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    Viscosity and Surface Tension

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    Atul Kumar
    Viscosity and surface tension are properties of fluids that influence fluid flow and resistance. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and is determined by intermolecular forces. It causes velocity gradients in flowing fluids, with slower flow farther from surfaces. Surface tension is caused by unequal intermolecular forces at fluid surfaces, making surfaces contract and resist external forces. It allows small, dense objects to float and gives liquid droplets their spherical shape by minimizing surface area.

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    Viscosity and Surface Tension

    Uploaded by

    Atul Kumar
    39 views15 pages
    Viscosity and surface tension are properties of fluids that influence fluid flow and resistance. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and is determined by intermolecular forces. It causes velocity gradients in flowing fluids, with slower flow farther from surfaces. Surface tension is caused by unequal intermolecular forces at fluid surfaces, making surfaces contract and resist external forces. It allows small, dense objects to float and gives liquid droplets their spherical shape by minimizing surface area.

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    mayank

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    Viscosity and surface tension are properties of fluids that influence fluid flow and resistance. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and is determined by intermolecular forces. It causes velocity gradients in flowing fluids, with slower flow farther from surfaces. Surface tension is caused by unequal intermolecular forces at fluid surfaces, making surfaces contract and resist external forces. It allows small, dense objects to float and gives liquid droplets their spherical shape by minimizing surface area.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    39 views15 pages

    Viscosity and Surface Tension

    Uploaded by

    Atul Kumar
    Viscosity and surface tension are properties of fluids that influence fluid flow and resistance. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and is determined by intermolecular forces. It causes velocity gradients in flowing fluids, with slower flow farther from surfaces. Surface tension is caused by unequal intermolecular forces at fluid surfaces, making surfaces contract and resist external forces. It allows small, dense objects to float and gives liquid droplets their spherical shape by minimizing surface area.

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    Viscosity And Surface Tension

    Vidushi And Mayank


    XI A

    Fluid Resistance

    An object moving through or


    on a fluid meets resistance.

    Force causes the fluid to


    move.

    The velocity is proportional


    to the force.

    vx

    Velocity Gradient

    The resistance tends to keep


    the fluid in place.

    Law of inertia
    vx

    The fluid moves most near


    the object and least farther
    away.

    This is a velocity gradient.

    Law of Viscosity

    Newton combined these two


    proportionalities.
    This is the law of viscosity.
    A is the area of the solid
    sliding on the fluid

    The constant is the


    dynamic viscosity and
    depends on the type of fluid.

    vx

    Poiseuilles Law

    Flow in a tube is affected by


    sides in all directions.
    The relationship between
    velocity and distance is

    r
    P1

    vx

    The total volume flow rate is

    P2

    Drag Force

    Fb

    Objects falling through a fluid


    reach terminal velocity.

    For low speeds this is due to


    viscocity.

    Stokess Law describes the


    drag force.

    Fd

    Fg

    Surface Tension
    Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface
    of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force.
    Surface tension is an important property that markedly
    influences the ecosystem. Surface tension is exposed,
    for example, any time an object or insect (e.g. water
    striders) that is denser than water is able to float or run
    along the water surface.

    Causes:
    The cohesive forces among liquid
    molecules are responsible for the
    phenomenon of surface tension. In
    the bulk of the liquid, each molecule
    is pulled equally in every direction by
    neighboring liquid molecules,
    resulting in a net force of zero. The
    molecules at the surface do not have
    other molecules on all sides of them
    and therefore are pulled inwards. This
    creates some internal pressure and
    forces liquid surfaces to contract to
    the minimal area.

    Surface tension is responsible for the shape of liquid


    droplets. Although easily deformed, droplets of water
    tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the cohesive
    forces of the surface layer. In the absence of other forces,
    including gravity, drops of virtually all liquids would be
    approximately spherical. The spherical shape minimizes
    the necessary "wall tension" of the surface layer
    according to Laplace's law.

    Effects Of Surface Tension


    A. Beading of rain water on a waxy surface, such as a leaf.
    Water adheres weakly to wax and strongly to itself, so water
    clusters into drops. Surface tension gives them their nearspherical shape, because a sphere has the smallest possible
    surface area to volume ratio.

    B. Formation of drops occurs when a mass of liquid is


    stretched. The animation shows water adhering to the faucet
    gaining mass until it is stretched to a point where the surface
    tension can no longer bind it to the faucet. It then separates
    and surface tension forms the drop into a sphere. If a stream
    of water was running from the faucet, the stream would break
    up into drops during its fall. Gravity stretches the stream, then
    surface tension pinches it into spheres.

    C. Flotation of objects denser than water occurs when the


    object is nonwettable and its weight is small enough to be
    borne by the forces arising from surface tension. For
    example, water striders use surface tension to walk on the
    surface of a pond. The surface of the water behaves like an
    elastic film: the insect's feet cause indentations in the water's
    surface, increasing its surface area.

    D. Separation of oil and water (in this case, water and


    liquid wax) is caused by a tension in the surface between
    dissimilar liquids. This type of surface tension is called
    "interface tension", but its chemistry is the same.

    E. Tears of wine is the formation of drops and rivulets on


    the side of a glass containing an alcoholic beverage. Its
    cause is a complex interaction between the differing
    surface tensions of water and ethanol; it is induced by a
    combination of surface tension modification of water by
    ethanol together with ethanol evaporating faster than
    water.

    THANK YOU

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