FLUID MECHANICS

AND
HYDRAULICS
BY: ENGR. KARREN MAY A. SIMPLINA
RESERVOIR CAPACITY
Situation 1: Water is pumped into a distribution reservoir at a rate of 600 m3
every 4 hours. The estimated water demands every 4 hours are shown below.

Time Demand (m3)

0400H 200
0800h 800
1200H 1,100
1600H 700
2000H 500
2400H 300

At 0800, the reservoir contains 700 m3 of water.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the minimum reservoir capacity?
a. 800 m3 c. 900 m3
b. 700 m3 d. 600 m3
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum requirement from
the reservoir?
a. 400 m3 c. 600 m3
b. 200 m3 d. 500 m3
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the water in the reservoir at
2000H?
a. 100 m3 c. 500 m3
b. 400 m3 d. 200 m3
SOLUTION:

Time Demand (m3) Supply (m3) In (m3) Out (m3) Reservoir Content (m3)
0400H 200 600 400 900
0800h 800 600 200 700
1200H 1,100 600 500 200
1600H 700 600 100 100
2000H 500 600 100 200
2400H 300 600 300 500
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the minimum reservoir capacity?
a. 800 m3 c. 900 m3
b. 700 m3 d. 600 m3 ΣOUT= 200 + 500 + 100
= 800 m 3

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum requirement from
the reservoir?
a. 400 m 3 c. 600 m 3 OUT max = 500 m3

b. 200 m3 d. 500 m3
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the water in the reservoir at
2000H?
a. 100 m3 c. 500 m3
b. 400 m3 d. 200 m3
CELERITY AND WATER
HAMMER PRESSURE
CONCEPT: CELERITY

Celerity- rapidity of the pressure wave

Rigid Pipe Where:
EB – bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid
(water)
EP – bulk modulus of elasticity of the pipe
ρ – density of the liquid (water)
t – thickness of the pipe
D – diameter of the pipe
Non-Rigid Pipe
CONCEPT: CELERITY
In a simple sense, celerity is like a velocity, therefore:

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐶=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝟐𝑳
𝑪=
tc

Where: L
C – celerity of the pressure wave
t c – time for the pressure wave to travel round trip along the pipe
– allowed time/duration in closing a valve to avoid water hammer pressure
L – length of the pipe
– distance of the reservoir from the gate valve
CONCEPT: WATER HAMMER

Water hammer – the sudden shock experienced by the flow due to sudden
obstruction.

Based on Type of Closure Based on Time/Duration of Closure

A. Total Closure (Vf= 0) A. Instantaneous/Rapid Valve
∆𝑃max = -ρ * C * (Vf – Vi) Closure (tactual < tc)
∆𝑃max = -ρ * C * (0– Vi) ∆𝑷 = ∆𝑷max
∆𝑷max = ρ * C * Vi

B. Partial Closure (Vf≠0) B. Slow Valve Closure (tactual > tc)

∆𝑷max = -ρ * C * (Vf – Vi) ∆𝑷 = ∆𝑷max ( tc )
tactual
Situation 2: A 600-mm diameter non-rigid pipe conveys water from a
reservoir with a velocity of 2.50 m/s. The flow is suddenly
stopped by the closure of a valve situated 400 m from the
reservoir. Assume that the pressure increases at a uniform rate
and that there is no damping of the pressure wave. The pipe has
a thickness of 20 mm and a modulus of elasticity 1.40x1011 Pa.
The bulk modulus of elasticity of water is 2.20x109 Pa.
4. Which of the following most nearly gives the celerity of the pressure
wave?
a. 1366.79 m/s c. 1483.24 m/s
b. 1222.76 m/s d. 1616.04 m/s
5. Which of the following most nearly gives the time for the pressure wave
to travel round trip along the pipe?
a. 0.65 s c. 0.59 s
b. 0.54 s d. 0.50 s
6. Which of the following most nearly gives the water hammer pressure
developed in the pipe due to instantaneous valve closure?
a. 4040.11 kPa c. 3415.29 kPa
b. 3708.12 kpa d. 3056.90 kPa
SOLUTION:

4. Which of the following most nearly gives the celerity of the pressure
wave?
a. 1366.79 m/s c. 1483.24 m/s
b. 1222.76 m/s d. 1616.04 m/s
Since the pipe is non-rigid, the formula is:

2.20x109
𝐶=√
2.20x109(600)
1000(1 +
1.40x1011(20)
𝑪 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
SOLUTION:
5. Which of the following most nearly gives the time for the pressure wave
to travel round trip along the pipe?
a. 0.65 s c. 0.59 s
b. 0.54 s d. 0.50 s

We use the formula:

𝟐𝑳
𝑪=
tc
2𝐿
tc=
𝐶
2(400)
tc=
1,222.7615
t c = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄
SOLUTION:
6. Which of the following most nearly gives the water hammer pressure
developed in the pipe due to instantaneous valve closure?
a. 4040.11 kPa c. 3415.29 kPa
b. 3708.12 kpa d. 3056.90 kPa
Based on Type of Closure : A. Total Closure (Vf= 0)
∆𝐏max = ρ * C * Vi
∆𝑃max = (1000) * (1222.7615) * (2.50)
∆𝑃max = 3,056.9038 kPa
Based on Duration of Closure : A. Instantaneous/Rapid Valve
Closure ∆𝐏= ∆𝑷max
∆𝑷 = ∆𝑷max = 3,056.9038 kPa
Situation 3: The elasticity and dimension of the pile are such that the
celerity of the pressure wave is 970 m/s. Suppose the pipe has a
length of 1,600 m, and a diameter of 1.20 m and initial flow of 0.85
m3/s.
7. Find the water hammer pressure for instantaneous valve closure.
a. 650 kPa c. 810 kPa
b. 550.80 kPa d. 727.50 kPa
8. How much time should be allowed for closing a valve to avoid water
hammer pressure.
a. 1.20 sec c. 3.30 sec
b. 5.10 sec d. 2.10 sec
9. Find the appropriate water hammer pressure of the valve if it is closed in 4
seconds?
a. 710 kPa c. 510 kPa
b. 600 kPa d. 555 kPa
SOLUTION:
7. Find the water hammer pressure for instantaneous valve closure.
a. 650 kPa c. 810 kPa
b. 550.80 kPa d. 727.50 kPa

Based on Type of Closure :

A. Total Closure (Vf= 0) Note: if not stated, assume Vf=0

∆𝑷max = ρ * C * Vi
0.85
∆𝑃max = (1000) * (970) * (𝜋 )
4
(1.20)2

∆𝑷max = 729.0180 kPa

Based on Duration of Closure : A. Instantaneous/Rapid Valve
Closure ∆𝑷= ∆𝑷max
∆𝑷 = ∆𝑷max = 729.0180 kPa
SOLUTION:
8. How much time should be allowed for closing a valve to avoid water
hammer pressure.
a. 1.20 sec c. 3.30 sec
b. 5.10 sec d. 2.10 sec
We use the formula: 𝟐𝑳
𝑪=
tc
2𝐿
tc=
𝐶
2(1600)
tc=
970
t c = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄.
SOLUTION:
9. Find the appropriate water hammer pressure of the valve if it is closed in 4
seconds?
a. 710 kPa c. 510 kPa
b. 600 kPa d. 555 kPa

In the previous problem, we got ∆𝑃max = 729.0180 kPa

Also, tactual = 4 sec

tactual > tc
While, tc = 3.30 sec
B. Slow Valve Closure (tactual > tc)
∆𝑷 = ∆𝑷max ( tc ) ∆𝑃= (729.0180) (
3.30
)
tactual 4
∆𝑷 = 601.4399 kPa
𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 2.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < 𝑡𝑐
𝑡𝑐 = 3.30 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Instantaneous Valve Closure

∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
It is the maximum pressure that can
be exerted by the flow, nothing more.
And if ever the computed ρ exceeded
the 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , we use the 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
Slow Valve Closure
𝑡𝑐
∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( )
𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
3.30
∆𝑃 = 729.018 = 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟖 > ∆𝑃𝒎𝒂𝒙
2.50
𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
 1. Water hammer pressure at 0 m from the reservoir?
2. Water hammer pressure at 300 m from the reservoir?
3. Water hammer pressure at the gate valve m from the reservoir?
4. Water hammer pressure at 1300 m from the reservoir?
5. Water hammer pressure at 2000 m from the reservoir?
𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟖
SOLUTION: 𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝒙𝒐

𝑥𝑜 1600 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎
By ratio and proportion: = w/in this distance from the reservoir, 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
729.018 962.3038
𝒙𝒐 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝒎
beyond this distance, 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
1. Water hammer pressure at 0 m from the reservoir? ∆𝑷𝟎 ≈ 𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

2. Water hammer pressure at 300 m from the reservoir?

By ratio and proportion: ∆𝑃300 729.018
=
300 1212.1212
∆𝑷𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
3. Water hammer pressure at the gate valve m from the reservoir?
∆𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒗𝒆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

4. Water hammer pressure at 1300 m from the reservoir?

Since :1300 > 𝑥𝑜 Then :∆𝑃1300 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

∆𝑷𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂
5. Water hammer pressure at 2000 m from the reservoir?
∆𝑷𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
MOMENTUM AND FORCES
IN
FLUID FLOW
CONCEPT:
Case 1: Pipe Flow easy

Case 2: Open Flow challenging

Formulae to be used: 𝑭𝒅 = 𝝆 ∗ 𝑸 ∗ 𝑽

𝑸=𝑨∗𝑽

Concept to be used:
For open flow: 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 = 𝑽𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒕

 If the vane or plate is stationary:

𝑽𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚

 If the vane or plate is moving:

The plate and the flow are
in opposite direction

𝑽𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 = 𝑽𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 ± 𝑽𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆

The plate and the flow are

in the same direction
Situation 4: Water flows through a horizontal bend and a T section as shown
below. AT section 1, the flow enters with a velocity of 6 m/s, and the
pressure is 4.80 kPa. At both sections 2 and 3, the flow exits the device
with a velocity of 3 m/s, and the pressures at these sections are
atmospheric. The cross sectional areas at 1,2, and 3 are all the same at
0.20 m2.
10. Which of the following most nearly gives the x component of the force
necessary to restrain the section?
a. 9.96 kN c. 4.44 kN
b. 6.36 kN d. 8.04 kN
11. Which of the following most nearly gives the y component of the force
necessary to restrain the section?
a. 0.84 kN c. 0.96 kN
b. 2.76 kN d. 1.80 kN
12. Which of the following most nearly gives the resultant force necessary to
restrain the section?
a. 8.50 kN c. 10.12 kN
b. 9.80 kN d. 10.34 kN
SOLUTION: Case 1: Pipe Flow

Fd1
FP1
P1= 4.80 kPa Rx

Fd2
Ry
P2= 0 kPa

P3= 0 kPa

Fd3
SOLUTION:
10. Which of the following most nearly gives the x component of the force
necessary to restrain the section?
a. 9.96 kN c. 4.44 kN
b. 6.36 kN d. 8.04 kN

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑅𝑥 X component of the force needed to restrain the plate/pipe section

X component of the force exerted by the jet on the plate/pipe section
X component of the force exerted by the plate/pipe section on the jet

𝐹𝑦 = 𝑅𝑦 Y component of the force needed to restrain the plate/pipe section

Y component of the force exerted by the jet on the plate/pipe section
Y component of the force exerted by the plate/pipe section on the jet
SOLUTION: To solve for 𝐹𝑥
Take Σ𝐹𝑥 =0:

𝐹𝑑1 + 𝐹𝑃1 + 𝐹𝑑2 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0

𝜌𝑄1 𝑉1 + 𝑃1 𝐴1 + 𝜌𝑄2 𝑉2 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0

Where:
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 0.20 6 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 0.20 3 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑄3 = 𝐴3 𝑉3 = 0.20 3 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

1000 1.20 6 + 4800 0.20 + (1000)(0.60)(3) − 𝑅𝑥 = 0

𝑹𝒙 = 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵 (a)
SOLUTION:
11. Which of the following most nearly gives the y component of the force
necessary to restrain the section?
a. 0.84 kN c. 0.96 kN
b. 2.76 kN d. 1.80 kN

To solve for 𝐹𝑦
Take Σ𝐹𝑦 =0:
𝐹𝑑3 − 𝑅𝑦 = 0

𝜌𝑄3 𝑉3 − 𝑅𝑦 = 0
1000)(0.60)(3) − 𝑅𝑦 = 0
𝑹𝒚 = 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵
SOLUTION:
12. Which of the following most nearly gives the resultant force necessary to
restrain the section?
a. 8.50 kN c. 10.12 kN
b. 9.80 kN d. 10.34 kN

𝐹 2 = 𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2
𝐹 2 = (9.96)2 + (1.80)2

𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑵
Additional Problem: CE BOARD May 2004 (wala sa handout ;-) )
A 250 mm diameter horizontal jet discharging at 491 L/s impinges on a vertical
flat plate.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the force exerted by the jet on the
stationary vertical flat plate?
a. 1.94 kN c. 5.14 kN
b. 4.91 kN d. 6.42 kN

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the force exerted by the jet on the
plate if the plate moves at 2 m/s in the same direction as the jet?
a. 2.14 kN c. 3.14 kN
b. 3.93 kN d. 4.93 kN

3. Which of the following most nearly gives the work done per second by the
jet as it strikes a series of plates moving at 4 m/s in the same direction as the jet?
a. 11.79 kW c. 10.78 kW
b. 9.78 kW d. 12.78 kW
 𝐹𝑑2
SOLUTION: Case 2: Open Flow 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸𝟏 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏
𝑅𝑦 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐
=
𝟐
1 = entry point
2
2,3 = exit points

𝐹𝑑1
source 1 𝑅𝑥
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝑽 = 𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
3 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸𝟏 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏
𝑸𝟑 = =
𝟐 𝟐

𝐹𝑑3
SOLUTION:
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the force exerted by the jet on the
stationary vertical flat plate?
a. 1.94 kN c. 5.14 kN
b. 4.91 kN d. 6.42 kN

To solve for 𝐹𝑥
Take Σ𝐹𝑥 =0:
𝐹𝑑1 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝜌𝑄1 𝑉1 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
1000 0.491 10 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝑹𝒙 = 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵
 To solve for 𝐹𝑦 Take Σ𝐹𝑦 =0:
SOLUTION: 𝐹𝑑3 − 𝐹𝑑2 + 𝑅𝑦 = 0
𝜌𝑄3 𝑉3 − 𝜌𝑄2 𝑉2 + 𝑅𝑦 = 0
0.491 0.491
1000 10 − 1000 10 + 𝑅𝑦 = 0
2 2
𝑹𝒚 = 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑵

To solve for the resultant F:

𝐹 2 = 𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2
𝐹 2 = (4.91)2 + (0)2

𝑭 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵 (b)
 𝐹𝑑2
SOLUTION: 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟖
𝑅𝑦 𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐
=
𝟐

𝐹𝑑1
source 1 𝑅𝑥
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝑽 = 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
3 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟖
𝑸𝟑 = =
𝟐 𝟐

𝐹𝑑3
SOLUTION:
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the force exerted by the jet on the
plate if the plate moves at 2 m/s in the same direction as the jet?
a. 2.14 kN c. 3.14 kN
b. 3.93 kN d. 4.93 kN

To solve for 𝐹𝑥
Take Σ𝐹𝑥 =0:
𝐹𝑑1 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝜌𝑄1 𝑉1 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
1000 0.3928 8 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝑹𝒙 = 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
 To solve for 𝐹𝑦 Take Σ𝐹𝑦 =0:
SOLUTION: 𝐹𝑑3 − 𝐹𝑑2 + 𝑅𝑦 = 0
𝜌𝑄3 𝑉3 − 𝜌𝑄2 𝑉2 + 𝑅𝑦 = 0
0.3928 0.3928
1000 10 − 1000 10 + 𝑅𝑦 = 0
2 2
𝑹𝒚 = 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑵

To solve for the resultant F:

𝐹 2 = 𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2
𝐹 2 = (3.1424)2 + (0)2

𝑭 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵 (c)
 𝐹𝑑2
SOLUTION: 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑅𝑦
𝑸𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑸𝒂𝒏𝒚 2

𝐹𝑑1
source 1 𝑅𝑥
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝑽 = 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
3 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

𝐹𝑑3
SOLUTION:
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the work done per second by the
jet as it strikes a series of plates moving at 4 m/s in the same direction as the jet?
a. 11.79 kW c. 10.78 kW
b. 9.78 kW d. 12.78 kW 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑭𝒙 ∗ 𝑽
To solve for 𝐹𝑥
Take Σ𝐹𝑥 =0:
𝐹𝑑1 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝜌𝑄1 𝑉1 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
1000 0.491 6 − 𝑅𝑥 = 0
𝑹𝒙 = 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 2.946 ∗ 4
𝒌𝑵 ∗ 𝒎
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝑾
𝒔
 STABILITY
OF
FLOATING BODIES
CONCEPT:

Where:
Metacenter, M- intersection of the original and final line of action of the
buoyant force
Center of Buoyancy, Bo- located at a distance halfway of the draft from
the liquid surface
PHOTO TAKEN FROM: MATHALINO.COM Center of Gravity, G- center of mass of the object (usually given)
Draft, D- the submerged depth of the object
DERIVATION: EXACT
𝑭(𝒔) = 𝑩𝑭(𝒛)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐹 = γ ∗ 𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
1 B
𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = ∗ ∗ y ∗ L
2 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 𝑦/( )
2
𝐵
𝑦 = ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ
2
PHOTO TAKEN FROM: MATHALINO.COM
DERIVATION: EXACT
s𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑧/𝑀𝐵𝑜
𝑠𝑜: 𝜽
z = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 ∗ s𝑖𝑛θ
𝑴𝑩𝑶
𝐵𝐹 = γ ∗ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝐵 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝐿

PHOTO TAKEN FROM: MATHALINO.COM

 𝑠 = 2𝑥
DERIVATION: EXACT
x B
(0,0) ( sec θ, 0)
θ 2

B B
x ( cos θ, - sin θ)
2 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3
x 𝑥=
3
𝐵 𝐵
0 + cos 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 𝐵 1
𝑥= 2 2 = (cos 𝜃 + )
3 6 cos 𝜃
𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1
𝑥= ( )
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝜃 + 1
PHOTO TAKEN FROM: MATHALINO.COM
2
𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑠=2 ( ) 𝑠= ( )
6 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
DERIVATION: EXACT Now, let’s substitute all the values:
𝑭(𝒔) = 𝑩𝑭(𝒛)
𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1
(γ ∗ 𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒)( ( )) = (γ ∗ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏)(𝑀𝐵𝑜 ∗ s𝑖𝑛θ)
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 B 𝐵 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
∗ ∗ ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ ∗ L ∗ = (𝐵 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝐿)(𝑀𝐵𝑜 ∗ s𝑖𝑛θ)
2 2 2 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
∗ ∗ = (𝐷)(𝑀𝐵𝑜 ∗ s𝑖𝑛θ)
24 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐵2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2
= (𝐷)(𝑀𝐵𝑜)
24 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐵2
Exact Formula 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = (𝐷)(𝑀𝐵𝑜)
24
It is used for rectangular 𝑩𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
base only 𝑴𝑩𝒐 = 𝟏+
𝟏𝟐𝑫 𝟐
DERIVATION: APPROXIMATE
2
𝑠 = (𝐵)
3
𝑭(𝒔) = 𝑩𝑭(𝒛)
2
γ ∗ 𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 ∗ (𝐵) = (γ ∗ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏)(𝑀𝐵𝑜 ∗ s𝑖𝑛θ)
3
1 B 𝐵 2
∗ ∗ ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ ∗ L ∗ (𝐵) = (𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏)(𝑀𝐵𝑜 ∗ s𝑖𝑛θ)
2 2 2 3
B 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐵
∗ ∗ ∗L ∗ = (𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏)(𝑀𝐵𝑜 ∗ s𝑖𝑛θ)
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3
Moment of Inertia, I 𝐵3 𝐿
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 12 Approximate
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑰 Formula
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = It is used for both rectangular
𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒃 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
and non-rectangular base
CONCEPT: Moment of Inertia, I (for rectangular)

Strong axis

Weak axis
L Pitching (or longitudinal
listing)
B
Rolling (or sideway listing) 𝑩 ∗ 𝑳𝟑
𝑰=
𝑳 ∗ 𝑩𝟑 𝟏𝟐
𝑰=
𝟏𝟐
Situation 5: A rectangular scow 9 m wide, 15 m long, and 3.60 m high, has a draft in
seawater of 2.40 m. Its center of gravity is 2.70 m above the bottom of the
scow.

13. Which of the following most nearly gives the initial metacentric height?
a. 1.41 m c. 1.25 m
b. 1.31 m d. 1.35 m

14. If the scow lists until one side is just at the point of submergence, which of the
following most nearly gives the righting or the overturning couple?
a. 1,385.72 kN-m c. 1,033.91 kN-m
b. 1,247.00 kN-m d. 1,190.02 kN-m
SOLUTION:

𝑴
15m
𝑮
3.6 m
2.7 m 𝑩𝒐 D=2.4 m
1.2m
9m
SOLUTION:
13. Which of the following most nearly gives the initial metacentric height?
a. 1.41 m c. 1.25 m
b. 1.31 m d. 1.35 m Initially: Upright, 𝜃 = 0°
Pitching or Rolling
S1: Exact
𝑩𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = 𝟏+
𝟏𝟐𝑫 𝟐
MG
If not stated, assume Rolling
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 − 𝐺𝐵𝑜
𝐺𝐵𝑜 = 2.70 − 1.2 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
92 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 0
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 1+ = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎
12 ∗ 2.4 2
𝑀𝐺 = 2.8125 − 1.50 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎
SOLUTION:
13. Which of the following most nearly gives the initial metacentric height?
a. 1.41 m c. 1.25 m
b. 1.31 m d. 1.35 m Initially: Upright, 𝜃 = 0°
Pitching or Rolling
S2: Approximate
𝑰
MG
𝑴𝑩𝒐 =
𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒃 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
If not stated, assume Rolling
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 − 𝐺𝐵𝑜
𝐺𝐵𝑜 = 2.70 − 1.2 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝐿 ∗ 𝐵3 15 ∗ 93
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 12 = 12 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (9 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 15) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
𝑀𝐺 = 2.8125 − 1.50 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎
SOLUTION:
14. If the scow lists until one side is just at the point of submergence, which of
the following most nearly gives the righting or the overturning couple?
a. 1,385.72 kN-m c. 1,033.91 kN-m
b. 1,247.00 kN-m d. 1,190.02 kN-m
𝑾 If not stated, assume Rolling
𝑴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃: 1.2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
4.5
𝜃 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟒°
𝑮 𝒙
𝜃 𝑹𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝑪 = (𝑾 𝒐𝒓 𝑩𝑭)(𝒙)
𝑩𝒐 𝑩𝒐 ’
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
+𝑀𝐺
𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑩𝑭 −𝑀𝐺
SOLUTION:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝐹:
𝐵𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝑊 = 𝛾𝐿 ∗ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑
𝐵𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝑊 = 1.03(9.81) ∗ (9 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 15)
𝑩𝑭 𝒐𝒓 𝑾 = 𝟑, 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥:

𝒙 = 𝑴𝑮 ∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝜃
𝑴𝑮

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆2

𝒙
SOLUTION: S1: Exact
𝑩𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = 𝟏+
𝟏𝟐𝑫 𝟐
If not stated, assume Rolling
Same for upright
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 − 𝐺𝐵𝑜 And tilted position

𝐺𝐵𝑜 = 2.70 − 1.2 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎

92 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 14.9314°
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 1+ = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎
12 ∗ 2.4 2

𝑀𝐺 = 2.9125 − 1.50 = +𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎

𝑥 = 1.4125 ∗ sin 14.9314 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟗 𝒎
𝑅𝐶 = 3,273.7932 0.3639
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
SOLUTION: S2: Approximate
𝑰
𝑴𝑩𝒐 =
𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒃 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
If not stated, assume Rolling
Same for upright
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 − 𝐺𝐵𝑜 And tilted position

𝐺𝐵𝑜 = 2.70 − 1.2 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎

15 ∗ 93
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 12 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎
(9 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 15) ∗ cos(14.9314)
𝑀𝐺 = 2.9108 − 1.50 = +𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝑥 = 1.4108 ∗ sin 14.9314 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟓 𝒎
𝑅𝐶 = 3,273.7932 0.3635
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏, 𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Additional Problem: (Wala sa handout ;-) )
A caisson 3m in diameter and 9 m high has a draft of 3 m in seawater. Its center of
gravity is 1 m above the bottom of the caisson.

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the initial metacentric height?

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the righting or the overturning couple?

𝑴 9m

𝑩𝒐 D=3 m
𝑮 1.5 m
1m
3m
SOLUTION:
1. Which of the following most nearly gives the initial metacentric height?
Initially: Upright, 𝜃 = 0°
S2 only: Approximate
𝑰
𝑴𝑩𝒐 =
𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒃 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Note: for circular base, 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 ; 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 + 𝐺𝐵𝑜
𝐺𝐵𝑜 = 1.50 − 1 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝜋 4
(3)
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 𝜋 64 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒎
(3)2 (3) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
4
𝑀𝐺 = 0.1875 + 0.50 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒎
SOLUTION:
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the righting or the
overturning couple?
Note: for circular base, 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 ; 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃: 6
𝑾 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
1.5
𝑴
𝜃 𝜽 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟔𝟑𝟖°
𝑩𝒐 𝜃 𝑩𝒐 ′ 𝑹𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝑪 = (𝑾 𝒐𝒓 𝑩𝑭)(𝒙)
𝑮
𝒙 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
+𝑀𝐺
𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑩𝑭 −𝑀𝐺
SOLUTION:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝐹:
𝐵𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝑊 = 𝛾𝐿 ∗ 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑
𝜋
𝐵𝐹 𝑜𝑟 𝑊 = 1.03(9.81) ∗ ∗ 32 ∗ 3)
(
4
𝑩𝑭 𝒐𝒓 𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥:

𝒙 = 𝑴𝑮 ∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝜃
𝑴𝑮

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆2 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦

𝒙
SOLUTION: S2 only: Approximate
𝑰
𝑴𝑩𝒐 =
𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒃 ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Note: for circular base, 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑦 ; 𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐼𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑜 + 𝐺𝐵𝑜 Same for upright

And tilted position
𝐺𝐵𝑜 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝜋 4
(3)
𝑀𝐵𝑜 = 𝜋 64 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟏 𝒎
(3)2 (3) ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠75.9638°
4
𝑀𝐺 = 0.7731 + 0.50 = +𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟏 𝒎
𝑥 = 1.2731 ∗ sin 75.9638° = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟏 𝒎
𝑅𝐶 = 208.0284 1.2351
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
OF GRAVITY DAMS
FORMULA:
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Factors of Safety
𝝁𝑹𝒚
𝑭𝑺𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 =
𝑹𝒙
𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑹𝑴
𝑭𝑺𝒐 =
𝑶𝑴
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑹𝑴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑶𝑴 = 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑹𝒙 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑹𝒚 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
FORMULA:

Stresses at the base of the dam CL

𝑩
𝒆 ≤
𝟔

𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒆 𝒂
𝑹𝒚
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆 𝑩
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (𝟏 + )
𝑩 𝑩

𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝒆
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = (𝟏 − )
𝑩 𝑩
FORMULA:

Stresses at the base of the dam CL

𝑩
𝒆 >
𝟔
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒆 𝒂
𝑹𝒚
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟐𝑹𝒚
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟑𝒂
𝟑𝒂
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
FORMULA:
𝑹𝑴 − 𝑶𝑴
Eccentricity, e 𝒂=
𝑹𝒚

𝐵 𝐵
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 𝑒=𝑎−
2 2
𝐵 𝐵
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑒 = −𝑎
2 2 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑎 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑒

𝑒 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑
Situation 6:
The vertical face of a trapezoidal concrete dam (S= 2.40) supports water
to a depth of 16 m. Uplift pressure at the base of the dam varies from full
hydrostatic pressure at the heel to zero at the toe. The total height of the
dam is 18 m, upper base width is 1.50 m, and the bottom base width is
unknown.
1.5 m
2m

16 m

B
SOLUTION:
15. Which of the following most nearly gives the minimum safe bottom
base of the dam if the factor of safety against overturning is 1.60?
a. 13.15 m c. 11.06 m
b. 12.03 m d. 10.40 m
𝑹𝑴 To solve for RM and OM, we first solve for
𝑭𝑺𝒐 =
𝑶𝑴 the forces acting on the dam.
𝑾 = 𝜸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 ∗ 𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆

𝑾𝟏
𝑾𝟐

𝑭𝑯

𝑯𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝑻𝒐𝒆
𝑭𝑯 = 𝜸𝑳 ∗ 𝒉 ∗ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑭𝒖 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎
𝑭𝒖
SOLUTION:

𝑊1 = 2.4 9.81 1.5 ∗ 18 ∗ 1 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵

1
𝑊2 = 2.4 9.81 ∗ 𝑥 ∗ 18 ∗ 1 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝒙 𝒌𝑵
2
16
𝐹𝐻 = 9.81 ∗ ∗ 16 ∗ 1 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝑵
2
𝑹𝑴 1
𝐹𝑢 = ∗ 1.5 + 𝑥 ∗ 156.96 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟒𝟖 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝒙 𝒌𝑵
2
𝒙
2
𝛾ℎ = 9.81 ∗ 16 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊1 0.75 + 𝑥 + 𝑊2 ( 𝑥)
= 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
3

𝑶𝑴 2 16
O𝑀 = 𝐹𝑢 ∗ 1.5 + 𝑥 + 𝐹𝐻 ( )
3 3
SOLUTION:
2
𝑊1 0.75 + 𝑥 + 𝑊2 ( 𝑥)
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 3
2 16
𝐹𝑢 ∗ 1.5 + 𝑥 + 𝐹𝐻 ( )
3 3
2
635.688 0.75 + 𝑥 + 211.896𝑥(3 𝑥)
1.60 =
2 16
78.48 1.5 + 𝑥 ∗ 1.5 + 𝑥 + 1,255.68( )
3 3

𝑥 = 10.5275 𝑚
𝐵 = 1.5 + 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝒎 (𝐛)
SOLUTION:
16. Which of the following most nearly gives the factor of safety against sliding if
the coefficient of friction between the soil and the base of the dam is 0.75
using the calculated base in the previous question?
a. 1.15 c. 1.05
b. 1.25 d. 1.00
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝒙 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑊1 = 𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑢 − 𝑊1 − 𝑊2
𝑊2 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑵
𝐹𝐻 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝑵 𝑅𝑦 = 943.9182 − 635.688 − 2,230.7351
𝐹𝑢 = 𝟗𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝒌𝑵 𝑅𝑦 = −1922.5049 𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝑀 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝟖𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑅𝑦 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 (↓)
O𝑀 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟐𝟔𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝐻
0.75(1922.5049)
𝑅𝑥 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝑵 (→) 𝐹𝑆𝑠 =
1,255.68
𝑭𝑺𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟑
SOLUTION:
17. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum stress that is likely to
occur at the toe of the dam? 𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
a. 159.90 kPa c. 284.60 kPa 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )
𝐵 𝐵
b. 34.38 kPa d. 65.20 kPa 1922.5049 6 ∗ 1.5616
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )
𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀 22,825.0139 − 14,265.6108 12.0275 12.0275
𝑎= =
𝑅𝑦 1922.5049 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟖𝟒. 𝟑𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝐵
𝒂 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝒎 < How to check if
2
your answer is
12.0275 correct?
𝑒= − 4.4522
2
𝐵
𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟔 𝒎 ≤
6
SOLUTION:
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 :
𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − ) 𝑩
𝐵 𝐵
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏
1922.5049 6 ∗ 1.5616 𝑹𝒚
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )
12.0275 12.0275 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒒𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

𝑇𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘, 𝑹𝒚 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍. 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎

1
𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 1,922.5045 𝑘𝑁 ≈ 𝑹𝒚
2
1
𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 284.362 + 35.3228 ∗ 12.0275 ∗ 1
2
ORIFICE
CONCEPT:
Constant Head:
𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌
𝑻𝑯𝑬𝑶𝑹𝑬𝑻𝑰𝑪𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑪𝑻𝑼𝑨𝑳

𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂: 𝑨𝒂 = 𝑪𝒄 ∗ 𝑨𝒐 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

H 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚: 𝑽𝒂 = 𝑪𝒗 ∗ 𝑽𝑻 𝐴𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆: 𝑸𝒂 = 𝑪 ∗ 𝑸𝑻
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑪 = 𝑪𝒄 ∗ 𝑪𝒗 𝐴𝑜 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇: 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐴𝑎 ∗ 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑄𝑎 = (𝐶𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ) ∗ (𝐶𝑣 ∗ 𝑉𝑇 ) 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑄 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑄𝑎 = (𝐶𝑐 ∗ 𝐶𝑣 ) ∗ (𝐴𝑜 ∗ 𝑉𝑇 ) 𝑇
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑄𝑇
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Underlying concept:
CONCEPT:
Constant Head:
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙: 𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙: 𝐸1 − Σℎ𝐿 + 𝐸𝑝 − 𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸2
𝑃 𝑣2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐸 =𝑧+ +
𝛾 2𝑔
𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐼𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐸𝐸, 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠, 𝑝𝑡. 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑡. 2.
CONCEPT:
Constant Head:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝐸𝐸 (𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝒂 𝟏 𝛾𝐵 𝑉2 2
𝒂:
(𝐻𝐵 + 𝐻𝐴 ) + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 +
𝛾𝐴 2𝑔
HB γB
𝒃 𝟏
𝐴𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑡. 2
𝒃: 𝛾𝐵 ∗ 𝐻𝐵 𝑉2 2
𝐻𝐴 + +0=0+0+
HA γ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝛾𝐴 2𝑔
𝒄 A
𝟏 𝟐 𝑬𝒍. 𝟎
𝒄: 𝛾𝐵 (𝐻𝐵 ) + 𝛾𝐴 (𝐻𝐴 ) 𝑉2 2
0+ +0=0+0+
𝛾𝐴 2𝑔
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑃𝑡. 1 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 "𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆“ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑡. 1,
𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑡. 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆
(𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
CONCEPT:
Constant Head: 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝐸𝐸 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠:
𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝜸 𝛾(𝐻) 𝑉2 2
H 0+ +0=0+0+
𝟏
𝛾 2𝑔
𝟐 𝑬𝒍. 𝟎
𝑉2 = 2𝑔𝐻

𝑽𝑻 = 𝟐𝒈𝑯
Situation 7: Two pressurized prismatic tanks A and B are connected at their
sides by an orifice 140 mm in diameter. Tank A contains water at a
depth of 3 m above the orifice and a pressure of 50 kPa on the water
surface. Tank B also contains water at a depth of 2 m above the orifice
and a pressure of 15 kPa on the water surface. The coefficient of
discharge is 0.86 and the coefficient of velocity of 0.92.

𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
15 𝒌𝑷𝒂

𝟑𝒎
2𝒎
1𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝑨 𝑩
SOLUTION:
18. Which of the following most nearly gives the flow through the orifice?
a. 0.2135 m3/s c. 0.1253 m3/s
b. 0.1352 m3/s d. 0.2531 m3/s

𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑄𝑇
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝐴𝑜 ∗ 𝑉𝑇 )
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝐴𝑜 ∗ 2𝑔𝐻)
𝟏 𝟐

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑇 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐸𝐸.

𝐵𝐸𝐸 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2 𝑉𝑇 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + + 𝜋
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝑄𝑎 = 0.86 ∗ ( ∗ 0.142 )(9.4668)
2 4
50 + 9.81(3) 15 + 9.81(2) 𝑉𝑇 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
0+ +0=0+ + 𝒂
9.81 9.81 2(9.81)
SOLUTION:
19. Which of the following most nearly gives the head lost in the orifice?
a. 0.7061 m c. 0.7610 m
b. 0.7160 m d. 0.7016 m

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝐿 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝐸𝐸

𝑩𝑬𝑬 (𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍) 𝐸1 − ℎ𝐿 = 𝐸2
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
𝑧1 + + − ℎ𝐿 = 𝑧2 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐶𝑣 ∗ 𝑉𝑇
2
50 + 9.81(3) 15 + 9.81(2) 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎 = 0.92 ∗ 9.4668
0+ + 0 − ℎ𝐿 = 0 + + 𝑉𝑎 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
9.81 9.81 2(9.81)
50 + 9.81(3) 15 + 9.81(2) (8.7095)2
0+ + 0 − ℎ𝐿 = 0 + +
9.81 9.81 2(9.81)
𝒉𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝒎
SOLUTION:
20. Which of the following most nearly gives the power lost?
a. 935.42 W c. 862.40 W
b. 880.10 W d. 867.93 W

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝛾 ∗ 𝑄 ∗ 𝐸 𝐸𝑃 , 𝐸𝑇 or ℎ𝐿
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝛾 ∗ 𝑄𝑎 ∗ ℎ𝐿
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 9.81 ∗ 0.1253 ∗ 0.7016
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑾 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝑾
CONCEPT: 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑: 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑄𝑇
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 (𝑉𝑇 )
Falling Head:
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ( 2𝑔𝐻)

𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑙
= 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ( 2𝑔𝐻)
𝑑𝑡
𝐻1
𝐻2 𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑑𝐻 1
= 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝐻 2 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑨𝒄 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑯 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡
1
−2
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝐻 𝑑𝐻 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 1 𝑡
−
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝐻 2 𝑑𝐻 = −𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑑𝑡
𝐻1 0
1 𝐻2
𝐻2 𝑡
𝐴𝑐 ∗ = −𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑡 0 2𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = −𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ (𝑡 − 0)
1
2 𝐻1
𝟐𝑨𝒄
𝒕= ( 𝑯𝟏 − 𝑯𝟐 )
𝑪𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈
CONCEPT:
Falling Head:
𝟐𝑨𝒄
𝒕=
𝑪𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈
( 𝑯𝟏 − 𝑯𝟐 ) 𝑭𝟏
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚
𝟐𝑨𝒄
𝒕= ( 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 ) 𝑭𝟐
𝑪𝑨𝒐 𝟐𝒈𝜸

𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒌

Situation 8:
An orifice having an area of 0.0003 m2 is located on the vertical side of a
tank. The tank has a constant cross-sectional area of 0.40 m2. It takes 312
seconds to lower the head from 1.20 m to 0.60 m.
SOLUTION:
21. Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the coefficient of
discharge?
a. 0.6258 c. 0.5894
b. 0.6191 d. 0.6017

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝟏: 2𝐴𝑐

𝑡= ( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2 )
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
2(0.40)
312 = ( 1.20 − 0.60)
𝐶(0.0003)( 2 ∗ 9.81)
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟏
SOLUTION:
22. Using c=0.60, which of the following most nearly gives the time to lower
the head from 1.20 m to 0.80 m?
a. 188.05 s c. 201.70 s
b. 232.50 s d. 256.77 s

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝟏: 2𝐴𝑐

𝑡= ( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2 )
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
2(0.40)
𝑡= ( 1.20 − 0.80)
(0.60)(0.0003)( 2 ∗ 9.81)

𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄

SOLUTION:
23. Using c=0.60, which of the following most nearly gives the head after 240
seconds from an initial head of 1.20 m?
a. 0.73 m c. 0.84 m
b. 0.98 m d. 0.61 m

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝟏: 2𝐴𝑐

𝑡= ( 𝐻1 − 𝐻2 )
𝐶𝐴𝑜 2𝑔
2(0.40)
240 = ( 1.20 − 𝐻2 )
(0.60)(0.0003)( 2 ∗ 9.81)

𝑯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝒎
WEIRS
CONCEPT
𝐸𝐺𝐿
𝐻𝐺𝐿 ℎ𝑣
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝
𝐻 𝐻 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑑
𝑧 𝑧
𝑉𝑎

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐻 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒:
𝑄𝑎 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉𝑎
𝑽𝒂 𝟐
𝑸𝒂 = (𝒅 ∗ 𝑳) ∗ 𝑽𝒂 𝒉𝒗 =
𝟐𝒈
CONCEPT
Constant Head: Derivation:
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑:
1. Rectangular Weir 𝑸 = 𝑪 ∗ (𝑨𝒐 ∗ 𝟐𝒈𝑯) 2 3 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿 2𝑔 ∗ ((𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − ℎ𝑣 2 )
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 3
𝟐 𝟑
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) ∗ 2𝑔𝐻) 𝑸 = 𝑪 ∗ 𝑳 ∗ 𝟐𝒈 ∗ 𝑯𝟐
𝟑
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝐿 ∗ 𝑑𝐻) ∗ 2𝑔𝐻) 2
1 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐶𝑤 = 𝐶 2𝑔
𝑑𝐻 𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝐻2 𝑑𝐻 3
𝐻+ℎ𝑣 𝟑
1
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 2𝑔 𝐻2 𝑑𝐻 𝑸 = 𝑪𝒘 ∗ 𝑳 ∗ 𝑯𝟐
𝐻
𝑭𝑹𝑨𝑵𝑪𝑰𝑺 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨: 𝑪𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒
3 𝐻+ℎ𝑣
𝐻2 𝟑
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒 ∗ 𝑳 ∗ 𝑯𝟐 (𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚)
3
2 𝐻

𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝒈 ∗ ((𝑯 + 𝒉𝒗 )𝟐 − 𝒉𝒗 𝟐 )
𝟑
CONCEPT
Derivation:
Constant Head: 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
5 5
2. Triangular Weir 𝑸 = 𝑪 ∗ (𝑨𝒐 ∗ 𝟐𝒈𝒉)
𝜃
𝑄 = 2𝐶 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ ( − )
𝐻2 𝐻2
2 3 5
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 2 2
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) ∗ 2𝑔ℎ) 𝜃 4 5
𝑄 = 2𝐶 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ ( 𝐻2 )
2 15
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝐻) ∗ 2𝑔ℎ)
𝒉 𝜃 𝟖 𝜽 𝟓
𝒙 𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 2 𝐻 − ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝑑ℎ ∗ 2𝑔ℎ) 𝑸= 𝑪 𝟐𝒈 ∗ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∗ 𝑯𝟐
𝑑ℎ 2 𝟏𝟓 𝟐
𝜃 1
8
𝜽/𝟐 𝑄 = 2𝐶 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ ℎ2 (𝐻 − ℎ) 𝑑ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝐶𝑤 = 𝐶 2𝑔
𝑯−𝒉 2 15
𝐻
𝜃 1 3
𝑄 = 2𝐶 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ (𝐻ℎ2 − ℎ2 ) 𝑑ℎ 𝑸 = 𝑪 ∗ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 ∗ 𝑯𝟓𝟐
𝑥 2 0 𝒘
𝟐
𝜃 3 5 𝐻
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 2 𝜃 𝐻ℎ2 ℎ2 𝑺𝑷𝑬𝑪𝑰𝑨𝑳 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨:
2 𝐻−ℎ 𝑄 = 2𝐶 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ − 𝑪𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°
2 3 5
𝜃
𝑥 = 2(𝐻 − ℎ)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 2 0 𝟓
2 𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟒 ∗ 𝑯𝟐 (𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚)
CONCEPT Derivation:
Constant Head: 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

𝑸 = 𝑪 ∗ (𝑨𝒐 ∗ 𝟐𝒈𝑯)
3. Trapezoidal Weir
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑜 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) ∗ 2𝑔𝐻)
𝐻𝐺𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝐺𝐿
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ (𝐿 + 𝑥) ∗ 𝑑𝐻 ∗ 2𝑔𝐻)
𝒙/𝟐 𝒙/𝟐 𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 2𝑔𝐻 ∗ 𝑑𝐻 + 𝐶 ∗ (𝑥) ∗ 2𝑔ℎ) ∗ 𝑑𝐻
𝑑𝐻
𝐻 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 + 𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝜽/𝟐 𝜽/𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟖 𝜽 𝟓
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑳 𝟐𝒈 ∗ 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑪 𝟐𝒈𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∗ 𝑯𝟐
𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟐
𝑳 𝑪𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝑪𝑰𝑷𝑶𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑻𝑻𝑰:
𝑺𝑺 = 𝟏: 𝟒
4
𝟑
𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝑳 ∗
𝑯𝟐 1
(𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚)
24. Find the width of the channel at the back of a suppressed weir using the
following data: H=28.50 cm, d=2.485 m, and Q=0.84 m3/s. Consider the
velocity of approach and use Francis formula.
a. 6 m c. 3 m
b. 5 m d. 4 m

𝑺𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑽𝒂
(
0.84 2
)
2.485 ∗ 𝐿 𝟓. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
ℎ𝑣 = 𝒉𝒗 =
2 3 3 2(9.81) 𝑳𝟐
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿 2𝑔 ∗ ((𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − ℎ𝑣 2 )
3 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒
2 3 3
3 3
0.84 = 𝐶𝐿 2(9.81) ∗ ((0.285 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − ℎ𝑣 2 )
3 0.84 = 𝐶𝑤 𝐿 ∗ ((0.285 + ℎ𝑣 )2 − ℎ𝑣 2 )

𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒗 :
5.8238 × 10−3 3 5.8238 × 10−3 3
𝑄 0.84 = (1.84)𝐿 ∗ ((0.285 + )2 − ( )2 )
𝑉𝑎 2 ( 𝑎 )2 𝐿 2 𝐿 2
ℎ𝑣 = = 𝑑∗𝐿
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝐿 = 2.9906 𝑚 ≈ 𝟑 𝒎
24. Find the width of the channel at the back of a suppressed weir using the
following data: H=28.50 cm, d=2.485 m, and Q=0.84 m3/s. Consider the
velocity of approach and use Francis formula.
a. 6 m c. 3 m
b. 5 m d. 4 m

𝑺𝟐 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 5.8238 × 10−3

ℎ𝑣 =
𝐿2
3
𝑄 = 1.84 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻2 5.8238 × 10−3
ℎ𝑣 =
(2.9906)2
3
0.84 = 1.84 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ (0.285)2 ℎ𝑣 = 0.00065 𝑚 ≈ 0 𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

𝐿 = 3.0005 𝑚 ≈ 𝟑 𝒎
25. If the discharge over a 45° triangular weir is 0.021 m3/s, what is the
head?
a. 0.37 m c. 0.49 m
b. 0.27 m d. 1.34 m

8 𝜃 5 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑄= 𝐶 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2
15 2
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
8 45 5 8 45 5
0.021 = 𝐶 2(9.81) ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2 0.021 = 𝐶 2(9.81) ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2
15 2 15 2

𝑈𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐶 ≈ 0.60 𝐇 𝑪

𝑎. 0.37 𝑚 0.2577
𝑏. 0.27 𝑚 0.5665 ≈ 0.60
𝑐. 0.49 𝑚 0.1277
𝑑. 1.34 𝑚 0.0103
26. The discharge over a trapezoidal weir is 1.315 m3/s. The crest’s length is
2 m and the sides are inclined at 75°57’50” with the horizontal. Find the
head over the weir.
a. 0.80 m c. 0.60 m
b. 0.70 m d. 0.50 m
4
tan 𝜃 =
𝑪𝑰𝑷𝑶𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑻𝑻𝑰: 1
4 𝜽 𝜽 = 𝟕𝟓°𝟓𝟕′ 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟐"
1

3
1.315 = 1.875 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝐻2

𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟑 𝒎
CONCEPT
Falling Head:
2 3
1. Rectangular Weir 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑: 𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝐻 2
3
3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻2

𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑙 3
= 𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻 2
𝑑𝑡

𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑑ℎ 3
𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
= 𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻2
𝑑𝑡
3
−2
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝐻 𝑑𝐻 = 𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑑𝑡
𝐻2 3 𝑡
−2
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝐻 𝑑𝐻 = −𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑑𝑡
𝐻1 0
CONCEPT
Falling Head:
1. Rectangular Weir −
1 𝐻2
𝐻 2
𝑡
𝐴𝑐 ∗ = −𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡 0
1
−
2 𝐻1

1 1
−2𝐴𝑐 ∗ − = −𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ (𝑡 − 0)
𝐻2 𝐻1

𝟐𝑨𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝒕= ∗ − 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚
𝑪𝒘 ∗ 𝑳 𝑯𝟐 𝑯𝟏

2. Triangular Weir 𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑮𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀

2. Trapezoidal Weir
 27. A spillway controls a reservoir 4.60 hectares in area. The permanent crest
is at elevation 75 m. Water can be drawn from elevation 76.50 m to 75.50
m in 42 minutes. Find the length of the spillway. Use Francis formula.
a. 13.86 m c. 11.86 m
b. 14.86 m d. 12.86 m

2𝐴𝑐 1 1
𝐸𝑙. 76.5 𝑚 𝑡= ∗ −
𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 𝐻2 𝐻1
𝐸𝑙. 75.5 𝑚 2(46,000) 1 1
42(60) = ∗ −
1.84 ∗ 𝐿 𝐻2 𝐻1
𝐸𝑙. 75 𝑚
𝐻1 = 76.5 − 75 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝐻1 = 75.5 − 75 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
2(46,000) 1 1
42(60) = ∗ −
1.84 ∗ 𝐿 0.50 1.50
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟗𝟓 𝒎
Situation 9: A V-notch weir is located at one end of a tank having a horizontal square section
12 m x 12 m. The initial head of the water is 1.80 m and it takes 77 seconds to discharge 144 m3
of water. The coefficient of discharge is 0.60.

28. Which of the following most nearly gives the vertex angle of the weir?
a. 72.39° c. 77.04°
b. 81.78° d. 87.80°

29. Which of the following most nearly gives the initial discharge over the weir?
a. 5.33 m3/s c. 4.47 m3/s
b. 5.84 m3/s d. 4.90 m3/s

30. Which of the following most nearly gives the instantaneous discharge after 77 seconds?
a. 0.64 m3/s c. 0.59 m3/s
b. 0.70 m3/s d. 0.77 m3/s
SOLUTION:
28. Which of the following most nearly gives the vertex angle of the weir?
a. 72.39° c. 77.04°
b. 81.78° d. 87.80° 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐻 :
2
𝐻2 = 𝐻1 − 𝑦
𝑦: 𝑉𝑜𝑙. = 𝐴𝑐 (𝑦)
144 = (12 ∗ 12)(𝑦)
𝒚=𝟏𝒎
𝒚
𝐻2 = 1.80 − 1
𝑯𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎
SOLUTION:
8 𝜃 5
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑: 𝑄 = 𝐶 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2
15 2

𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑙 8 𝜃 5
= (0.60) 2(9.81) ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2
𝑑𝑡 15 2

𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑑𝐻 𝜃 5
= 1.4174 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻 2
𝑑𝑡 2
(12 ∗ 12) ∗ 𝑑𝐻 𝜃 5
= 1.4174 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑡 2
−2
5 𝜃
144 ∗ 𝐻 𝑑𝐻 = 1.4174 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝑑𝑡
2
0.80 77
5
−2 𝜃
144 𝐻 𝑑𝐻 = −1.4174 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑡
1.80 2 0
𝜃
−94.4118 = −1.4174 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (77 − 0) 𝜽 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟏° (𝒃)
2
SOLUTION:
29. Which of the following most nearly gives the initial discharge over the weir?
a. 5.33 m3/s c. 4.47 m3/s
b. 5.84 m3/s d. 4.90 m3/s

8 𝜃 5
𝑄= 𝐶 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2
15 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝐻1 = 1.80 𝑚
8 81.7231° 5
𝑄𝑖 = (0.60) 2(9.81) ∗ tan ∗ (1.80)2
15 2
𝑸𝒊 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
SOLUTION:
30. Which of the following most nearly gives the instantaneous discharge after 77
seconds?
a. 0.64 m3/s c. 0.59 m3/s
b. 0.70 m3/s d. 0.77 m3/s

8 𝜃 5
𝑄= 𝐶 2𝑔 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻2
15 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 77, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝐻2 = 0.80 𝑚
8 81.7231° 5
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 = (0.60) 2(9.81) ∗ tan ∗ (0.80)2
15 2
𝑸𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
31. A reservoir with vertical sides has a plan area of 56,000 m2. If the discharge
from the reservoir takes place over a trapezoidal weir with crest length of
10.50 m, side slope of 1H:2V and average coefficient of discharge of 0.60,
find the time for the head to drop from 60 cm to 30 cm.
a. 4,409.65 s c. 3,168.18 s
b. 1,958.48 s d. 2,136.33 s 𝜃 𝜃
2 3 8 𝜃 5 2 2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿 2𝑔 ∗ 𝐻 2 + 𝐶 2𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝐻 2
3 15 2

𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑑𝐻 2 3 8 1 5 𝜃 1
= 0.60 10.50 2 9.81 ∗ 𝐻2 + 0.60 2 9.81 ∗ ∗ 𝐻 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
𝑑𝑡 3 15 2 2 2

56,000 ∗ 𝑑𝐻 3 5
= 18.6037 ∗ 𝐻2 + 0.7087 ∗ 𝐻2 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑡
SOLUTION:
56,000 ∗ 𝑑𝐻
3 5 = 𝑑𝑡
18.6037 ∗ 𝐻2 + 0.7087 ∗ 𝐻2
0.30 𝑡
56,000
3 5 𝑑𝐻 = − 𝑑𝑡
18.6037 ∗ 𝐻2 + 0.7087 ∗ 𝐻 2 0.60 0

−3,168.1724 = −(𝑡 − 0)
𝒕 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟒 𝒔𝒆𝒄
HYDRAULIC JUMP
CONCEPT 2

1 𝒅𝟐

𝒅𝟏

𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1:
𝒉𝟏 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨:
𝒅𝟏
𝑨𝟏
𝑸𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑨𝟏 𝒉𝟏 − 𝑨𝟐 𝒉𝟐 = ( − )
𝒈 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟏
𝒉𝟐
𝒅𝟐
𝑨𝟐
Situation 10: A hydraulic jump occurs in an efficient triangular channel carrying
8 𝑚3 /𝑠 on a slope of 0.006. The depth after the jump is 2.96 m.

32. What is the depth before the jump?

a. 0.95 m c. 0.65 m
b. 0.84 m d. 0.73 m

33. What is the loss of energy in the jump?

a. 3.17 m c. 4.31 m
b. 5.40 m d. 2.56 m

34. What is the loss of power in the jump?

a. 243.06 kW c. 424.29 kW
b. 196.38 kW d. 338.33 kW
SOLUTION:
2

1 𝑸 = 𝟖 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎

𝒅𝟏

𝒅𝟏
𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑄2 1 1
𝒉𝟏 𝐴1 ℎ1 − 𝐴2 ℎ2 = ( − )
𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝒅𝟏
𝑨𝟏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝟗𝟎° 1
𝐴1 = 2𝑑1 𝑑1 = 𝒅𝟏 𝟐
𝒅𝟐 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 1
𝒉𝟐 𝐴2 = 2𝑑2 𝑑2 = 𝒅𝟐 𝟐
2
𝑨𝟐 𝒅𝟐
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 ℎ = 𝒅𝟏 ℎ =
1 2
𝟑 𝟑
𝟗𝟎°
SOLUTION:
1. What is the depth before the jump?
a. 0.95 m c. 0.65 m
b. 0.84 m d. 0.73 m
𝑑 𝑑 𝑄 2 1 1
2 1 2 2
𝑑1 ( ) − 𝑑2 ( ) = ( 2 − 2)
3 3 𝑔 𝑑2 𝑑1
𝑑 2.96 8 2 1 1
2 1 2
𝑑1 ( ) − (2.96) ( )= ( 2
− 2)
3 3 𝑔 2.96 𝑑1
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟔 𝒎
SOLUTION:
2. What is the loss of energy in the jump?
a. 3.17 m c. 4.31 m
b. 5.40 m d. 2.56 m
𝐸1 − ℎ𝐿 = 𝐸2
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
𝑧1 + + − ℎ𝐿 = 𝑧2 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑄 2 𝑄 2
𝛾(𝑑1 ) (𝐴1 ) 𝛾(𝑑2 ) (𝐴2 )
0+ + − ℎ𝐿 = 0 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
8 2 8 2
9.81(0.8426) ( 2 ) 9.81 2.96 ( 2 )
0+ + 0.8426 − ℎ𝐿 = 0 + + 2.96
9.81 2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81)
𝒉𝑳 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝒎
SOLUTION:
3. What is the loss of power in the jump?
a. 243.06 kW c. 424.29 kW
b. 196.38 kW d. 338.33 kW

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝛾 ∗ 𝑄 ∗ ℎ𝐿
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 9.81 ∗ 8 ∗ 4.3115
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑾