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    The AVR Microcontroller: History and Features

    Uploaded by

    Azka Ghaffar
    The document discusses the history and features of the AVR microcontroller. It begins by comparing microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers have RAM, ROM, I/O ports integrated on a single chip. The AVR was developed in the 1990s and uses a Harvard architecture with separate buses for code and data. The AVR comes in various families - Classic, Mega, Tiny and Special Purpose. The Mega AVRs have extensive peripherals and memory up to 256KB while Tiny AVRs have fewer instructions and pins with memory up to 8KB, making them good for low cost, low power applications.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    The AVR Microcontroller: History and Features

    Uploaded by

    Azka Ghaffar
    193 views28 pages
    The document discusses the history and features of the AVR microcontroller. It begins by comparing microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers have RAM, ROM, I/O ports integrated on a single chip. The AVR was developed in the 1990s and uses a Harvard architecture with separate buses for code and data. The AVR comes in various families - Classic, Mega, Tiny and Special Purpose. The Mega AVRs have extensive peripherals and memory up to 256KB while Tiny AVRs have fewer instructions and pins with memory up to 8KB, making them good for low cost, low power applications.

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    8634210.ppt

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    The document discusses the history and features of the AVR microcontroller. It begins by comparing microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers have RAM, ROM, I/O ports integrated on a single chip. The AVR was developed in the 1990s and uses a Harvard architecture with separate buses for code and data. The AVR comes in various families - Classic, Mega, Tiny and Special Purpose. The Mega AVRs have extensive peripherals and memory up to 256KB while Tiny AVRs have fewer instructions and pins with memory up to 8KB, making them good for low cost, low power applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    193 views28 pages

    The AVR Microcontroller: History and Features

    Uploaded by

    Azka Ghaffar
    The document discusses the history and features of the AVR microcontroller. It begins by comparing microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that microcontrollers have RAM, ROM, I/O ports integrated on a single chip. The AVR was developed in the 1990s and uses a Harvard architecture with separate buses for code and data. The AVR comes in various families - Classic, Mega, Tiny and Special Purpose. The Mega AVRs have extensive peripherals and memory up to 256KB while Tiny AVRs have fewer instructions and pins with memory up to 8KB, making them good for low cost, low power applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    The AVR Microcontroller:

    History and
    Features

    ???

    Microprocessors (CPU) vs Microcontrollers


    (MCU) ???

    CPU vs. MCU

    Microprocessor

    No RAM, ROM, I/O Ports on chip itself


    e.g. Pentium (Intel), PowerPC (Motorola), Spark (SUN)
    Applications: Desktop, Laptop, workstations, Servers

    Microcontroller

    Microprocessor, RAM, ROM, timers, I/O Ports on a single


    chip.
    8051(Intel), 68HC08 (Motorola), AVR (Atmel), Z8 (Zilog),
    PIC (Microchip), ARM (Advanced RISC Machine).
    Application: TV Remote Control, video games, robots,

    CPU vs. MCU

    Most common MCU/CPU

    8-bit MCU

    16-bit MCU/CPU

    AVR
    PIC
    8051
    8086/186/96/196
    68HC12/16

    32-bit MCU

    ARM
    PIC32

    8-bit Microcontrollers

    ???

    Embedded Systems ???

    Embedded Systems

    An embedded system is controlled by its own


    internal microprocessor (or microcontroller)
    as opposed to an external controller.
    A PC is connected to various embedded
    products such as keyboard, printer, modem,
    disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM driver,
    mouse and so on.
    a printer gets data and prints it. A mouse
    takes coordinates and sends to the PC.

    Embedded Products

    Computing

    PC
    Notebook
    Laptop
    Storage
    Color printer
    Laser printer
    Modem
    Cable modem
    Copier
    Scanner
    Digital camera

    Cars

    Anti-lock breaks
    Air bags
    Engine Control
    Transmission
    Control
    Climate control
    Collusion
    avoidance
    Navigation
    Trip Computer
    Instrumentation
    Keyless entry

    Communications

    Wire-line
    Phone
    Cellular
    Phones
    PDA
    Pager
    Fax machine
    Intercom

    Cards

    Banking
    Electronic
    Purse
    Social Security
    Tolls

    Embedded Products

    Consumer

    VCR, CD
    Video games
    DVD Player
    Stereo
    Smoke alarm
    Camera
    Remote Control
    Garage Door
    Opener
    Security System

    Consumer

    Toys
    Answering
    machine
    Camcorder
    Musical
    Instruments
    Sewing
    Machine
    Exercise
    equipment

    Connectivity

    Cable TV
    Cable Modem
    Router
    Hub

    Choosing a microcontroller

    Speed: What is the highest speed a microcontroller


    supports?
    Packaging: Is it DIP (dual inline package) or a QFP
    (quad flat package) or some other type?
    Power Consumption: Critical for battery powered
    products.
    The amount of RAM and ROM on chip
    The number of timers and I/O pins on chip
    Cost per unite
    Availability of Compiler, Simulator, Debugger.
    Availability of chip in market

    The AVR microcontroller

    The basic architecture of AVR was designed


    Family

    by two students of Norwegian Institute of


    Technology (NTH), Alf-Egil Bogen and
    Vegard Wollan, and then was bought and
    developed by Atmel in 1996.
    The AVR stands for Advanced Virtual RISC,
    or Alf and Vegard RISC.
    The AVR is an 8-bit RISC single-chip
    microcontroller with Harvard architecture.

    RISC and CISC


    CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

    A large number of instructions, typically from 100 to 250


    instructions
    Some instructions that perform specialized task and are used
    infrequently
    A large variety of addressing modes, typically from 5 to 20
    different modes
    Variable-length instruction formats

    RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

    Relatively few instructions


    Relatively few addressing modes
    Fixed-length, easily decoded instruction format

    Harvard and von Neumann

    Architecture
    von Neumann (Princeton) architecture.

    The same bus is used for accessing both the code and data
    Pentium Processor is based on von Neumann Architecture

    Harvard architecture

    Separate buses are used for accessing the code and data
    memory.
    That means that we need four sets of buses:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.

    A set of data buses for carrying data into and out of the CPU,
    A set of address buses for accessing the data,
    A set of data buses for carrying code into the CPU, and
    An address bus for accessing the code

    This is easy to implement inside an IC chip such as a


    microcontroller where both ROM code and data RAM are
    internal (on-chip) and distances are on the micron and millimeter
    scale

    The AVR microcontroller


    Family

    The Simplified view of an AVR Microcontroller

    The AVR Family

    The AVR can be classified into four groups: Classic, Mega, Tiny,
    and special purpose.
    Classic AVR (AT90Sxxxx)
    This is the original AVR chip, which has been replaced by newer
    AVR chips. These are not recommended for new designs.
    Mega AVR (ATmegaxxxx)
    These are powerful microcontrollers with more than 120
    instructions and lots of different peripheral capabilities, which can
    be used in different designs. Some of their characteristics are as
    follows:
    Program memory: 4K to 256K bytes
    Package: 28 to 100 pins
    Extensive peripheral set
    Extended instruction set: They have rich instruction sets.

    The AVR Family

    The AVR Family

    Tiny AVR (ATtinyxxxx)


    This group have less instructions and smaller packages in
    comparison to mega family. You can design systems with low
    costs and power consumptions using the Tiny AVRs. Some of
    their characteristics are as follows:

    Program memory: IK to 8K bytes


    Package: 8 to 28 pins
    Limited peripheral set
    Limited instruction set: The instruction sets are limited. For example,
    some of them do not have the multiply instruction.

    Special purpose AVR


    The ICs of this group can be considered as a subset of other
    groups, but their special capabilities are made for designing
    specific applications. Some of the special capabilities are: USB
    controller, CAN controller, LCD controller, Zigbee, Ethernet
    controller, FPGA, and advanced PWM.

    The AVR Family

    Embedded Systems

    AVR different groups

    Classic AVR

    Mega

    e.g. ATmega8, ATmega32, ATmega128

    Tiny

    e.g. AT90S2313, AT90S4433

    e.g. ATtiny13, ATtiny25

    Special Purpose AVR

    e.g. AT90PWM216,AT90USB1287

    AVR different groups

    AVR different groups

    AVR different groups

    Lets get familiar with the


    AVR part numbers
    ATmega128
    Atmel group

    ATtiny44
    Atmel

    Tiny
    group

    Flash =4K

    Flash
    =128K

    AT90S4433
    Atmel Classi
    c
    group

    Flash =4K

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