CH 1 Intro 2 Instrumentation

EGR 2042
INSTRUMENTATION &
MEASUREMENT
Chapter 1
Introduction to Instrumentation
Chapter 3
Oscilloscope
Transducer
Chapter 2
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
:
:
DC & AC meter measurement
Signal Generator
Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques,

Albert D Helfrick & William D Cooper, Prentice Hall.
1
Elements of Electronic Instrumentation and Measuerement, Joseph J
Carr, Prentice Hall.
Principles of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement, Howard
M Berlin & Frank C Getz Jr., Macmillan.
Siti Hajar Binti Md Aziz

Fakulti Telekumunikasi
Kolej Multimedia
2012
DEFINITION
Instrumentation is a technology of measurement

which serves not only science but all branches of
engineering, medicine, and almost every human
endeavor.
Or
A device or mechanism used to determine the
present value of the quantity under
measurement.
Electronic Instrumentation the application of
measurement technology in Electronic-related
field.
Hot/Cold
thermometer
35 0C
Measurement: The process of determining the amount,

degree, or capacity by comparison (direct or
indirect) with accepted standard of the
system
units being used.
Measurement
i- Simple measurement
hot/cold
thermometer
350C
ii- Complex measurement

hot/cold
thermocouple
amplifier 35 0C
Static measurement: are used to measure an unvarying process

condition.
Dynamic measurement: involves changing times
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Instrument
Instrumentation
i- analog
view is shown by the movement or deflection of null pointer
ii- digital
display in numeric form
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Expected value: the design value, i.e. the most

probable value that calculations indicate one should
except to measure.
Error: the deviation of the true value from the desired
value.
Accuracy: the degree of exactness (closeness) of a
measurement compared to the expected (desired value)
Precision: A measure of the consistency or
repeatability of measurement, i.e. successive reading
do not differ. (precision is the consistency of the
instrument output for a given value of input)
Sensitivity: The ratio of the change in output
(response) of the instrument to a change of input or
measured variable.
6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
INSTRUMENTATION
Standard Measurement
Standard : physical representation units of measurement

(used for calculate the value of a physical quantity, the
others by means of comparison)
SI (International System)
> Mechanical Unit
i. length : meter (m)

ii. mass : kilogram (kg)
> Electrical Unit
i. Arus
: Ampere (A)
ii. Voltan : Volt (v)

7
MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
Measurement Standards
International Standards
Primary Standards
Secondary Standards
Working Standards
i.
International Standards
- Defined by international agreements, and are

maintained at the International Bureau of Weight &
Measures in France.
-and may be used for checking primary standards.
ii.
Primary Standards
- more accurate than secondary standards.

- they are maintained to the highest possible accuracy
by national institutions as references for calibrating
secondary standards. Example: SIRIM
iii.
Secondary Standards
-are used throughout industry for checking working

standards and for calibrating high accuracy equipment.
- more accurate than working standards.
iv.
Working Standards
- are used as measurement references on day to day

basis in virtually all electronic laboratories.
10
MEASUREMENT UNITS
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Length (l)
meter
Time (t)
second
Mass (m)
kilogram
kg
Current (I)
ampere
Temperature (T)
kelvin
11
MEASUREMENT UNITS
Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Value
Frequency
Hertz
Hz
s-1
Velocity
Meter/second
m.s-1
Acceleration
Meter/secondsquared
m.s-2
Force
Newton
Kg.m.s-2
Energy
Joule
N.m
Power
Watt
J.s-1
Electric Circuit
Ampere
Electric Charge
Coulomb
A.s
12
MEASUREMENT UNITS
Voltage
Volt
Electric Field
Volt/meter
Resistance
Ohm
Resistivity
Ohm.meter
Conductance
Siemens
Conductivity
Siemens/meter
Capacitance
J.C-1
V.m-1
V.A-1
.m
-1
S.m-1
Farad
C.V-1
Magnetic Flux
Linkage
Weber
Wb
V.s
Magnetic Flux
Density
Tesla
Wb.m-2
Inductance
Henry
13
Wb.A-1
MEASUREMENT ERRORS
NO ELECTRONIC OR INSTRUMENT IS PERFECTLY
ACCURATE, ALL HAVE SOME ERROR OR INACCURACY.
Types of Error
Gross Error : Are essentially human errors that are the result of
carelessness.
Ex: misreading of an instrument.
Systematic Error : Apart from equipment error, some operator or
observer
error is inevitable.
Random Error: unexplainable origin.
14
MEASUREMENT ERRORS
Absolute Error: possible error
Ex: If a resistor is known have a resistance of 500 with a

possible error of 50, the 50is an absolute error.
* This is because 50 is stated as an absolute quantity, not as
a percentage of 500 resistance.
Relative Error: when the error is expressed as a percentage
or as a fraction of the total resistance, it becomes a
relative error.
Ex: the 50 is 10%, relative to 500 , or 1/10 of
500 .
R= 500 10%
15
e = Yn Xn
where; e : absolute error
Yn : expected value
Xn : measured value
% Error = (e / Yn) x 100 %
Relative accuracy, A = 1 (e / Yn)
% Accuracy, a = 100 % - % error
Precision = 1 [(Xn Xn) / Xn]

where; Xn : the measurement of the nth
Xn : average of n measurements
16
EXAMPLE 1
The expected value of the voltage across a

resistor is 80 V. However, the measurement gives
a value of 79 V. Calculate:
a) absolute error
b) % error
c) relative accuracy, and
d) % of accuracy.
17
18
Example 2:
Table below gives the set of 10 measurement that were
recorded in the laboratory. Calculate the precision of the 6 th
measurement.
19
20
Elemen Peralatan Elektronik

- Transduser mengubah isyarat bukan-elektrik kpd isyarat elektrik
cth: termocouple
- Pengubah isyarat memproses isyarat elektrik yg diterima supaya
ia
lebih sesuai utk aplikasi peranti penunjuk
- Peranti penunjuk jenis pesongan atau jenis perpuluhan
Transduser Pengubah isyarat Peranti penunjuk
21
Thank you for your attention..
22

CH 1 Intro 2 Instrumentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 1 Intro 2 Instrumentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 1 Intro 2 Instrumentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EGR 2042

DC & AC meter measurement

Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques,

Siti Hajar Binti Md Aziz

Instrumentation is a technology of measurement

Measurement: The process of determining the amount,

ii- Complex measurement

Static measurement: are used to measure an unvarying process

Dynamic measurement: involves changing times

Expected value: the design value, i.e. the most

Standard : physical representation units of measurement

i. length : meter (m)

ii. Voltan : Volt (v)

- Defined by international agreements, and are

- more accurate than secondary standards.

-are used throughout industry for checking working

- are used as measurement references on day to day

Ex: If a resistor is known have a resistance of 500 with a

% Error = (e / Yn) x 100 %

Relative accuracy, A = 1 (e / Yn)

% Accuracy, a = 100 % - % error

Precision = 1 [(Xn Xn) / Xn]

The expected value of the voltage across a

Elemen Peralatan Elektronik

Transduser Pengubah isyarat Peranti penunjuk

Thank you for your attention..

You might also like