Services GE Power Services
- To buildup and maintain constant terminal voltage. - To supply reactive power to the system. - Other sources of reactive power are: - Generatortransformer. - Synchronous condenser. - Series / shunt compensation. - To keep the generator parameters within the Capability chart. Functions of an Excitation System GE Power Services
- To protect the transformer from overfluxing.
- To ensure system stability in DYNAMIC state by providing damping to the electromechanical transients. Functions of an Excitation System GE Power Services
- To ensure system stability under TRANSIENT conditions. - To ensure fast voltage recovery after fault clearance. - Also, most of the generator protection features can be incorporated. Functions of an Excitation System GE Power Services Evolution of Excitation Systems Over 40 Years of Static Exciter Design Experience 1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 Static Excitation Alterrex Althyrex Generrex / Shunt SCR Bus Fed Digital GE Power Services Various Types of Excitation Systems - DC excitation through DC exciter (Figure 1) - AC excitation through AC exciter (Figure 2) - Brushless excitation through AC exciter and rotating diodes (Figure 3) - Static excitation system (Figure 4) - Most commonly used Excitation Systems Brushless excitation system Static excitation system
GE Power Services Excitation System with DC Exciter SCR PT CT E G Feedback to Regulator Feed from Generator Terminals or Auxiliary Bus Figure 1 GE Power Services Excitation System with AC Exciter SCR PT CT E G Feedback to Regulator Feed from Generator Terminals or Auxiliary Bus Figure 2 GE Power Services Excitation System with Brushless Exciter SCR PT CT E G Feedback to Regulator Feed from Generator Terminals or Auxiliary Bus Figure 3 GE Power Services Static Excitation System SCR PT CT G Feed from Generator Terminals or Auxiliary Bus Field Flashing Figure 4 GE Power Services GE Power Services + -
CONTROLLER FEEDBACK
SYSTEM
SENSOR REFERENCE INPUT
CONTROLLED OUTPUT ERROR SIGNAL
DISTURBANCES
A Feedback Control System E Figure 5 GE Power Services General Functional Block Diagram for Excitation Control System Excitation Control Elements Exciter Voltage Transducer / Load Compensator Synchronous Machine / Power System PSS and Other Controls V REF
V UEL
V OEL
V c
V R
V T
V S1
E FD I FD
I T
Figure 6 GE Power Services General Arrangement of Static Excitation System AC/DC Field Flashing Stator Current Limiter Rotor Angle Limiter Power System Stabilizer Auto Control Rotor Current Limiter Excitation Transformer Protection EXCITATION TRANSFORMER Figure 7 FIELD BREAKER Inner Loop Control Auto Reference Value Manual Reference SCR PT CT G GE Power Services Major Feedback Control Systems Affecting Generator Parameters - LoadFrequency control loop (PF loop).
- Reactive PowerVoltage control loop (QV loop). - Relation between Q, V & PF.
- Is there any interaction between PF & QV control loops? GE Power Services Ceiling Voltage - It is the maximum (positive or negative) voltage that can be injected on the field under specified conditions. In static excitation system ceiling voltage ranges from 1.62.0 times the rated one (Figure 8).
- Acts for up to 10 seconds.
- Decides fastness of change of excitation.
Basic Concepts of Excitation System GE Power Services IEEE 421 High Initial Response Definition Attain 95% of Ceiling Voltage in 100 m sec. or less EX2000 reaches 95% of Ceiling Voltage in 25 m sec. V field 0.95 (V ceiling V rated ) V ceiling V rated Time (sec.) 0.025 0.5 Conventional Rotating Exciter HIR Exciter 0.1 EX2000 Figure 8 GE Power Services Response - It is the rate of change (increase or decrease) of excitation system output voltage. - Response ratio is generally obtained as the excitation system response in volts per seconds measured over first 0.5 seconds (Figure 9). Steady State Accuracy - This indicates the steady state error offered by the system.
Basic Concepts of Excitation System GE Power Services V O V t V F Time (Seconds) V F V O
RESPONSE RATIO = 0.5 0.5 Figure 9 GE Power Services General Block Representation - Time Constant (Figure 10). - Integrator (Figure 11). - LeadLag Network (Figure 12).
Basic Concepts of Excitation System PID Controls - Proportional Control (Output error signal) - Integral Control (Output is Difference between initial & final values) - Derivative Control (Output is rate of change of error signal)
GE Power Services Simple Integrator with Limiter 1 s U X Y B A dy / dt = U If A >= y >= B, then x = y If y > A, then x = A If y < B, then x = B Figure 10 GE Power Services 1 1 + sT U X Y B A dy / dt = (u y) / T If B <= y < = A, then x = y If y > A, then x = A If y < B, then x = B Simple Time Constant Figure 11 GE Power Services 1+sT 1
1+sT 2
U X Y B A If T 1 = T 2 , then y = u If B <=y <= A, then x = y If y > A, then x = A If y < B, then x = B LagLead Block Figure 12 GE Power Services General Specifications
Overall response (Figure 13)
- Overshoot / undershoot which should ideally be limited to one overshoot and one undershoot.
- Rise time should be very small.
- Settling time should be as short as possible.
GE Power Services OVERSHOOT SETTLING TIME (95% VALUE) TIME RISE TIME 1.0 0.9
0.1 General Specifications Figure 13 GE Power Services GE Power Services Technical Features - Maintains constant terminal voltage.
- AC power tapped from generator terminals / PMG / Auxiliary source.
- Rectified through 3|, fullwave rectification using Diodes / Thyristors controlled through the Regulator.
- Frequency range 4752 Hz. GE Power Services - Range of excitation control in Manual channel 75125%.
- Range of Auto control 90110%.
- Voltage control accuracy 0.5%.
- Maximum change in terminal voltage after Auto to Manual changeover 1%. Technical Features GE Power Services - Response ratio 35.
- Fast response (typically 50 milliseconds for analog systems and ~ 20 milliseconds for digital regulators).
- % Transformer compensation up to 15%.
- Keeps the machine within the stability region. Technical Features GE Power Services - Protects the generator transformer from overfluxing.
- Provides damping to electromechanical oscillations. Technical Features GE Power Services - Excitation system maintains system stability (LoadAngle Diagram). - AVR provides both Synchronizing & Damping torque. - Damping is important under steady state. Voltage response is secondary.
- Effect of AVR is to reduce stability region in PQ plane. - Introduction of PSS enhances stability region in PQ plane.
- AVR gain reduction in transient condition (Figures 14 & 15).
Technical Aspects GE Power Services
V ref
V t
+
+ +
1 + s T B
1 + s T C
s K F
1 + s T F
K AVR
1 + s T A
1
1 + s T R
E fd
V S
IEEE Type ST1A Transfer Function Model of Static Excitation System Transfer function of terminal Voltage transducer Figure 14 E E Transient Gain Reduction (TGR) GE Power Services Transfer function of terminal voltage transducer E fd
+
+
1
1 + s T R
V t
V ref
V S
K A
1 + s T A
Simplified IEEE Type ST1A Transfer Function Model of Static Excitation System (Transient Condition) Figure 15 E K A = K AVR * T B / T C
GE Power Services GE Power Services Capability Chart Indicates the operating parameters like MW, MVAR, KV, KA, Field volts, Field current, Power factor, Load angle and Operating margins of the machine. Development of Capability Chart for a TurboGenerator INFINITEBUS V, F = FIXED G EZo X d VZ0 X d = X d
Machine + X External
o = Power angle for generator Figure 16 GE Power Services jIX d
I
A
V
B
E
O
o
|
This is a voltage triangle. Divide all sides by jXd. I
A
V/X
B
E/X O
o
|
V
This is a current triangle. VI
A
V 2 /X d
B
EV/X d
O
o
|
Ceiling Excitation 2Per Unit Excitation P Theoretical Limit Q + Q 1 Per Unit Excitation Multiplying current triangle by V converts the current triangle into a power triangle. Figure 17 GE Power Services Analysis Point B: operating point of the machine
V/x d indicates I f0
I f0 is the field current at no load, which produces generation voltage equal to the terminal voltage.
At no load o = 0, E = V GE Power Services +Q is the reactive power delivered to system Q is the reactive power absorbed from the system The operating point lies on a certain excitation locus. For any excitation the maximum power delivered to the system is achieved for o = 90. The maximum reactive power absorbed = V 2 / Xd. E V P = Sin o = V I Cos | X d
Analysis GE Power Services Constraints on Capability Chart - Turbine capacity (MW limit)
- Stator current limitation
- Ceiling excitation limitation
- Practical stability limit
- Minimum excitation corresponding to 10% of rated power
GE Power Services VI
A
V 2 /X d
B
EV/X d
O
o
|
P Q + Q 1 Per Unit Excitation Ceiling Excitation MW Limit Field Current Limit Stator Current Limit Theoretical Limit Practical Limit Minimum Excitation Limit Figure 18 Capability Chart GE Power Services GE Power Services
Start up Sequence Turbine start / Speed up Adjust AC reference Synchronizing Power System Field flashing command Field breaker closing Voltage build up on AC Field flashing stops at 70% KV Full speed & rated voltage GE Power Services Constant voltage Constant VAR Constant PF AVR modes of operation Different AVR Modes Figure 19 GE Power Services GE Power Services
- Field breaker is used to limit the fault current and also to avoid high voltage across the rotor. It also discharges the stored energy through field discharge resistance (Figure 20).
- They are generally DC breakers.
- Single pole or double pole breakers used. Generator field breaker GE Power Services Over-voltage Protection Excitation System Field Discharge Resistance
Generator Rotor Generator Field Breaker Generator field breaker Figure 20 GE Power Services
- Field discharge resistance (nonlinear) is provided. - They are makebeforebreak type. - While closing discharge pole opens first and the main pole closes later. - While opening discharge pole closes first and the main poles open later. - The rise and decay in field current is not too fast due to large time constant of the field. So minor overlapping will not matter much. However, the condition of the contacts must be monitored during annual overhauls. Generator field breaker GE Power Services
- Over voltage protection (thyristorised / vacuum based) to check induced voltage rise during any fault on stator side. - Basic components of field breakers are: - Main poles - Discharge poles with arc chutes - Closing coil - Trip coil - Auxiliary circuits Generator field breaker GE Power Services GE Power Services Field Flashing Circuit - Required for starting the excitation system. - Startup may be through AC and / or DC supply (Figure 21). - During starting voltage buildsup to 30% due to field flashing only. - At 30% voltage level, the excitation system gets activated sufficiently and starts functioning. The two raise the voltage level to 70%. At 70% field flashing gets cut off and excitation system works independently. The auto changeover is realized through a voltage operated relay. GE Power Services Generator Excitation System Generator Rotor AC DC Generator Field Breaker Field Flashing Circuit Figure 21 GE Power Services GE Power Services - Serves as power source for the excitation system. - Primary is connected to the generator terminals. - Secondary is connected to the thyristors / regulator. - Selection of transformer depends on the fieldforcing voltage and the maximum continuous current in the field winding. - Location of transformer : generally at zero meter level. The free surrounding area must be sufficient enough to maintain proper ventilation and ambient temperature. Excitation Transformer GE Power Services - Usually a dry, cast coil type of stepdown transformer (Rated volts / Nominal volts). This results in reduction of size of the transformer. - Have high overload capacity. Heating time constant is 610 times higher than the oil filled transformer. - Impulse strength is comparable to that of oil cooled transformer. - Cast coil resin is nonhygroscopic. - There is no partial discharge.
Excitation Transformer GE Power Services Excitation Transformer - Possibility of liquid leaking is absent. - Maintenancefree. No dry out required even after a long shutdown. - The transformer is generally aircooled with cooling fans which operate on overtemperature. - Connection DY. - Standards for manufacturing : BS171, IEC76, ANSI, CS7 and VDE 0532. - Enclosure is made to IP 20, IP 21 and IP 23. GE Power Services G Transformer Protection Rotor Current Limiter
AVR
Thyristors
Power Supply REGULATOR Power Supply AUTO Power Supply MANUAL Excitation Transformer Figure 22 GE Power Services - Overload/shortcircuit protection through excitation transformer overcurrent instantaneous and delayed relay (Figure 22). (Settings: Instantaneous200% In, Delayed120% In).
- The CTs are mounted on the primary side of excitation transformer.
- The relays must attenuate the harmonics as they receive signal from machine terminals. Excitation Transformer Protection GE Power Services Excitation Transformer Protection - Twostage (Alarm / Trip) overtemperature protection achieved through thermisters embedded in all the three limbs of the transformer.
- Phase unbalance protection to protect uneven loading of all the phases. GE Power Services GE Power Services - Dual power supply (DC / AC) with filter - Reference setting controller: DC (Manual) / AC - DC limiter - Inner loop regulator - Pulse generator - Pulse amplifier - Pulse transformer - Thyristors Manual / DC Control GE Power Services Filter Gate Control Pulse Amplifier Pulse Final Stage Manual / DC Limiter Manual / DC Reference Control Pulse Transformer Thyristors Manual / DC Control Figure 23 GE Power Services GE Power Services - Output of excitation system is controlled by controlling the firing angle of thyristors which in turn controls the conduction of thyristors (Figures 24, 25 & 26). - Cooled by fans: monitoring through cooling flow monitoring system. Cooling of thyristors is monitored by: - Monitoring the status of supply continuously. - Through airflow monitoring unit during running. Thyristor Bridges GE Power Services Thyristor Bridges - Thyristors provided with RC networks for protection against hole storage effect. - Blocking of thyristors is achieved by: - Monitoring the isolators with microswitches. - Overcurrent protection of thyristors through semi conductor fuse. - Healthiness of fuse is checked through microswitches or monitoring system. - Reactors are provided for smooth voltage buildup.
GE Power Services
LOAD 3 Phase AC R Y B
3
5
6
2
1
4
+
Thyristor Bridges Figure 24 GE Power Services CONDUCTION OF THYRISTOR 30 60 90 FIRING ANGLE (o)
U ST >0
U ST =0
U ST <0 VOLTS Thyristor Bridges Figure 25 GE Power Services 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 R(+) Y(+) B(+) R(+) Y(-) B(-) R(-) Y(-) AC
SUPPLY Thyristor Bridges (Diodes) Figure 26 GE Power Services Thyristor Bridges - More number of thyristor bridges for higher redundancy. - N is the number of bridges. - N1 meets full load requirements. - N2 meets partial load (65%). - Rated field current = 2650 amps, Number of thyristors = 4 - Capacity of each set = 1000 amps - N = 4, field current = 4000 amps, N = 3, field current = 3000 amps - N = 2, field current = 2000 amps, N = 1, field current = 1000 amps - Best redundancy is obtained when two identical sets of thyristors are used for obtaining 100% redundancy.
GE Power Services GE Power Services - Dual power supply (DC / AC) with filter. - AC reference setting controller - Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) - Limit acting regulators - Pulse generator - Pulse amplifier - Pulse transformer - Thyristors Elements of AC Control Circuit GE Power Services
- Receives voltage and current feedback signals through the respective transducers. - Converts the feedback signals into a proportional DC signal i.e. generates actual value signal. - Receives the voltage reference signal through AC voltage reference setting circuits. - Compares the actual value with the reference setting i.e. performs error detection. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) Circuits GE Power Services
- Feeds the error to the control amplifier. - AVR control amplifier produces minimum conduction signal if the error is maximum and vice versa. - Control amplifier adjusts the conduction of thyristors / diodes depending on the error signal (by shifting the position of firing pulses). - Output of the thyristor alters according to the control signal. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) Circuits GE Power Services
- Field voltage and the field current vary depending on the thyristors / diode conduction.
- Generator terminal voltage changes, accordingly.
- Actual value signal changes and becomes equal to reference signal.
- Output of AVR varies to ensure terminal voltage corresponding to the reference signal. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) Circuits GE Power Services AC Control Pulse Transformer Thyristors
AUTOMATIC
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
(AVR) AC Limiter AUTO Reference Control Comparator and Follow-up Figure 27 Power System Stabilizer Stator Current Limiter Rotor Current Limiter Rotor Angle Limiter V / Hz Limiter PT / CT Feedback Pulse Supervision Pulse Amplifier Pulse Final Stage Filter Gate Control Voltage Supervision MANUAL Reference Control Gate Control Pulse Amplifier GE Power Services
- Ensures unit operation at constant PF / VAR.
- If operating in constant PF mode, VAR undergoes changes during operation.
- If operating in constant VAR mode, PF undergoes changes during operation. PF / VAR Controller GE Power Services GE Power Services
V / Hz Limiter Limit Acting Regulators - Avoids overfluxing of the transformer.
- Protects against overvoltages at normal frequencies.
- Protects against normal voltages at lower frequencies. GE Power Services
- Avoids thermal overloading of the stator windings.
- In case of inductive current, a time delay is introduced and excitation is reduced.
- In capacitive mode, it acts on AVR instantaneously by increasing the excitation. Stator Current Limiter GE Power Services
- Avoids thermal overloading of the rotor windings.
- Acts after a delay giving enough time to reach ceiling excitation limit and allowing sufficient time required for the rate of rise of the field current. Rotor Current Limiter GE Power Services
- Acts when the rotor angle exceeds a set point.
- Excitation is increased to restrict load angle. Rotor Angle Limiter GE Power Services
- AVR is allowed to demand reactive power (underexcited reactive current) from the synchronous machine.
- Ensures minimum magnetization to avoid excessive heating of the armature core and the end structure due to eddy current set up by armature reaction flux rotating at synchronous speed.
- Original designed as a slow controller but is now applied in faster control loops. Under Excitation or Minimum Excitation Limiter GE Power Services VI
A
V 2 /X d
B
EV/X d
O
o
|
P Q + Q 1 Per Unit Excitation Ceiling Excitation MW Limit Field Current Limit Stator Current Limit Theoretical Limit Practical Limit Minimum Excitation Limit Figure 28 Capability Chart GE Power Services