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    Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Juan Dela Cruz
    Water hammer occurs when there is a sudden change in flow velocity in a pipeline. It creates a pressure wave that propagates through the pipe at the celerity of pressure waves. For a given pipe, closing a valve instantaneously would cause the maximum water hammer pressure rise, while closing it over 4 seconds reduces the pressure rise. If flow decreases suddenly from 0.85 m3/s to 0.28 m3/s, the expected pressure rise is 491.79 kPa.

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    Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Juan Dela Cruz
    4K views17 pages
    Water hammer occurs when there is a sudden change in flow velocity in a pipeline. It creates a pressure wave that propagates through the pipe at the celerity of pressure waves. For a given pipe, closing a valve instantaneously would cause the maximum water hammer pressure rise, while closing it over 4 seconds reduces the pressure rise. If flow decreases suddenly from 0.85 m3/s to 0.28 m3/s, the expected pressure rise is 491.79 kPa.

    Original Description:

    Reference for review purposes.

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    Water hammer occurs when there is a sudden change in flow velocity in a pipeline. It creates a pressure wave that propagates through the pipe at the celerity of pressure waves. For a given pipe, closing a valve instantaneously would cause the maximum water hammer pressure rise, while closing it over 4 seconds reduces the pressure rise. If flow decreases suddenly from 0.85 m3/s to 0.28 m3/s, the expected pressure rise is 491.79 kPa.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    4K views17 pages

    Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Juan Dela Cruz
    Water hammer occurs when there is a sudden change in flow velocity in a pipeline. It creates a pressure wave that propagates through the pipe at the celerity of pressure waves. For a given pipe, closing a valve instantaneously would cause the maximum water hammer pressure rise, while closing it over 4 seconds reduces the pressure rise. If flow decreases suddenly from 0.85 m3/s to 0.28 m3/s, the expected pressure rise is 491.79 kPa.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are about water hammer pressure, factors that affect it such as pipe properties and flow velocity, and equations to calculate pressure wave velocity and water hammer pressure.

    Water hammer refers to the shock caused in a pipeline by a sudden decrease or stop in fluid flow velocity. It occurs when a pressure wave transmitted by the closing of a valve stops the fluid lamina.

    The velocity of pressure waves, c, can be calculated using the bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid, EB, the density of the fluid, ρ, and the pipe material properties like modulus of elasticity, E, and thickness, t.

    WATER HAMMER

    The term used to express the resulting


    shock in a pipeline caused by the
    sudden decrease or stoppage of motion
    (rate of flow or velocity) of the fluid.
    CELERITY
    Speed at which the pressure
    wave is moving
    PRESSURE WAVE
    The wave transmitting the
    pressure which stops the lamina
    of fluid due to closing of valve
    For Rigid pipe:
    𝑬𝑩
    𝒄=
    𝝆

    Where:
    c = celerity of pressure waves
    EB = bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid
    ρ = density of fluid
    For non-rigid pipes:
    𝑬𝑩
    𝒄=
    𝑬𝑩 𝒅
    𝝆 𝟏+
    𝑬𝒕

    Where:
    c = celerity of pressure waves
    EB = bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid
    E = modulus of elasticity of the pipe wall
    t = pipe thickness
    d = internal diameter
    ρ = density of fluid
    The time for the pressure wane to travel
    from A to B and back again is:

    𝟐𝑳
    𝑻=
    𝒄

    Where:
    c = celerity of pressure waves
    L = length of pipe
    Pressure Change due to Water
    hammer:

    𝒑𝒉 = 𝝆𝒄𝑽

    Where:
    c = celerity of pressure waves
    v = velocity of flow
    ρ = density of fluid
    1. Water flows at a rate of 2 m/s in a 2.5 km long 600
    mm pipe that is 20 mm thick. Bulk modulus of
    elasticity of water, EB = 2.2 x 109 Pa. Modulus of
    elasticity of pipe material is E = 1.4 x 1011 Pa. Density
    of Water is 998 kg/m3.
    a. Compute the value of the velocity of pressure wave in
    m/s.
    b. If a valve at the end of the pipe is closed, determine
    the maximum time of closure that can be considered
    as instantaneous closure.
    c. Calculate the rise in pressure near the valve due to
    instantaneous closure of the valve.
    Given:
    EB = 2.2 x 109 Pa L = 2.5 km = 2500 m ρ = 998 kg/m3
    E = 1.4 x 1011 Pa d = 600 mm
    v = 2 m/s t = 20 mm

    Solution:
    a. Compute the value of the velocity of pressure wave in m/s.

    𝑬𝑩
    𝒄=
    𝑬 𝒅
    𝝆 𝟏+ 𝑩
    𝑬𝒕

    2.2 x 109 Pa
    𝒄=
    2.2 x 109 Pa(600 mm )
    998 kg/m3 𝟏+
    1.4 x 1011 Pa (20 mm )

    𝒄 = 1223.99 m/s
    b. If a valve at the end of the pipe is closed, determine the
    maximum time of closure that can be considered as instantaneous
    closure.

    2𝐿
    𝑇=
    𝑐
    2 (2500 𝑚)
    𝑇=
    1223.99 𝑚/𝑠

    𝑻 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝒔
    c. Calculate the rise in pressure near the valve due to
    instantaneous closure of the valve.

    𝑝ℎ = 𝜌𝑐𝑣

    𝑘𝑔 𝑚
    𝑝ℎ = 998 3 1223.99 2 m/s
    𝑚 𝑠

    𝒑𝒉 = 2, 443 kPa
    2. The elasticity and dimensions of a pipe leading from a
    reservoir are such that the celerity of pressure wave is
    975 m/s. The pipe has a length of 610 m and a diameter
    of 1.2 m. The flow is initially 0.85 m3 /s.
    a. Compute the water hammer pressure for
    instantaneous valve closure.
    b. Compute the approximate water hammer pressure at
    the valve if it is closed in 4 s.
    c. Calculate the pressure that is expected when the
    discharge drops almost instantly from 0.85 m3/s to
    0.28 m3/s.
    Given:
    c = 975 m/s L = 610 m d = 1.2 m. Q = 0.85 m3 /s.
    Solution:
     Solving for the area of the pipe:
    𝜋 2 𝜋
    𝐴= 𝑑 = 1.2 𝑚 2 = 1.131 𝑚2
    4 4
     Solving for the velocity:
    𝑄 0.85
    𝑣= = = 0.752 𝑚/𝑠
    𝐴 1.131
    a. Compute the water hammer pressure for
    Instantaneous valve closure.
    𝑝ℎ = 𝜌𝑐𝑣 = 1000 975 0.752 = 𝟕𝟑𝟑, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂
    b. Compute the approximate water hammer pressure at
    the valve if it is closed in 4 s.
     Time of travel:
    2𝐿 2 610
    𝑡𝑡 = = = 1.25 𝑠𝑒𝑐
    𝑐 975
     Solving for the pressure if the valve is closed:

    𝑝𝑡 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑐 𝑡𝑐
    733.3𝐾𝑃𝑎 1.25𝑠 = 𝑝𝑐 4𝑠
    𝒑𝒄 = 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
    c. Calculate the pressure that is expected when the
    discharge drops almost instantly from 0.85 m3/s to 0.28
    m3/s.
     Solving for the velocity due to the drop of discharge:
    ′
    0.28 𝑚
    𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑓 = 0.752 − = 0.5044
    1.131 𝑠
     Solving for the pressure that is expected when
    discharge drops:
    𝑝 = 𝜌𝑐𝑣 = 1000 975 0.5044
    𝒑 = 𝟒𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂

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