Chapter 1. Flow in Open Channel: BFC21103 Hydraulics
Chapter 1. Flow in Open Channel: BFC21103 Hydraulics
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should
be able to:
i. Define and explain on types and
states of flow
ii. Identify types of open channels
iii. Define open channel geometries
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x
B
Datum
Figure. Sketch of open channel
geometry
Tahan river
rapids
Practical applications:
a. flow depth in rivers, canals and other conveyance
conduits,
b. changes in flow depth due to channel controls e.g.
weirs, spillways, and gates,
c. changes in river stage during floods,
d. surface runoff from rainfall over land,
e. optimal channel design, and others
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Sw = water surface
Flow
y d
slope
Q
So = bottom
slope
x
Datum
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BFC21103 Hydraulics
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A = cross sectional
area covered by
flowing water
B = bottom
width
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topwidth T
T
A
P
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Top width
T
Wetted
perimeter
P
By
B + 2y
zy2
2zy
2y 1 z2
By +
zy2
B+
2zy
B 2y 1 z2
D2
2 sin2
8
Dsin
T
y
B
Rectangula
r
T
1
Triangular
T
y
B
Trapezoidal
T
D
Circle
Activity 1.1
1
m
2
m
60
3
Find:
m
(a) Top surface width T, flow area A, wetted perimeter
P, and hydraulic radius R.
(b) If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the state of flow.
(c) If longitudinal length L = 50 m, find the cost to
construct the channel. Given excavation cost = RM
3/m3 and lining cost =
RM 5/m2.
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1
0.5774
tan60
T B 2zy
P B 2y 1 z2
T 3 2 0.5774 2
2
P 3 2 2 1 0.5774
T 5.309m
P 7.619m
A By zy2
A
P
8.309
7.619
A 3 2 0.5774
2 2
A 8.309m2
R 1.091m
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VR
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Achannel L
3 3 0.5774 32 50
709.81m3
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Area of
lining
Alining Pchannel L
Alining 3 2 3 1 0.57742 50
Alining 496.41m3
Cost of
lining
RM2129
.42 RM2482
.05 RM4611.47
Total
cost
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1.5 m
1.2
m
1.2
m
3
Find T, A, P, R, and D
0.3
m
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Activity
1.2
1m
A1
A2
2m
A3
A4
2m
1m 2m
4m
Find:
(a) Flow area A
(b) Wetted perimeter P
(c) Hydraulic radius R
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3m
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Canals
is usually a long and mildsloped channel built in the
ground, which may be
unlined or lined with stoned
masonry, concrete, cement,
wood or bituminous
material.
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Flumes
is a channel of wood, metal, concrete, or masonry,
usually supported on or above the surface of the
ground to carry water across a depression.
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Open-channel flume in
laboratory
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Chute
is a channel having steep slopes.
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Drop
is similar to a chute, but the change in elevation
is within a short distance.
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Stormwater sewer
is a drain or drain system
designed to drain excess
rain from paved streets,
parkinglots, sidewalks and
roofs.
Storm
sewer
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Unsteady
flow
Non-uniform
flow
Rapidly-varied
Gradually-varied
flow
flow
Various types of openchannel
flow
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a. Uniform
flow
b. Non-uniform
flow
y1
Constant wa
ter
depth
x
dy
Depth of flow is the same at every section along the 0
dx
channel,
Depth chang
es
along the
channel
dy
Depth of flow varies at different sections along the 0
dx
channel,
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y2
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c. Steady
flow
y1
y2
y1 = y2
Time =
Time =
t1
t2
dy
Depth of flow is the same at every time 0
dt
interval,
d. Unsteady
flow
y1
t3
t1
t2
y1 y2 y3
dy
Depth of flow changes from time to 0
dt
time,
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Sluic
e
GVF
Hydraulic
jump
RVF
GVF
RVF
Flow
over weir
Hydraulic
drop
Contraction
below the
sluice
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1.4 State of
Flow
The state or behaviour of open-channel flow is
governed basically by the viscosity and gravity
effects relative to the inertial forces of the flow.
Efect of visco sity - depending on the effect of
viscosity relative to inertial forces, the
flow may be in laminar, turbulent, or
transitional state.
- Reynolds number represents the
effect of viscosity
VRrelative to inertia,
Re
Re < 500
laminar
the flow is
the flow is
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Fr < 1
, the flow is in
subcritical state
Fr = 1
, the flow is in
critical state
Fr > 1
, the flow is in
supercritical state
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V gD
V gD
V gD
1.5 Regimes of
Flow
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Assignment
#1
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- End of
Question -
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THANK YOU
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