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    Antennas: Isotropic Radiator

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    Praveen Yadav
    The document discusses different types of antennas. An isotropic radiator radiates equally in all directions but is only theoretical; real antennas are directive. A dipole antenna has a length proportional to the wavelength and radiates in a doughnut-shaped pattern. Directional antennas focus radiation in a particular direction, while sectorized antennas divide the area into segments. Antenna diversity uses multiple antennas to improve reception quality.

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    Antennas: Isotropic Radiator

    Uploaded by

    Praveen Yadav
    102 views4 pages
    The document discusses different types of antennas. An isotropic radiator radiates equally in all directions but is only theoretical; real antennas are directive. A dipole antenna has a length proportional to the wavelength and radiates in a doughnut-shaped pattern. Directional antennas focus radiation in a particular direction, while sectorized antennas divide the area into segments. Antenna diversity uses multiple antennas to improve reception quality.

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    Lec-5.ppt

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    The document discusses different types of antennas. An isotropic radiator radiates equally in all directions but is only theoretical; real antennas are directive. A dipole antenna has a length proportional to the wavelength and radiates in a doughnut-shaped pattern. Directional antennas focus radiation in a particular direction, while sectorized antennas divide the area into segments. Antenna diversity uses multiple antennas to improve reception quality.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    102 views4 pages

    Antennas: Isotropic Radiator

    Uploaded by

    Praveen Yadav
    The document discusses different types of antennas. An isotropic radiator radiates equally in all directions but is only theoretical; real antennas are directive. A dipole antenna has a length proportional to the wavelength and radiates in a doughnut-shaped pattern. Directional antennas focus radiation in a particular direction, while sectorized antennas divide the area into segments. Antenna diversity uses multiple antennas to improve reception quality.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 4

    Antennas: isotropic radiator

    • Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves,


    coupling of wires to space for radio transmission
    • Isotropic radiator: equal radiation in all directions
    (three dimensional) - only a theoretical reference
    antenna
    • Real antennas always have directive effects
    (vertically and/or horizontally)
    • Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around
    an antenna
    z
    y z

    y x
    x
    ideal
    isotropic
    radiator
    Antennas: simple dipoles
    • Real antennas are not isotropic radiators but, e.g., dipoles with lengths /4 on car
    roofs or /2 as
    Hertzian dipole /4 /2

     shape of antenna proportional to wavelength


    y y z

    simple
    x z x dipole
    side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)

    • Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole


    • Gain: maximum power in the direction of the main lobe compared to the
    power of an isotropic radiator (with the same average power)
    Antennas: directed and sectorized

    • Often used for microwave connections or base stations for


    mobile phones (e.g., radio coverage of a valley)

    y y z
    directed
    x z x antenna

    side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)

    z
    z

    x
    sectorized
    x antenna

    top view, 3 sector top view, 6 sector


    Antennas: diversity
    • Grouping of 2 or more antennas
    – multi-element antenna arrays
    • Antenna diversity
    – switched diversity, selection diversity
    • receiver chooses antenna with largest
    output
    – diversity combining
    • combine output power to produce gain
    • cophasing needed to avoid cancellation

    /2 /2
    /4 /2 /4 /2

    + +

    ground plane

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