Ceramics

Advanced structure
ceramics
Ceramics comes from the Greek word Keramos which refers to
burnt stuff.
Ceramics are basically defined as inorganic, non-metallic
materials that are processed and/or at high temperatures.
They have been subject to a heat treatment.
They are generally brittle materials that withstand
compression very well but do not hold well under tension when
compared to metals.
The nature of the chemical bonds in ceramics are ionic in
character , and the anions help in determining the properties
of the ceramic material .
Ceramics are broadly classified as follows :
White ware , which includes china and porcelain

Structural clay products
Glass
Refractory Materials which are capable of withstanding very high
temperatures.
CERAMICS
A wide-ranging group of inorganic
materials whose ingredients are
clays, sand and feldspar.
Traditionally, moulded from silicate
materials, then dried and fired.
General Properties
Very strong interatomic bonding
exists in ceramics which may ionic,
covalent or a mixture of the two.
Properties are mainly affected due to
this strong bonding.
General Properties
Very high melting point
Low electrical and thermal conductivity.
This enables them to be used in furnace as
refractory material
High compressive strength
Low bulk density typically about 20004000 kg per m^3. (Metals such as Iron are
as high as 8000).
Low resistance to crack propagation.
Impact conditions must be avoided.
Properties and Applications of

Selected Engineering Ceramics
Alumina
Tungsten Carbide
Cubic Boron Nitride
Diamond
Alumina
Alumina consists of 85-99.9% of Al2O3
.
One of the worlds most widely used
ceramic.
Properties
High melting point of 2050oC.
Resistant to heat, i.e. shows
refractoriness.
Interatomic bonding forces, partly
ionic and partly covalent are very
strong and the structure of alumina is
physically stable upto a temperature
of 1500-1700oC.
Alumina is used in coarse grain size as

refractory material in the form of slabs,
shapes and bricks for furnace construction.
Due to stability in elevated temperatures it
is used as a protective sheath for
temperature measuring thermocouples.
The coefficient of expansion of Alumina is
3.5 x 10-6 K-1.
Used extensively in electrical and
electronics industry as substrates and
packing material.
Alumina components are frequently quite
small but affect vital functioning of system
Eg: Spark Plug insulators.
Tungsten Carbide
Tungsten carbide(WC) is an inorganic chemical
compound containing equal parts oftungsten
andcarbonatoms.
Tungsten is a Refractory Metal with the highest
melting temp. at 3410C
The Knoop hardness is around 2100
The mixture of the two reduces cost for tools.
Composite material consisting of tungstencarbide particles bonded together.
Alternate name is cemented carbides.
Manufactured with powder metallurgy techniques
Amount of cobalt present affects properties

of carbide tools.
As cobalt content increases strength
hardness & wear resistance increases.
Tungsten carbide is high
melting,2,870C(5,200F), extremely hard,
with lowelectrical
resistivity(~2107Ohmm), comparable
with that of some metals.
Tungsten carbide is approximately three
times stifferthansteel, with aYoung's
modulusof approximately 550 GPa.
Used in manufacturing sector, military,
sports etc. where high strength and hardness
is required.
Use in Manufacturing
Mill or shoe is heated to where the pores of the
iron open.
Then the brazing alloy made of copper and a high
nickel
content is melted down and bonded
into the irons pores.
This bonds the tungsten carbide to the mill.
For downhole cutting and milling:
The removal of loose junk such as bit cones,
packers, tong dies, and cement.
The abrasive surface of the mills from the
tungsten-carbide is what does the cutting.
When cutting is done, the object that was being
cut is now small shavings that can be circulated
Tungsten Carbide
Titanium Carbide
Titanium carbide,TiC, is an extremelyhard(Mohs99.5)refractoryceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide.

It is commercially used intool bits. It has the appearance of black
powder withNaCl-type face centeredcubiccrystal structure. It is
mainly used in preparation ofcermets, which are frequently used
tomachinesteelmaterials at high cutting speed.
The resistance towear,corrosion, andoxidationof atungsten
carbide-cobaltmaterial can be increased by adding 6-30% of
titanium carbide to tungsten carbide. This forms asolid solution
that is morebrittleand susceptible to breakage than the original
material.
Tool bits without tungsten content can be made of titanium
carbide innickel-cobalt matrix cermet, enhancing the cutting
speed, precision, and smoothness of the workpiece. This material
is sometimes called high-techceramicsand is used as aheat
shieldforatmospheric reentryofspacecraft. The substance may be
also polished and used in scratch-proof watches.
It can beetchedwithreactive-ion etching.
Titanium Carbide
Cubic Boron Nitride
Boron nitrideis achemical compoundwithchemical

formulaBN, consisting of equal numbers of
boronandnitrogenatoms.
Cubic boron nitride (CBN or c-BN) is widely used as
anabrasive.
Its usefulness arises from its insolubility iniron,nickel, and
relatedalloysat high temperatures, whereas diamond is
soluble in these metals to give carbides.
When in contact with oxygen at high temperatures, BN
forms a passivation layer of boron oxide. Boron nitride binds
well with metals, due to formation of interlayers of metal
borides or nitrides.
Materials with cubic boron nitride crystals are often used in
thetool bitsofcutting tools. For grinding applications,
softer binders, e.g. resin, porous ceramics, and soft metals,
are used. Ceramic binders can be used as well.
Cubic Boron Nitride
Diamond
In mineralogy, diamond is an allotrope of

carbon, where the carbon atoms are
arranged in a variation of the face-centered
cubic crystal structure called a diamond
lattice
Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the
conversion rate from diamond to graphite is
negligible at ambient conditions
Most natural diamonds are formed at high
temperature and pressure at depths of 140
to 190 kilometers (87 to 120 mi) in the Earth
mantle
Properties:
Has extremely high hardness
Has a high thermal conductivity
Has good optical characteristics
Diamond is chemical non-reactive
They form excellent insulators
Applications :
It is mainly used in jewelry.
Can be used in making Diamond blades.
Diamond

Ceramics

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Ceramics

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Advanced structure

White ware , which includes china and porcelain

Properties and Applications of

Alumina is used in coarse grain size as

Amount of cobalt present affects properties

Titanium carbide,TiC, is an extremelyhard(Mohs99.5)refractoryceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide.

Cubic Boron Nitride

Boron nitrideis achemical compoundwithchemical

Cubic Boron Nitride

In mineralogy, diamond is an allotrope of

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