Work, Energy and Efficiency

UNDERSTANDING
WORK, ENERGY, POWER

AND EFFICIENCY
WORK
Work is done, when a force that acts on an
object through a distance in the direction
of the force.
Work is the product of a force and the
distance traveled in the direction of the
WORK = FORCE X DISPLACEMENT
force.
W=Fxs
W( Joule/J)
F(force in Newton/N)
S(displacement in meter / m)
Example 1
Force, F
s
W = Fs
If, F = 40 N and s = 2m
Hence, W = 40 x 2
= 80 J
Example 2
Example 3
ENERGY
Energy is the potential to do work
Energy cannot be created nor be
destroy
Exist in various forms such as
potential energy, electrical energy,
sound energy, nuclear energy, heat
and chemical energy.
Example of energy transformation:

when we are running up a staircase the
work done consists of energy change from
Chemical Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy. The energy quantity is
consumed is equal to the work done.
Example: if 100 J of work is done, it
means 100 j of energy is consumed.
WORK DONE AND THE CHANGE

Force, F
s
1. Kinetic energy is energy of an object due
to its motion.
2. Refer to the figure above, Work = Fs
F = ma
W = mas
(1)
Through, v2 = u2
+2as
u=0
and, s = v2 /
2a.(2)
Substitute (2) in
(1)
W=ma(v2 / 2a)
W= mv2
E
2
=
mv
k
Example 1
A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along
a flat road. The resultant force on the car
is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car
after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving
Solution : Given : m = 100 kg , F = 200 N
through
10 m?
a. Kinetic energy, Ek = Fs
= 200 x 10= 2000 J
b. Velocity, v
mv2 = 2000
v = 6.32 m s-1
Work done and gravitational potential energy
h=1.5m
1. Gravitational potential energy is energy of an
object due to its position.
2. Refer to the figure above, W=Fs=mgh where,
F=mg
so, gravitational energy,
Ep = mgh
Example
If m = 10 kg h=1.5m g=10ms-2
W = 10 (10) 1.5
= 150 J
Therefore Work done = 150J
And, Ep = 150 J
Principle of conservation of energy
To show the principle of conservation

of energy.
1. Energy cannot be created or
destroyed but can be changed from
one to another form.
2. example:
Example:
A coconut falls from a tree from a
height of 20 m. What is the velocity
of coconut just before hitting the
earth?
Given : h = 20 m, u = 0 , g = 9.8 ms2,v=?
Ep = Ek
mgh = mv2
m(9.8)(20) = mv2
v2 = 392, v = 19.8 m s-1
power
Power is the rate of doing work
therefore, power, P= work done so
P= W
time taken
t
where P : power in watt/W
W: work in joule/J
t : time to do work in
seconds/s
Example
A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights
from the floor to a height of 2 m
above his head in a time of 0.8 s.
What is the power generated by the
weightlifter during this time? g = 9.8
ms-2)
Solution:
: m = 180 kg, h = 2
P =Given
W = mgh
m, t = 0.8 ts and gt = 9.8 ms-2. P = ?
= 180 x 9.8 x 2 = 4 410 W
0.8
Efficiency
Define as the percentage of the energy input
that is transformed into useful energy.
Formula of efficiency:
Efficiency= useful energy output x 100 %
Energy Input
analogy of efficiency:
unwanted energy
energy input, Einput
useful energy, Eoutput
DEVICE
MECHINE
Energy transformation
Example
An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12kg weight through a height of 0.4
m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor.
Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
Solution : Given : m = 0.12 kg, s= 0.4 m, t = 5 s, E input = 0.8 J
(a) Eoutput = ?
Eoutput = F x s
= (0.12 x 10) x 0.4= 0.48 J
(b) Efficiency = ?
Efficiency= useful energy output x 100 %
Energy Input
= 0.48 x 100%
0.80
= 60%
APPRECIATING THE
IMPORTANCE OF
MAXIMISING THE
During
the process OF
of transformation
EFFICIENCY
DEVICES
the input energy to the useful output

energy, some of the energy
transformed into unwanted forms of
energy.
The efficiency of energy converters is
always less than 100%.
The unwanted energy produced in the
device goes to waste.
EXAMPLE OF WASTING THE ENERGY
WAYS OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY

OF DEVICES
AIR-CONDITIONERS :
-choose a model with high efficiency
-accommodate the power of air-conditioner and size of
the room
-ensure that the room totally close so that the
temperature in the room can be maintained
REFRIGERETORS
-choose the capacity according to the size of the family
-installed away from source of heat and direct sunlight
-the door must always be shut tight
-more economical use a large capacity refrigerator
http://cikguwong.blogspot.com/2011/
05/physics-form-4-chapter-2-hookeslaw.html
http://fiziknota.blogspot.com/2007/09/
elasticity.html
2.12 Understanding
Elasticity
Elasticity is the ability of a material to

return to its original shape and size when
the external force acting on it is removed.
It is due to the strong intermolecular
forces between the molecules of the
solid.
No external force
Atractive intermolecular
force
Repulsive intermolecular
force
Hookes Law States that the extension of a spring

is directly proportional to the applied force
provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.
F
k=F
( Nm-1 N cm-1 or N mm-1 )

x
Elastic limit of a spring is the maximum force

that can be applied to a spring such that the
spring will be able to be restored to its original
length when the force is removed.
If the elastic limit is exceeded, the length of

the spring is longer than the original length
even though the force no longer acts on it. It
is said to have permanent extension
Hooke's law Graph

Force Vs
Extension
k = force constant of the spring (equal of the gradient

of the graph)
x = extension
Force constant is the force that is required to produce one unit of

extension of the spring. It is the measure of the stiffness of the
spring.
F = kx
Spring
obeying
Hookes
Law
Spring not obeying

Hookes law
(exceeded the elastic
limit)
Example 1
A spring has an original length of 15
cm. With a load of mass 200 g
attached, the length of the spring is
extend to 20 cm.
a. Calculate the spring constant.
b. What is the length of the spring
when the load is in increased by 150
g?
[assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
Elastic Potential Energy, U

Elastic potential energy is the energy
transferred to the spring when work
is done on the spring.
k = force constant
x = spring extension
Factors influencing the elasticity of

a spring:
a. Type of spring material
b. diameter of the coil of spring
c. diameter of the wire of spring
d. length of the spring.

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UNDERSTANDING

WORK, ENERGY, POWER

Example of energy transformation:

WORK DONE AND THE CHANGE

Work done and gravitational potential energy

Principle of conservation of energy

To show the principle of conservation

the input energy to the useful output

EXAMPLE OF WASTING THE ENERGY

WAYS OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY

Elasticity is the ability of a material to

Hookes Law States that the extension of a spring

( Nm-1 N cm-1 or N mm-1 )

Elastic limit of a spring is the maximum force

If the elastic limit is exceeded, the length of

Hooke's law Graph

k = force constant of the spring (equal of the gradient

Force constant is the force that is required to produce one unit of

Spring not obeying

Elastic Potential Energy, U

Factors influencing the elasticity of

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