CONCRETE

MATERIALS AND
MIXTURE
GROUP 1:
1.AHMAD AIDIL ZULFITRI BIN MAZLAN
2.MUHAMMAD SYAHMEI AMIRUL BIN
ROSLINI
3.MUHAMMAD FAZRUL
4.MUHAMMAD AIMAN

1.1 MATERIALS IN CONCRETE MIXTURE

CEMENT
FINE AGGREGATE
COARSE AGGREGATE
WATER

CEMENT
It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, and
plaster.
material produced by burning a mixture of limestone
and clay.
Is the product obtained by grinding clinker formed by
burning raw-materials (argillaceous and calcareous)
primarily consisting of lime (CaO), silicate (SiO 2),
alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3).
Have two type is hydraulic or non-hydraulic

 Aggregate

Classified by ASTM C33 is fine

and coarse.

Fine Aggregate
consists of sourse is river sand,
mining sand and sea sand.
Size less than 5mm.( 2.36,1.18
& 0.600mm )

Coarse Aggregate.
consists of sourse is lime stone,
granite and sand stone.
Size more than 5mm. (10,20
&40mm )

Water
Materials of hydartion process.
Clean no (acid, alkali, sulfate,
clay, sugar dan chloride)
Water cement ratio ( BS 0.45
0.65 )
Purpose/Peranan
- For hydration and workability.
washing/membasuh.
curing/mengawet

1.1.2 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF

CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Advantages of Concrete:
Ingredients of concrete are easily available in most of the places.
Unlike natural stones Concrete is free from defects and flaws.
Concrete can be manufactured to desired strength with economy.
The durability of concrete is very high.
It can be cast to any desired shape.
Casting of concrete can be done in working site which makes it economical.
Maintenance cost of concrete is almost negligible.
The deterioration of concrete is not appreciable with age.
Concrete makes a building fire-safe due to its non-combustible nature.
Concrete can withstand high temperatures.
Concrete is resistant to wind and water. Therefore, it is a very useful in storm shelters.
As a sound proofing material cinder concrete could be used.

Disadvantages of Concrete:
Compared to other binding materials, the tensile strength of concreter is relatively low.
Concrete is less ductile.
The weight of compared is high compared to its strength.
Concrete may contains soluble salts. Soluble salts cause efflorescence.

1.1.3 THE TYPE OF CEMENT

1.Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2.Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
(RHPC)
3.Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC)
4.Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement
(SRPC)
5.Modified Portland Cement (MPC)
6.Blast furnace Portland Cement (PBC)
7.High Aluminium Portland Cement (HAPC)

1.Ordinary Portland
Cement ( OPC )
By far the most common
cement used in general
concrete construction when
there is no exposure to
sulphates in the soil or
groundwater
Minimum fineness of 225 m2/kg
Rate of hardening is moderate
Standards; BS 12, MS 522

2.RAPID HEARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT

(RHPC)
Rapid strength gain due to higher C3S content (70%)
Minimum fineness of 325 m2/kg
Used when formwork is to be removed early for
reuse or where sufficient strength for further
construction is required quickly
Should not be used in mass concrete construction or
in large structural sections because of its higher rate
of heat development

Cont.
For construction at low temperatures, the use of
RHPC may provide a satisfactory safeguard against
early frost damage.
The setting time and chemical composition of RHPC
and OPC is relatively the same.

3.Low heat portlang cement ( LHPC )

Cement is used to prevent cracks due to the increase
in concrete temperature during hydration.
This cement has a slower rate of increase in strength
but did not change its maximum strength.
Cement was used to build large structures

4.Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)

This cement has low C3A (3.5%) content so as to
avoid sulphate attack from outside the concrete
Minimum fineness of 250 m2/kg
Active salts are magnesium and sodium sulphates
Sulphate attack is greatly accelerated if accompanied
by wetting and drying (splash zone)
The heat develop by SRPC is not much higher than
the low-heat cement, which is an advantage.

Cont.
For construction at low temperatures, the use of
RHPC may provide a satisfactory safeguard against
early frost damage.
The setting time and chemical composition of RHPC
and OPC is relatively the same.

5.Modified Portland Cement (MPC)

Cement produces less heat than normal portland
cement, sulphate resistant to the attack is simple.
Ordinary portland cement is modified by adding
chemicals to be adjusted to the use.

6.Portland-Blastfurnace Cement (PBC)

Made by intergrinding or blending Portland cement
clinker with granulated blastfurnace slag.
Known as slag cement.
Slag contains lime, silica and alumina, but not in the
same proportions as in Portland cement.
Minimum fineness of 275 m2/kg.
Early strength are generally lower than OPC but
later strength are similar or even higher.

Cont.
Typical uses are in mass concrete because of low
heat of hydration and in seawater construction due
to better sulphate resistance
(lower C3A content) than with the OPC.
The amount of slag replacement between 25 to 70%
of the mass of the mixture.

7.High Aluminium Portland Cement (HAPC)

contain high aluminia, called cement sparkles.
be resistant to chemical attack, quickly
hardened
the slow freezing of the OPC, but the freeze
will apply immediately for a four to five hours
and thirty minutes to freeze expired.

1.1.4-Properties of
cement in concrete
mixture

Portland Cement is made up of four main

compound:Tricalcium silicate/Dicalcium silicate/Tricalcium
Aluminate and Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite

a.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CEMENT

Compound

Chemical formula

Usual
Abbrev
iation

Percent
(range)

Rate of
reaction with
water

Tricalcium
silicate

3CaO.SiO2

C3S

35-65%

Medium

Dicalcium
silicate

2Cao.SiO2

C2S

15-40%

Slow

Tricalcium
Aluminate

3CaO.Al2O3

C3A

0-15%

Fast

Tetracalcium
Aluminoferrite

4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3

C4AF

6-20%

Medium

CHEMICAL FUNCTIONS

C3S for faster gain in strength and

produces higher heat of hydration.

C2S reacts slowly, provide later

strength, highly chemical resistance
(sulphate, chloride)

C3A is undesirable, contribute little or

nothing to the strength of cement
except at early ages.

C4AF does not affect the behaviour of

cement hydration significantly.

b.Hydration process
When

the materials are mixed water and cement together through a chemical process called
hydration and produce a cement paste. Cement paste acts as a binder with aggregate to produce a
concrete.

Hydration products
The products of the reaction between cement and water are termed "hydration products." In concrete
(or mortar or other cementitious materials) there are typically four main types:
Calcium silicate hydrate: this is the main reaction product and is the main source of concrete
strength.
Calcium hydroxide: (or Portlandite)- Ca(OH)2, often abbreviated to 'CH.' CH is formed mainly from
alite hydration. Alite has a Ca:Si ratio of 3:1 and C-S-H has a Ca/Si ratio of approximately 2:1, so
excess lime is available to produce CH.

c.Storage method of cement.

Storage method in a factory.

i ) Bag cement.
ii) Silo / Warehouse

Cement Bag

Cement bag
Stored in a waterproof.
An area that is suitable for good air
circulation
The floor is dry
All have opening and closing can be
closed
Arranged vertically not more than 1.5m (
5 ft )
Space platform from the floor is
least 23 cm and 30 cm from the wall.

cement
1m@5
kaki

23 cm

30 cm

Silo
Silo is a place to store the cement at
the concrete mixing plant
Stored in dry conditions to prevent freezing
of the air.
Should be in a waterproof.
Examination should be done regularly.
An area that is suitable for good air circulation.
Avoid wastage, if the bag of
cement leakage or rupture work in a
controlled and effective storage.

Silo Method

1.1.5-Properties of
aggregates in concrete

a.Classification and source of

the aggregate
NATURAL AGGREGATES
These aggregates are obtained from
sand
gravel
quarries by cutting rocks.
Cheapest among them will be the natural sand and gravel
River deposits are the most common and have good quality.
The second most commonly used source of aggregates is
quarried bed rock material.
ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATES
FOR MAKING SPECIAL TYPE OF CONCRETE WE SHOULD
MAKE SPECIAL TYPE OF ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATES.IN THESE
AGGREGATE MOST ARE LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATES AND
HEAVY WEIGHT AGGREGATE

b.Criteria of aggregate
Toughness and abrasion resistance. Aggregates should be
hard and tough enough to resist crushing, degradation and
disintegration from activities such as manufacturing,
stockpiling, production, placing and compaction.
Durability and soundness. Aggregates must be resistant to
breakdown and disintegration from weathering (wetting/drying)
or else they may break apart and cause premature pavement
distress.

Particle shape and surface texture. Particle shape and surface

texture are important for proper compaction, load resistance and
workability. Generally, cubic angular-shaped particles with a rough
surface texture are best.
Specific gravity. Aggregate specific gravity is useful in making
weight-volume conversions and in calculating the void content in
compacted Hot Mixed Asphalt

C.Function of aggregate and its

relation to strength of concrete
Function
Increases the volume of concrete, thus reduces the cost
Provide dimensional stability
Influence hardness, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus and other
properties of concrete to make it more durable, strong and cheaper.

Aggregate and strength of concrete

When volume of aggregate increase so the strength also increase

1.1.6 a-role of water in

concrete mixture
THE ROLE OF WATER IN CONCRETE
MIXTURE

spreading water cement (or lime) for each

item covered by the meeting stone .

water to give pleasure working on concrete

mix

Water is a chemical reaction of the cement to

bind all the stones in the concrete mix.

b-suitable water quality for

concrete mixture
1) It should be free from oil.
2) It should be potable or fit for drinking purpose.
3) Free from acids or alkalise or other sech organics impurities.The
pH value of water shall generally be not less than 6
4) Free from iron,vagetable matter or any other substance which is
likely to have adverse effect on concrete
5) Salt water is not recommended because of the present of
harmful salt

Different types of concrete mixture

NOMINAL MIX
It is used for relatively unimportant and simpler concrete
works.
In this type of mix, all the Ingredients are prescribed and
their proportions are specified.
Therefore there is no scope for any deviation by the
designer.
Nominal mix concrete may be used for concrete of M-20 or
lower.
The various ingredients are taken as given in the table
below

DESIGN MIX
It is a performance based mix where choice of ingredients and
proportioning are left to the designer to be decided. The user has to
specify only the requirements of concrete in fresh as well as hardened
state. The requirements in fresh concrete are workability and finishing
characteristics, whereas in hardened concrete these are mainly the
compressive strength and durability.

PRESCRIBED MIX
Prescribed concrete is a mix for which the purchaser prescribes the
exact composition and constituents of the concrete and is responsible for
ensuring that these proportions produce a concrete with the required
performance. Effectively the purchaser selects the materials and mix
proportions to satisfy the required strength and durability needs but does
not specify these parameters.
The mix is ordered by its constituent materials and the properties or
quantities of those constituents to produce a concrete with the required
performance. The assessment of the mix proportions will form an
essential part of the conformity (compliance) requirements if the
purchaser so requires

ADMIXTURE IN CONCRETE MIXTURE

1. Water-reducing admixture / Plasticizers:
These admixtures are used for following purposes:
To achieve a higher strength by decreasing the water cement ratio at the same workability
as an admixture free mix.
To achieve the same workability by decreasing the cement content so as to reduce the
heat of hydration in mass concrete.
To increase the workability so as to ease placing in accessible locations
Water reduction more than 5% but less than 12%
The commonly used admixtures are Ligno-sulphonates and hydrocarbolic acid salts.
Plasticizers are usually based on lignosulphonate, which is a natural polymer, derived from
wood processing in the paper industry

 Actions involved:
Dispersion:
Surface active agents alter the physic chemical forces at the interface. They are adsorbed on the cement
particles, giving them a negative charge which leads to repulsion between the particles. Electrostatic
forces are developed causing disintegration and the free water become available for workability.
Lubrication:
As these agents are organic by nature, thus they lubricate the mix reducing the friction and increasing the
workability.
Retardation:
A thin layer is formed over the cement particles protecting them from hydration and increasing the setting
time. Most normal plasticizers give some retardation, 3090 minutes

2. Super Plasticizers:
Super Plasticizers
These are more recent and more effective type of water reducing admixtures also known as high range water
reducer. The main benefits of super plasticizers can be summarized as follows:
Increased fluidity:
Flowing
Self-leveling
Self-compacting concrete
Penetration and compaction round dense reinforcement
Reduced W/C ratio:
Very high early strength, >200% at 24 hours or earlier
Very high later age strengths, >100 MPa or 15000 psi.
Reduced shrinkage, especially if combined with reduced cement content.
Improved durability by removing water to reduce permeability and diffusion.
The commonly used Super Plasticizers are as follows:

 Sulphonated melamine formaldehyde condensates (SMF)

Give 1625%+ water reduction. SMF gives little or no retardation, which makes them very effective at low temperatures
or where early strength is most critical. However, at higher temperatures, they lose workability relatively quickly. SMF
generally give a good finish and are colorless, giving no staining in white concrete. They are therefore often used where
appearance is important.
Sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensates (SNF)
Typically give 1625%+ water reduction. They tend to increase the entrapment of larger, unstable air bubbles. This can
improve cohesion but may lead to more surface defects. Retardation is more than with SMF but will still not normally
exceed 90 minutes. SNF is a very cost-effective.
Polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers (PCE)
Typically give 2035%+ water reduction. They are relatively expensive per liter but are very powerful so a lower dose (or
more dilute solution) is normally used.
In general the dosage levels are usually higher than with conventional water reducers, and the possible undesirable side
effects are reduced because they do not markedly lower the surface tension of the water.

3. Accelerators:
An admixture which, when added to concrete, mortar, or grout, increases the rate of hydration of
hydraulic cement, shortens the time of set in concrete, or increases the rate of hardening or strength
development.
Accelerating admixtures can be divided into groups based on their performance and application:
Set Accelerating Admixtures,
Reduce the time for the mix to change from the plastic to the hardened state. Set accelerators have
relatively limited use, mainly to produce an early set.
Hardening Accelerators,
Which increase the strength at 24 hours by at least 120% at 20C and at 5C by at least 130% at 48
hours. Hardening accelerators find use where early stripping of shuttering or very early access to
pavements is required. They are often used in combination with a high range water reducer,
especially in cold conditions.

 Calcium chloride is the most effective accelerator and gives both set and hardening
characteristics. However, is limited due to acceleration of corrosion of steel
reinforcement and decrease resistance of cement paste in a sulfate environment. For
this reason, it should not be used in concrete where any steel will be embedded but
may be used in plain unreinforced concrete. Chloride-free accelerators are typically
based on salts of nitrate, nitrite, formate and thiocyanate. Hardening accelerators are
often based on high range water reducers, sometimes blended with one of these
salts. Accelerating admixtures have a relatively limited effect and are usually only cost
effective in specific cases where very early strength is needed for, say, access
reasons. They find most use at low temperatures where concrete strength gain may
be very slow so that the relative benefit of the admixture becomes more apparent.
In summary, a hardening accelerator may be appropriate for strength gain up to 24
hours at low temperature and up to 12 hours at ambient temperatures. Beyond these
times, a high range water reducer alone will usually be more cost-effective.

4. Set Retarders:
The function of retarder is to delay or extend the setting time of cement paste in concrete. These
are helpful for concrete that has to be transported to long distance, and helpful in placing the
concrete at high temperatures.
When water is first added to cement there is a rapid initial hydration reaction, after which there is
little formation of further hydrates for typically 23 hours. The exact time depends mainly on the
cement type and the temperature. This is called the dormant period when the concrete is plastic
and can be placed. At the end of the dormant period, the hydration rate increases and a lot of
calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide is formed relatively quickly. This corresponds to
the setting time of the concrete. Retarding admixtures delay the end of the dormant period and
the start of setting and hardening. This is useful when used with plasticizers to give workability
retention. Used on their own, retarders allow later vibration of the concrete to prevent the
formation of cold joints between layers of concrete placed with a significant delay between them.
The mechanism of set retards is based on absorption. The large admixture anions and molecules
are absorbed on the surface of cement particles, which hinders further reactions between cement
and water i.e. retards setting. The commonly known retards are Calcium Ligno-sulphonates and
Carbohydrates derivatives used in fraction of percent by weight of cement.

5. Air Entrained Admixtures:

An addition for hydraulic cement or an admixture for concrete or mortar which
causes air, usually in small quantity, to be incorporated in the form of minute
bubbles in the concrete or mortar during mixing, usually to increase its
workability and frost resistance. Air-entraining admixtures are surfactants that
change the surface tension of the water. Traditionally, they were based on fatty
acid salts or vinsol resin but these have largely been replaced by synthetic
surfactants or blends of surfactants to give improved stability and void
characteristics to the entrained air. Air entrainment is used to produce a number
of effects in both the plastic and the hardened concrete. These include:
Resistance to freeze thaw action in the hardened concrete.
Increased cohesion, reducing the tendency to bleed and segregation in the
plastic concrete.
Compaction of low workability mixes including semi - dry concrete.
Stability of extruded concrete.
Cohesion and handling properties in bedding mortars.

FRESH CONCRETE AND HARDENED

CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE
Concrete remains in its fresh state from the time it is mixed until it sets. During this time
the concrete is handled, transported, placed and compacted. Properties of concrete in its
fresh state are very important because the influence the quality of the hardened concrete.
The fresh concrete has the following procedure:
Consistency
Workability
Settlement & Bleeding
Plastic shrinkage
Loss of consistency

Properties of Hardened Concrete

Fully cured, hardened concrete must be strong enough to withstand the structural and service
loads which will be applied to it and must be durable enough to withstand the environmental
exposure for which it is designed. If concrete is made with high-quality materials and is properly
proportioned, mixed, handled, placed and finished, it will be the strongest and durable building
material. Below are the properties of hardened concrete:-

Strength

Creep

Durability

Shrinkage

Modulus of Elasticity

Water Tightness

FACTORS INFLUENCING WORKABILITY ON

FRESH CONCRETE
Water / Cement Ratio or Water Content of Concrete:
Water/cement ratio is one of the most important factor which influence the concrete
workability. Generally, a water cement ratio of 0.45 to 0.6 is used for good workable
concrete without the use of any admixture. Higher the water/cement ratio, higher will
be the water content per volume of concrete and concrete will be more workable.
Higher water/cement ratio is generally used for manual concrete mixing to make the
mixing process easier. For machine mixing, the water/cement ratio can be reduced.
These generalised method of using water content per volume of concrete is used
only for nominal mixes. For designed mix concrete, the strength and durability of
concrete is of utmost importance and hence water cement ratio is mentioned with
the design. Generally designed concrete uses low water/cement ratio so that
desired strength and durability of concrete can be achieved.

Admixtures in Concrete:
There are many types of admixtures used in concrete for enhancing its
properties. There are some workability enhancer admixtures such as
plasticizers and super plasticizers which increases the workability of
concrete even with low water/cement ratio. They are also called as water
reducing concrete admixtures. They reduce the quantity of water
required for same value of slump.
Air entraining concrete admixtures are used in concrete to increase its
workability. This admixture reduces the friction between aggregates by
the use of small air bubbles which acts as the ball bearings between the
aggregate particles.

Surface Texture of Aggregates:

Surface texture such as rough surface and smooth surface of
aggregates affects the workability of concrete in the same way as the
shape of aggregates. With rough texture of aggregates, the surface area
is more than the aggregates of same volume with smooth texture. Thus
concrete with smooth surfaces are more workable than with rough
textured aggregates.

Shape of Aggregates:
The shape of aggregates affects the workability of concrete. It is easy to
understand that rounded aggregates will be easy to mix than elongated,
angular and flaky aggregates due to less frictional resistance. Other than
that, the round aggregates also have less surface area compared to
elongated or irregular shaped aggregates. This will make less
requirement of water for same workability of concrete. This is why river
sands are commonly preferred for concrete as they are rounded in
shape.

AGGREGATE-CEMENT RATIO:
Mix proportion of concrete tells us the ratio of fine aggregates and
coarse aggregates w.r.t. cement quantity. This can also be called as the
aggregate cement ratio of concrete. The more cement is used, concrete
becomes richer and aggregates will have proper lubrications for easy
mobility or flow of aggregates. The low quantity of cement w.r.t.
aggregates will make the less paste available for aggregates and
mobility of aggregates is restrained.

TEST ON WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE
Slump test
This is a site test to determine the workability of the ready mixed concrete
just before its placing to final position inside the formwork, and is always
conducted by the supervisor on site. However in mid of concreting process
, should the site supervisor visually finds that the green concrete becomes
dry or the placement of concrete has been interrupted , a re-test on the
remaining concrete should be conducted in particular of the pour for
congested reinforcement area .

Compression test
The Compression Test is a laboratory test to determine the characteristic
strength of the concrete but the making of test cubes is sometimes carried
out by the supervisor on site. This cube test result is very important to the
acceptance of insitu concrete work since it demonstrates the strength of
the design mix.

Cube Test
Concrete cube testing is the process by which a batch of concrete is tested
for strength and durability. This is done by making a cube of concrete in a
machine designed to make concrete blocks, curing the concrete and
removing it to perform tests at specific time intervals.