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PHYS1001
Physics 1 REGULAR
Module 2 Thermal Physics

HEAT CAPACITY

LATENT HEAT

What is cooking all about?

ptC_heat .ppt
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Overview of Thermal Physics Module:

1. Thermodynamic Systems:
Work, Heat, Internal Energy
0th, 1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
2. Thermal Expansion
3. Heat Capacity, Latent Heat
4. Methods of Heat Transfer:
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
5. Ideal Gases, Kinetic Theory Model
6. Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and Disorder
7. Heat Engines, Refrigerators
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 HEAT CAPACITY
LATENT HEAT

§17.5 p582
Heat
Heat capacity (specific heat capacity)
Phase changes
Conservation of energy
calorimetry

References: University Physics 12th ed Young & Freedman

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What happens when we heat a substance?

How does the temperature change?

When does the state of matter change

(phase changes)?
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Phases of matter

Gas - very weak

intermolecular forces,
rapid random motion
high temp
low pressure
Liquid - intermolecular
forces bind closest neighbours

low temp
Solid - strong high pressure
intermolecular forces
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Heating 1.0 kg ice to steam (-20 oC to 120 oC)

P = 2000 W Time t Heat Q Time

(min) (kJ) Ratios
Ice: -20 oC to 0 oC 0.37 44 1.0
(0.37/0.37)

Ice / Water: 0 oC 2.78 333 7.5

(2.78/0.37)

Water: 0 oC to 20 oC 0.70 84 1.9

Water: 0 oC to 100 oC 3.49 419 9.4

Water / Steam: 100 oC 18.80 2256 50.8

Steam: 100 oC to 120 oC 0.34 40 0.9

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Simple model for heating a substance at a constant rate

T(t)
boiling
point
g
l /g
melting
point l
s s/l

Q(t)
mcsDT mLf mclDT mLv mcgDT
 Phase changes deposition
Q= ± m LS 8

at constant temperature LS latent heat of sublimation

sublimation or heat of sublimation

freezing condensation

solid liquid gas

melting evaporation
Q= ± m Q= ± m LV
LAtfmelting point: L f latent heat of At boiling point: LV latent heat of
fusion or heat of fusion vaporization or heat of vaporization

Q > 0 energy absorbed by substance during phase change

Q < 0 energy released by substance during phase change
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 Specific heat or specific heat capacity, c

T DT= Tf - Ti Tf
i

Mass of object m
Specific heat (capacity) c
heat
Q
Q  m c DT
Q
DT 
mc
NO phase change during temperature change
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Specific heat Latent heats
Latent heat – phase change
Substance c (J.kg-1.K-1) (formation or breakage of chemical
bonds requires or releases energy)
Aluminum 910
Copper 390 Water - large values of latent heats at
atmospheric pressure
Ice 2100 Lf = 3.34x105 J.kg-1 (273 K)
Water 4190 Lv = 2.26x106 J.kg-1(373 K)

Steam 2010
You can be badly scolded
Air 1000
by steam – more
Soils / sand ~500 dangerous than an
equivalent amount of
boiling water WHY?
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Latent heat and phase changes

As a liquid evaporates it extracts energy from its

surroundings and hence the surroundings are
cooled.

When a gas condenses energy is released into the

surroundings.

Steam heating systems are used in buildings. A

boiler produces steam and energy is given out as
the steam condenses in radiators located in rooms
of the building.
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Evaporation and cooling

Evaporation rates increase with temperature, volatility of substance,

area and lower humidity. You feel uncomfortable on hot humid days
because perspiration on the skin surface does not evaporate and the
body can't cool itself effectively.

The circulation of air from a fan pushes water molecules away from
the skin more rapidly helping evaporation and hence cooling.

Evaporative cooling is used to cool buildings.

Why do dogs pant?

When ether is placed on the skin it evaporates so quickly that the

skin feels frozen. Ethyl chloride when sprayed on the skin
evaporates so rapidly the skin is "frozen" and local surgery can be
performed.
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Problem C.1

The energy released when water

condenses during a thunderstorm can
be very large.

Calculate the energy released into

the atmosphere for a typical small
storm.

Where did the

water come from?
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Solution
Identify / Setup
Assume 10 mm of rain falls over a circular area of radius 1 km
h = 10 mm = 10-2 m r = 1 km = 103 m
volume of water V =  r2 h =  (106)(10-2) = 3104 m3
mass of water m = ? kg density of water  = 103 kg.m-3
m =  V = (103)(3104) = 3107 kg r
Latent heat – change of phase
h
Q=mL Lv = 2.26106 J .kg-1

Energy released in atmosphere due to condensation of water vapour

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Execute
Q = m LV = (3107)(2.26106) J = 71013 J
Evaluate
The energy released into the atmosphere by condensation for a small thunder storm is
more than 10 times greater then the energy released by one of the atomic bombs
dropped on Japan in WW2. This calculation gives an indication of the enormous energy
transformations that occur in atmospheric processes.
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Problem C.2
For a 70 kg person (specific heat 3500 J.kg-1.K-1), how
much extra released energy would be required to raise
the temperature from 37 °C to 40 °C?

Solution
Identify / Setup
m = 70 kg c = 3500 J.kg-1.K-1 DT = (40 – 37) °C = 3 °C
Specific heat capacity Q = m c DT

Execute
Q = m c DT
= (70)(3500)(3) J = 7.4105 J
= 0.74 MJ Evaluate
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Water has a very large specific heat capacity compared

to other substances cwater = 4190 J.kg-1.K-1
The large heat capacity of water makes it a good temperature
regulator, since a great amount of energy is transferred for a given
change in temperature.

Why is there a bigger difference between the max and min daily
temperatures at Campbelltown compared to Bondi?

Why is water a good substance to use in a hot water bottle?

Why is the high water content of our bodies (c ~ 3500 J.kg-1.K-1)

important in relation to the maintenance of a constant core body
temperature?
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CALORIMETRY PROBLEMS

This is a very common type of problem based upon the

conservation of energy. It involved changes in temperature
and phase changes due to heat exchanges.

Setup
All quantities are taken as positive in this method.

Identify the heat exchanges (gained or lost), phase changes

and temperature changes.

Conservation of energy
energy gained = energy lost
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Problem C.3

How much ice at –10.0 °C must be added to 4.00 kg of water

at 20.0 °C to cause the resulting mixture to reach thermal
equilibrium at 5.0 °C.

Sketch two graphs showing the change in temperature of the

ice and the temperature of the water as functions of time.

Assume no energy transfer to the surrounding environment,

so that energy transfer occurs only between the water and
ice.
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Solution
Identify / Setup

ICE gains energy from the water

Ice -10 oC Ice/water 0 oC Water 5 oC

WATER losses energy to the ice

Water 20 oC Water 5 oC

Heat gained by ice Qice = heat lost by water Qwater

Q = m c DT Q=mL
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mice = ? kg mwater = 4.00 kg

temperature rise for ice to melt

DTice1 = 0 – (–10) °C = 10 °C
temperature rise of melted ice NB all temperature
DTice2 = (5 – 0) °C = 5 °C changes are positive

temperature fall for water

DTwater = (20 – 5) °C = 15 °C

cice = 2100 J.kg-1.K-1 cwater = 4190 J.kg-1.K-1

Lf = 3.34105 J.kg-1
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Execute
T
ice
0 oC
t

equilibrium temperature reached

T
water
0 oC
t
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heat gained by ice
Qice =mice cice DTice1 + mice Lf + mice cwater DTice2
heat lost by water
Qwater = mwater cwater DTwater
conservation of energy
Qice = Qwater alternatively can calculate each term

mice cice DTice1 + mice Lf + mice cwater DTice2 = mwater cwater DTwater

mwater cwater DTwater

mice 
cice DTice1  Lf  cwater DTice2

(4)(4190)(15)
mice  kg  0.67 kg
(2100)(10)  (3.34  105 )  (4190)(5)
Evaluate
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Problem C.4 June 2007 Exam Question (5 mark)
A sample of liquid water A and a sample of ice B of identical masses, are
placed in a thermally isolated container and allowed to come to thermal
equilibrium. The diagram below is a sketch of the temperature T of the
samples verses time t. Answer each of the following questions and justify
your answer in each case.

1 Is the equilibrium temperature above, below or at the freezing point of

water?

2 Has the liquid water partly frozen, T

fully frozen, or not at all? A

3 Does the ice partly melt,

or does it undergo no melting?

B
t
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Solution
Identify / Setup

Phase change – temperature remains constant

Q=mL

Ice melts at 0 oC and liquid water freezes at 0 oC

Temperature change – no change in phase

Q = m c DT

Ice warms and liquid water cools

Energy lost by liquid water (drop in temperature)

= Energy gained by ice (rise in temperature + phase change)
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Execute
(1)
Ice increase in temperature initially and then remains constant when
there is a change in phase. Therefore, the equilibrium temperature
reached is the freezing point.

(2)
The ice reaches the freezing point first and the then the temperature
remains constant. As the water cools, the ice melts. The temperature
never rises above the freezing point, therefore, only part of the ice melts.

(3)
The temperature of the water falls to its freezing point and never falls
below this and hence it is most likely that no liquid freezes.
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Y&F Example 17.10 What’s Cooking

Cu pot Water added

m = 2.0 kg T = 150 oC m = 0.10 kg T = 25 oC
Final temperature of water and pot Tf?

energy lost by pot = energy gained by water: 3 possible outcomes

1 none of water boils 25 oC < Tf < 100 oC have to becareful

2 some of the water boils Tf = 100 oC with such
3 all water boils to steam 100 < Tf < 150 oC problems
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How do we measure a person’s metabolic rate?

Q
DT 
mc

Santorio Santorio weighed himself before and

after a meal, conducting the first
controlled test of metabolism, AD 1614.
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A fever represents a large amount of extra energy released. The

metabolic rate depends to a large extent on the temperature of the body.

The rate of chemical reactions are very sensitive to temperature and

even a small increase in the body's core temperature can increase the
metabolic rate quite significantly. If there is an increase of about 1 °C
then the metabolic rate can increase by as much as 10%. Therefore, an
increase in core temperature of 3% can produce a 30% increase in
metabolic rate. If the body's temperature drops by 3 °C the metabolic
rate and oxygen consumption decrease by about 30%.

This is why animals hibernating have a low body temperature.

During heart operations, the person's temperature maybe lowered.

 Latent Heat

Gas
Boiling
(evaporating)
{ Liquid
} condensing

melting { } freezing

Solid
 Latent Heat Water has three
phases or states:
Solid (ice)
Liquid
Gas (steam, water
Gas vapour)
Boiling
(evaporating)
{ Liquid
} condensing

melting { } freezing

Solid
Latent Heat Thermal
energy
Latent Heat Thermal
energy

Time
Latent Heat Thermal
energy

At this point the ice

continues to absorb
energy, but it’s
temperature does not
change.

Time
Latent Heat Thermal
energy

At this point the ice

continues to absorb
energy, but it’s
The energy absorbed
temperature does not at
this point is called the
change.
latent heat of fusion
- It is needed to separate
Time the particles so they can
Latent Heat Thermal
energy

At this point the ice

continues to absorb
energy, but it’s
The energy absorbed
temperature does not at
this point is called the
change.
latent heat of fusion
-The
It is needed
energy to separate
is released
Time the
againparticles so they can
when a liquid
Latent Heat

The specific
latent heat of
fusion of ice is
330 000 J/kg
Latent Heat

The specific
latent heat of
fusion of ice is
330 000 J/kg
This means that 330
000 joules of energy
are transferred to
change each kilogram
of ice into water at
the same
temperature (0oC).
 Latent Heat

The specific
latent heat of
fusion of ice is
330 000 J/kg
This means that 330
000 joules of energy
are transferred to
change each kilogram
Equation: of ice into water at
Energy transferred = mass x specific latent heat the same
E = mL
temperature (0oC).
 eg. If 3.5 kg of ice is
melted (at 0oC)
Latent Heat
E = mL

Energy transferred = 3.5

The specific
x 330 000
latent heat of
fusion of ice is
330 000 J/kg E = 1 155 000 J
This means that 330
000 joules of energy
are transferred to
change each kilogram
Equation: of ice into water at
Energy transferred = mass x specific latent heat the same
E = mL
temperature (0oC).
Latent Heat

Measuring the
specific latent
heat of fusion
of ice.
Latent Heat

Measuring the
specific latent
heat of fusion
of ice.
 Power = energy / time
Latent Heat So, energy = Power x time

Measuring the
specific latent
heat of fusion
of ice.

100 W immersion heater

switched on for 300
seconds.
Mass of water collected =
0.10kg
 Power = energy / time
Latent Heat So, energy = Power x time

Measuring the
specific latent
heat of fusion
of ice.

100 W immersion heater

switched on for 300
seconds.
Mass of water collected =
0.10kg Only an approximate
figure for L as no
 Power = energy / time
Latent Heat of Fusion So, energy = Power x time

Measuring the
specific latent
heat of fusion
of ice.

100 W immersion heater

switched on for 300
seconds.
Mass of water collected =
0.10kg Only an approximate
figure for L as no
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Water boils
at 100oC,
producing
steam.

If the kettle is not switched off, more thermal energy is

absorbed by the water, producing more steam at 100oC.

The energy absorbed by Most of the thermal energy is

the water is called the need to separate the particles
latent heat of so they can form a gas.
vaporization
Latent Heat of Vaporization

Same equation as for the

The specific specific latent heat of fusion:
latent heat of E = mL
But this time ‘L’ is the specific
vaporization of
latent heat of vaporization.
water is
2.3x106 J/kg This means that 2 300 000
joules of energy are
transferred to change
each kilogram of liquid
water into steam at the
same temperature (100oC).
Latent Heat of Vaporization

Measuring the
specific latent
heat of
vaporization of
water.
 Power = energy / time
Latent Heat of Vaporization So, energy = Power x time

Measuring the
specific latent
heat of
vaporization of
water.

100 W immersion heater switched on

for 500 seconds.
Mass of water boiled away = 20.0g
E = mL L = E/m
E = 100 x 500 = 50 000 J
L = 50 000 / 0.02 = 2.5x106 J/kg
Only an approximate figure for L as no allowance
made for heat loss to the surroundings.
 Copy this Glossary
 absorber – A material that takes in thermal radiation.
 conduction – The method of heat transfer in solids.
 conductor – A material that lets heat flow through it.
 convection – The method of heat transfer in fluids, which
occurs because hot fluids are less dense than cold fluids.
 emitter – A material that gives out thermal radiation.
 free electrons – Electrons in a metal that are free to move
through the metal.
 heat transfer – The flow of heat energy from a hotter area
to a colder area.
 radiation – Heat energy transferred by infrared waves. This
method of heat transfer does not need particles.
 Practical
A
12 V
V

A metal
Go through Practical
worksheet
Follow instructions.
Take measurements and do
calculations.
All students must complete the
 Measuring SHCs
• Energy put IN to metal = voltage x current x time
• Energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temp rise

voltage x current x time = mass x specific heat capacity x temp rise

Specific heat capacity = (voltage x current x time)/(mass x temp rise)

 Specific heat capacity example
Using the specific heat capacity
of water (4200 J/kg°C), how much
energy is needed to increase the
temperature of 600 g of water by
80°C in a kettle?
Note: mass = 600 g = 0.6 kg

specific heat temperature

energy = mass x capacity x change

energy = 0.6 x 4200 x 80

= 201 600 J
Latent heat
 Learning today
• Use the terms latent heat of fusion and
give a molecular interpretation of latent
heat

• Describe an experiment to measure

specific latent heats for ice
• Test Sunday 1st April 2012
• I will collect your books on Monday
Latent Heat
 Latent heat
In a change of state experiment, from the graph you will notice
a flat spot the temperature of the salol stopped changing as
the salol changed from a liquid to a solid.

Melting point
Temp
(°C)

Time (mins)
Specific Latent heat
“latent” = “hidden”
Why does
this happen?
 Specific Latent heat - Copy
When a substance changes from solid to liquid or from liquid to
gas, it takes energy to change its state. Heat is needed to
break the bonds or separate the molecules. The temperature
remains the same. When a liquid changes
back to a solid energy is released again as the bonds form
again.

liquid
Melting point
Temp
(°C) solid

Time (mins)
 Specific Latent heat - copy
The specific latent heat of a substance tells
us how much energy is needed to change the
state of 1 kg of substance at constant
temperature.

Solid to liquid/liquid to solid

or
liquid to gas/gas to liquid
 Specific Latent Heat
The specific latent heat of fusion (melting) of ice at 0 ºC, for
example, is 330000 J.kg-1. This means that to convert 1 kg of
ice at 0 ºC to 1 kg of water at 0 ºC, 330000 J of heat must be
absorbed by the ice.

All at 0°C
1 kg 1 kg

334000 J absorbed
 Specific Latent Heat
Conversely, when 1 kg of water at 0 ºC freezes to
give 1 kg of ice at 0 ºC, 330000 J of heat will be
released to the surroundings.

All at 0°C
1 kg 1 kg

330000 J released
 Specific Latent Heat -Copy
Energy = mass x specific latent heat
J kg J/kg

E = mL
Specific Latent heat L
E=mL
Do Now
question 1
page 119
 Learning today
• Use the terms latent heat of fusion and
fusion and give a molecular interpretation
of latent heat
• Describe an experiment to
measure specific latent heats for ice
and steam

• Test Sunday 1st April 2012

 Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
Experiment
• Readings required
• Energy supplied by heater
• Energy = Power x time
• Time =
• Energy = VIt
• Mass of water
• E = mL

• Latent heat = Energy supplied

. mass of water
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
Experiment

• Energy =
Power x time
• Time =
• Energy = VIt =
 Task- Evaluation

• What are the limitations in our method?

• What solutions can you think of?
• Why do we wait until the water is dripping?
• Does all the heat come from the heater?
• Does all the ice remain in the funnel?
• Now do Q4 Nov 2005
 Markscheme
4 (a)
•turn on heater and wait until water starts dripping in beaker
•empty beaker & replace, start watch
•stop watch & remove beaker at same time
•record time
•find and record mass of water in beaker

(b) 60 x t = 120 x 340 t = 680 s

(c) (i) ice gains heat from surroundings/ice falls through funnel

(ii) lag or fit lid to funnel/place gauze in funnel bottom

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
Experiment
Latent heat

Now do
Nov 2005
Q5
 Specific Latent Heat of
Vaporisation - Copy
For water at its normal boiling point of 100 ºC, the latent
specific latent heat of vaporisation is 2260000 J/kg. This means
that to convert 1 kg of water at 100 ºC to 1 kg of steam at 100
ºC, 2260000 J of heat must be absorbed by the water. vice
verse for vapour to liquid
All at 100°C
1 kg 1 kg

2260000 J input
 Specific Latent Heat of
Vaporisation
Conversely, when 1 kg of steam at 100 ºC
condenses to give 1 kg of water at 100 ºC,
2260 kJ of heat will be released to the
surroundings.

All at 100°C
1 kg 1 kg

2260000 J released
Latent Heat
 Specific Latent Heat -Copy
Energy = mass x specific latent heat
J kg J/kg

E = mL