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    Auxiliary Lesson - Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Emmanuel Maala
    1. When a valve closes suddenly in a pipeline, it causes a pressure wave to travel through the liquid at the celerity of the wave. 2. The celerity depends on properties of the liquid and pipe, and can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Sudden valve closure can cause water hammer, a pressure surge, which is calculated based on the celerity, flow velocity, and time of closure. Allowing a longer closure time reduces the water hammer pressure.

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    Auxiliary Lesson - Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Emmanuel Maala
    533 views6 pages
    1. When a valve closes suddenly in a pipeline, it causes a pressure wave to travel through the liquid at the celerity of the wave. 2. The celerity depends on properties of the liquid and pipe, and can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Sudden valve closure can cause water hammer, a pressure surge, which is calculated based on the celerity, flow velocity, and time of closure. Allowing a longer closure time reduces the water hammer pressure.

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    Auxiliary Lesson_water Hammer

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    1. When a valve closes suddenly in a pipeline, it causes a pressure wave to travel through the liquid at the celerity of the wave. 2. The celerity depends on properties of the liquid and pipe, and can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Sudden valve closure can cause water hammer, a pressure surge, which is calculated based on the celerity, flow velocity, and time of closure. Allowing a longer closure time reduces the water hammer pressure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    533 views6 pages

    Auxiliary Lesson - Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    Emmanuel Maala
    1. When a valve closes suddenly in a pipeline, it causes a pressure wave to travel through the liquid at the celerity of the wave. 2. The celerity depends on properties of the liquid and pipe, and can be calculated using formulas provided. 3. Sudden valve closure can cause water hammer, a pressure surge, which is calculated based on the celerity, flow velocity, and time of closure. Allowing a longer closure time reduces the water hammer pressure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    AUXILIARY LESSON:

    WATER HAMMER IN PIPES; CELERITY OF PRESSURE WAVES


    A liquid flowing in a closed conduit, as in a pipe, may have its motion or velocity
    stopped by the sudden closure of a valve located downstream of the source. In such case, there is
    an almost instantaneous destruction of the velocity of a relatively large mass of liquid.
    Imagine a pipeline drawing liquid from a reservoir through gravity. A gate valve at a
    point in the pipeline is installed for the control of flow. If the valve is suddenly closed, the
    lamina of liquid just upstream of the valve immediately comes to rest, and this checks the next
    lamina, and so on up to the pipe entrance. The force required to stop these successive laminae
    effects an increase in pressure along successive points upstream of the valve, transmitted from
    point to point like a wave. The wave transmitting the pressure is called as the pressure wave.
    To set it apart from the concept of a velocity, the time rate at which pressure is
    transmitted is called the celerity of the wave. Celerity is the speed at which the pressure wave is
    moving, and velocity is the rate of displacement of material objects. Meanwhile, water hammer
    is the resulting shock caused by sudden decrease in the velocity of fluid.
    A. Celerity For Rigid Pipes
    EB
    c=
    √ ρ
    where: EB = bulk modulus of water (Pa)
    ρ = mass density of water (kg/m3)
    c = celerity, speed of pressure wave (m/s)
    B. Celerity For Non-Rigid Pipes

    EB
    c=

    √ E D
    ρ(1+ B )
    Et
    where: E = modulus of elasticity of steel
    D = diameter of pipe
    t = thickness of pipe
    C. Time of Closure – the time required for the pressure wave to travel from the valve to the
    reservoir and back to the valve.
    2L
    t=
    c
    where: L = length of pipe in meter
    c = celerity
    D. Water Hammer Pressure
    1. Rapid Closure (t < 2L/c)
    P= ρcV
    2. Slow Closure (t > 2L/c)
    2 LρV
    P=
    t
    where: P = water hammer pressure
    V = velocity of water
    t = time of closure
    SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
    1. The elasticity and dimensions of the pipe are such that celerity of the pressure wave is
    970 m/s. Suppose the pipe has the length of 1600m. and a diameter of 1.2m and an initial
    flow of 0.85 m3/s.
    a. Find the water hammer pressure for instantaneous valve closure.
    b. How much time should be allowed for closing a valve to avoid water hammer?
    c. Find the appropriate water hammer pressure of the valve if it is closed in 4 secs.
    2. A valve is suddenly closed in a 200mm diameter pipe. The increase in pressure is
    700kPa. Assuming that the pipe is rigid and the bulk modulus of water is 2.07 x 10 9
    N/m2.
    a. Compute the celerity of the pressure wave.
    b. Compute the maximum discharge.
    c. If the length of the pipe is 800m. long, compute the water hammer pressure at the
    valve if it is closed in 3 sec.
    3. Water from a reservoir flowing through a non-rigid 600mm. diameter pipe with a velocity
    of 2.5 m/s is completely stopped by a closure of a valve situated 1050m. from the
    reservoir. Assume that the pressure increases at a uniform rate and that there is no
    damping of the pressure wave. The pipe has a thickness of 18mm. Bulk modulus of steel
    water is 2060 MPa and modulus of elasticity of steel is 200000 MPa.
    a. Compute the velocity of sound in water.
    b. Determine the max. rise of pressure in kPa above that corresponding to uniform flow
    when the valve closure takes place in 5 sec.
    c. Determine the max. rise of pressure when the valve closure takes place in 5 sec.
    4. A non-rigid steel pipe 60cm in diameter is to carry a maximum static head of 350m. of
    water and additional pressure due to water hammer when quick closing valve stops a flow
    of 0.85 m3/s. The pipe has a thickness of 18mm and a bulk modulus of E B = 2,068.5 MPa,
    E = 200 GPa for steel.
    a. Compute the celerity of the pressure wave.
    b. Compute the total pressure on the pipe after the closure of the valve.
    c. Compute the max. stress acting on the pipe.

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