LNG Receiving Terminals: BY CH - Satvika 16021A2545

LNG receiving terminals
BY
CH.SATVIKA
16021A2545
Liquefied natural gas terminal
 It is a structure to store LNG.

 It can comprise special tanks , ships , building.
structures. Port infrastructures and pipelines are also part
of LNG terminal.
Need for LNG terminals:
 LNG is the form to transport natural gas over long
distances .
 In most cases ,they are built exclusively to export or
import LNG
Types of LNG terminals
1.Liquefaction terminals ( LNG Export)
2. Receiving terminals (LNG Import)

They are also called as Regasification terminals
Introduction to LNG supply chain
LNG Receiving terminal
 LNG ships after departing from a liquefaction terminal

travel across oceans to reach their receiving terminals
 This terminal is intended for regasification of liquefied
natural gas and storage.
Regasification of LNG:
 It is a process of converting LNG at -162˚C temperature
back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature .
 This is done by LNG vaporizers.
Key components of LNG receiving terminals:
 Marine jetty facilities for unloading LNG
 Special tanks for LNG storage
 Process equipment for regasification of LNG and other
facilities.
Two types of LNG receiving terminals:
1.Off shore
2.On shore
Off shore LNG terminal
 It receives LNG from ocean going vessels , regasifies the
LNG immediately or subsequent to being stored and
delivers the LNG to the onshore customers through a
subsea pipeline.
There are two fundamental concepts for offshore LNG

terminals:
1.Gravity base structure(GBS)
2.Floating storage and regasification unit(FSRU)
Gravity base structures
 A gravity base structure is a support structure held in place by
gravity.
 A LNG gravity base structure is a fixed concrete structure

laying on the sea floor
 This facility incorporates the LNG storage infrastructure and

regasification unit along with ship mooring system resulting
financially competitive solution.
Adriatic LNG terminal ,ITALY in
Northern Adriatic.
Adriatic LNG Terminal
 It is the world’s first off shore gravity base structure
which has been installed successfully 15km off the Italian
coast in September 2008.
 GBS made of concrete is 180m long, 88m wide , and
47m high
 Inside it houses two 125000 mᵌ LNG storage tanks and
top it carries a regasification and mooring facility and
living quarters.
 It is designed for numerous load conditions including
extreme weather ,earth quakes ,tanker impacts and blast
Floating storage and regasification unit
 FSRU is a vital component required while transiting and

transferring LNG through oceanic channels ,therefore
FSRU can be termed as special type of ship used for
LNG transfer.
 LNG ship can be a custom design or an existing carrier

modified to include regasification facility
 They are floating structures ,either moored to sea bed via

a turret mooring system ,or tethered to a jetty.
On shore LNG terminal
 They consist of insulated tanks for LNG storage,
evaporating systems, evaporation gas treatment plants
from tanks and a metering station.
 Upon the arrival at terminal LNG is pumped from tankers

to reservoirs for storage in a liquefied form .
 Then as necessary LNG is regasified .Conversion is

done in evaporators by heating.
 Natural gas is delivered into the distribution pipelines to

different uses
Onshore LNG terminal in
Canada.
Unloading process.
 Here LNG is loaded by means of ship pumps to unloading arms on
the jetty and then to storage tanks through unloading lines.
 LNG pumping energy contributes boil off gases(BOG) is

produced ,as operating pressure increases a considerable amount
vapor is sent back to LNG ship to maintain a positive pressure
 The remainder of BOG is compressed and re condensed into sent

out LNG
 Once, regasified natural gas is delivered into distribution pipelines

to the different uses or power generation stations
LNG receiving terminal process scheme
LNG ship unloading
 In most LNG terminals ship unloading takes about 12 hours for
a 145000mᵌ LNG carrier with an average unloading rate of
12000mᵌ/hr.
 LNG is typically unloaded into a single tank. The total time at

the ship stays at the port is about 24hrs.
 LNG jetty has three unloading arms , one for vapor and two for
liquid.
 During ship unloading, vapor must be returned to the ship to

maintain a positive pressure and a recirculation line to
maintain cryogenic temperatures.
 LNG is unloaded at high rates through unloading arms and
unloading line to the tank. Each segment is installed with
emergency shut down valves (ESD) designed for quick
closure.
 The closure of these valves must be configured to avoid

potential damages from water hammer.
Water hammer:
 A pressure wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced

to stop or change direction suddenly .It causes damages
like pipes to burst ,leakages .
 It occurs when a valve closes suddenly at the end of the pipeline
system, and a pressure wave propagates in a pipe.
 Water hammer scenarios can be analyzed by transient

simulation tools ,using software AFT impulse .
 With this tool piping and ESD valve design can be

configured to avoid the potential damage from water
hammer.
Risk comparision of Off shore Vs On shore
 Onshore terminals are close to the densly populated areas

and industrial areas where a diverse range of customers are located.
 However large lands with adequate marine access for LNG ships are
difficult to locate in these areas .This would raise safety concerns of
local communities .
• Regulatory approval for a new terminal permit are time consuming and
very costly .
• OFFSHORE terminals are alternative to these difficulties

 Although offshore / floating terminals have many
advantages over onshore terminals .
 They also introduce new complexities ,risks , and questions

about feasibility ,where only a few offshore LNG terminals
have actually been achieved to date.
 How ever as technologies are maturing ,technical and

economic uncertainity will be reduced and some of the
resulting risks mitigated

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What are the different types of LNG terminals?

What are the different types of LNG terminals?

What are the components of an LNG receiving terminal?

What are the components of an LNG receiving terminal?

LNG receiving terminals

 It is a structure to store LNG.

1.Liquefaction terminals ( LNG Export)

2. Receiving terminals (LNG Import)

 LNG ships after departing from a liquefaction terminal

There are two fundamental concepts for offshore LNG

 A LNG gravity base structure is a fixed concrete structure

 This facility incorporates the LNG storage infrastructure and

 FSRU is a vital component required while transiting and

 LNG ship can be a custom design or an existing carrier

 They are floating structures ,either moored to sea bed via

 Upon the arrival at terminal LNG is pumped from tankers

 Then as necessary LNG is regasified .Conversion is

 Natural gas is delivered into the distribution pipelines to

 LNG pumping energy contributes boil off gases(BOG) is

 The remainder of BOG is compressed and re condensed into sent

 Once, regasified natural gas is delivered into distribution pipelines

 LNG is typically unloaded into a single tank. The total time at

 During ship unloading, vapor must be returned to the ship to

 The closure of these valves must be configured to avoid

 A pressure wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced

 Water hammer scenarios can be analyzed by transient

 With this tool piping and ESD valve design can be

 Onshore terminals are close to the densly populated areas

• OFFSHORE terminals are alternative to these difficulties

 They also introduce new complexities ,risks , and questions

 How ever as technologies are maturing ,technical and

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