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    Design of Pressure Components

    Uploaded by

    YFFernando
    The document provides equations and guidelines for calculating minimum wall thicknesses and designing reinforcement for pipe fittings like branches, miter bends, and flanges. It also gives an example problem calculating the dimensions needed for reinforcement of a 10-inch pipe with a 4-inch branch, determining that a reinforcement pad with a cross-sectional area of 0.1370 in^2 would be required.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Design of Pressure Components

    Uploaded by

    YFFernando
    118 views34 pages
    The document provides equations and guidelines for calculating minimum wall thicknesses and designing reinforcement for pipe fittings like branches, miter bends, and flanges. It also gives an example problem calculating the dimensions needed for reinforcement of a 10-inch pipe with a 4-inch branch, determining that a reinforcement pad with a cross-sectional area of 0.1370 in^2 would be required.

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    materi kuliah

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    The document provides equations and guidelines for calculating minimum wall thicknesses and designing reinforcement for pipe fittings like branches, miter bends, and flanges. It also gives an example problem calculating the dimensions needed for reinforcement of a 10-inch pipe with a 4-inch branch, determining that a reinforcement pad with a cross-sectional area of 0.1370 in^2 would be required.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    118 views34 pages

    Design of Pressure Components

    Uploaded by

    YFFernando
    The document provides equations and guidelines for calculating minimum wall thicknesses and designing reinforcement for pipe fittings like branches, miter bends, and flanges. It also gives an example problem calculating the dimensions needed for reinforcement of a 10-inch pipe with a 4-inch branch, determining that a reinforcement pad with a cross-sectional area of 0.1370 in^2 would be required.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 34

     Piping codes require that the minimum

    thickness tm, including the allowance for


    mechanical strength, shall not be less than
    the thickness calculated using eq. 2.1.

     2.1
     tm = minimum required wall thickness, inches
     t = pressure design thickness, inches
     P = Internal pressure, psig
     D₀ = outside diameter of pipe, inches
     S = allowable stress at design temperature, psi (Table A3)
     A = Allowable additional thickness to provide for material
    removed in theading, corrosion, or erosion allowance;
    manufacturing tolerance (MT) should also be considered
     Y = coefficient that takes material properties and design
    temperature into account. For t<d/6, value of Y are given
    in table 2.1. for temperature below 900⁰F = 0.4
     d = inside diameter
     Eq = quality factor that is the product of
    casting quality factor Ec, joint quality factor
    Ej, and structural grade quality factor Es
     Value Ec range from 0.85 to 1.0 (tabel 2.2a)
     Valuaes Ej ranges from 0.6 to 1.0 (tabel 2.2b)
     Values of Es may be assumed as 0.92
     Eq = Ec Ej Es
     Calculate the minimum permissible wall
    thickness for a 10 in. nominal diameter pipe
    under 350 psi and 650⁰F. Material is ASTM
    A106 Grade B carbon steel, corrosion
    allowance is 0.05 in. and mill tolerance (MT) is
    12½%
     P = 350 psig
     D₀ = 10.75 in.
     Eq = 1.0 for seamless pipe
     S = Sh = hot allowable stress (tensile) for A106
    Grade B = 17,000 psi
     Y = 0.4 (because the temperature is less than
    900⁰F)
     Equation above are valid for t<Do/6 (thin pipe)
     The pipe with t> D/6 (thick-walled pipe) requires
    special consideration taking design and material
    factors into account such as theory of failure,
    fatigue and thermal stress
     The allowable working pressure of a pipe can
    be determined by

     t = specified wall thickness or actual wall


    thickness in inches
     The pressure design thickness t of permanent
    blanks is given by the equation:

     dg = inside diameter of gasket for raised face


    or flat face flanges
     The hydrostatic test pressure at any point in
    the system should be not less than 1½ times
    the design pressure.
     For temperatures above 650⁰F, the minimum
    test pressure PT is given by:

     ST = allowable stress at 650⁰F (table A3)


     S = allowable stress at design temperature
     An angular offset 3 degrees or less does not required
    design consideration as a miter bend.
     Multiple Miter Bends: the maximum allowable internal pressure
    shall be lesser value calculated from eq 2.8a dan b.
     These equations are not applicable when θ exceeds 22.5
    degrees
     Single Miter Bends
     The maximum allowable internal pressure for a
    single miter bend with angle θ not greater than
    22.5 degrees shall be calculated by eq 2.8a
     The maximum allowable internal pressure for
    single miter bend with angle θ greater than 22.5
    degrees shall be calculated by eq. 2.8c
     c = corrosion allowance
     Pm = maximum allowable internal pressure for
    miter bends
     r2 = mean radius of pipe using nominal wall T
     R1 = effective radius of miter bend, defined as
    the shortest distance from the pipe centerline
    to the intersection of the planes of adjacent
    miter joints
     Eq = quality factor
     S = allowable stress at design temperature, psi
     T =pipe wall tickness
     Θ =angle of miter cut, degrees
     Α = angle of change in direction at miter joint =
    2θ
     R1 shall not be less than
     A1 has the following empirical values (not
    valid in SI units)
     Calculate maximum allowable internal
    pressure for the multiple miter bend . Plate
    thickness is ½ in. Corrosion allowance is zero.
    Manufacturing allowance is 0.01 in. Miter OD
    is 36 in.
     For two-weld miter
     Θ = α/2 = 22½/2 = 11¼⁰
     The mean radius of the pipe = 35.5/2 = 17.75 in.
     The material consists of A312 TP 304 H stainless
    stell
     Temperature is 1310⁰F
     Allowable hot stress is Sh = S Eq = 3060 (Tabel A3)
     Interpolate between Sh =3700 psi for 1300⁰F and
    2900 psi for 1350⁰F
     Bend radius R1 = 54 in (table 4.4)

     Pm = 58 psig
     Pm = 67.86 psig
     The maximum allowable pressure for miter is
    the smaller of the values calculated
     b = subscript referring to branch
     d1 = effective length removed from pipe at
    branch
     d2 = half width of reinforcement zone
     d2 = d1 or (Tb – c) + (Th – c) +d1/2,
     h = subscript reffering to run or header
     L4 = height of reinfocement zone outside of
    run pipe
     L4 = 2.5(Th – c) or 2.5(Tb – c) + Tr
     Tr = minimum thickness of reinforcemcing
    ring or saddle made from pipe
     t = pressure design thickness of pipe
     Β = smaller angle between axes of branch and
    run
     Area A1 required for branch connections
    under internal pressure shall be:

     A1 = (th d1)(2 – sin β )

     Under external pressure shall be

     A1 = (th d1)(2 – sin β )/2


     The reinforcement area is the sum of areas
    A2 +A3 + A 4 defined below, and shall equal
    or exceed the required reinforcement area A1

     A2 = (2do – d1)(Th –th –c)


     A3 = 2Lo(Tb – tb – c)/sin β
     A4 the area of all other metal within the
    reinforcement zone provided by weld metal
    and other
     A 10 in nominal diameter pipe has design
    conditions of 650⁰F and 400 psig. It is made
    from seamless material to specification
    ASTM A53 Grade B Sch. 20. The corrosion
    allowance is 0.03 in. It has a 4 in. nominal
    diameter branch sch 40 of the same material.
    What are suitable dimensions for
    reinforcement if it is to be made from a plate
    of equal quality to that of the pipe material?
     We start off by calculating the minimum
    thicknesses required for both the 10 in.
    header and the 4 in. branch from the basic
    equation:
     tpressure = PDo/2(SEq +PY)
     Allowable stress for ASTM A53 Grade B at
    650⁰ F = 15,000 lb/in
     From Table 2.1 factor Y = 0.4 (below 900⁰ F)
     For header,

     For branch,

     Then minimum thickness of 10 in. sch 20 =


    0.219 in.
     Excess = 0.219 – 0.1418 – 0.03 = 0.0472 in.
     Minimum thickness of 4 in. sch 40 = 0.207 in
     Excess = .0.207 – 0.0593 – 0.03 = 0.1177 in.

     d₁ = 4.5 – 2(0.1177) = 4.2646 in.


     d₂ = d₁ = 4.2646 in.

     L4 = 2.5(Th – c) or 2.5(Tb – c) + Tr
     L4 = 2.5 x 0.219 or 2.5 x 0.207 + 0.25
     L4 minimum = 0.55 in.
     Required area = t min x d1 = 0.1418 x 4.2646
     = 0.6047 in²
     Compensation area available from header,
     A2 = (2d2 – d1)(excess thickness)
     A2 = 4.2646 x 0.0472 = 0.2012 in²
     Compensation area available from branch,
     A3 = (2L4)(excess thickness)
     A3 = 1.1 x 0.1177 = 0.1294 in²
     Total compensation available without
    reinforcing pad = 0.3306 in²
     Cross-section area of pad required = (0.6047 –
    0.3306)/2 = 0.1370 in²

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