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    MEE 1038 - Solar Photovoltaic Systems Design: Inverter For PV Applications

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    gaurav
    1. Inverters convert DC power from solar panels into AC power that can be used or fed into the electric grid. They are selected based on their output waveform, power capacity, efficiency, and harmonic distortion. 2. There are different types of inverters including stand-alone, grid-tie, and bimodal inverters. Grid-tie inverters come in central, string, and module integrated varieties. 3. Important factors in inverter selection are efficiency curves, surge capacity to meet load requirements, and harmonic distortion levels which cannot exceed what loads can tolerate without overheating.

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    MEE 1038 - Solar Photovoltaic Systems Design: Inverter For PV Applications

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    81 views26 pages
    1. Inverters convert DC power from solar panels into AC power that can be used or fed into the electric grid. They are selected based on their output waveform, power capacity, efficiency, and harmonic distortion. 2. There are different types of inverters including stand-alone, grid-tie, and bimodal inverters. Grid-tie inverters come in central, string, and module integrated varieties. 3. Important factors in inverter selection are efficiency curves, surge capacity to meet load requirements, and harmonic distortion levels which cannot exceed what loads can tolerate without overheating.

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    Inverters for Pv

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    1. Inverters convert DC power from solar panels into AC power that can be used or fed into the electric grid. They are selected based on their output waveform, power capacity, efficiency, and harmonic distortion. 2. There are different types of inverters including stand-alone, grid-tie, and bimodal inverters. Grid-tie inverters come in central, string, and module integrated varieties. 3. Important factors in inverter selection are efficiency curves, surge capacity to meet load requirements, and harmonic distortion levels which cannot exceed what loads can tolerate without overheating.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    81 views26 pages

    MEE 1038 - Solar Photovoltaic Systems Design: Inverter For PV Applications

    Uploaded by

    gaurav
    1. Inverters convert DC power from solar panels into AC power that can be used or fed into the electric grid. They are selected based on their output waveform, power capacity, efficiency, and harmonic distortion. 2. There are different types of inverters including stand-alone, grid-tie, and bimodal inverters. Grid-tie inverters come in central, string, and module integrated varieties. 3. Important factors in inverter selection are efficiency curves, surge capacity to meet load requirements, and harmonic distortion levels which cannot exceed what loads can tolerate without overheating.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    MEE 1038 – Solar Photovoltaic

    Systems Design

    INVERTER for PV
    applications
    Inverter
    • Converts DC input into AC output
    • Select an inverter that allows higher input voltages
    – to reduce I2R losses (between battery bank & inverter)
    • Inverter selection is based on:
    – Type of output waveform
    • square, sine, modified sine, PWM
    – Rated power output (capacity)
    – Surge capacity
    • 150% and higher for a shorter duration
    – Efficiency
    • <83% (low), 83-91% (optimal, medium cost), >91% (costlier)
    – Harmonic distortion
    • Should be low to avoid heating
    Inverters
    Block diagram :

    Low voltage DC High voltage AC

    • Types of Inverter output waveforms:


    ➢ square wave
    ➢ modified square/sine wave
    ➢ pure sine wave
    ➢ Pulsed width modulation
    • Accomplished in two steps:
    ➢ Low voltage DC to high voltage DC (using a chopper circuit)
    ➢ High Voltage DC to AC
    Type of inverter outputs

    Modified sine wave – Cheaper , but output may damage laptop


    and computer loads, digital clocks.
    Pure sine wave - Costlier, can operate even for sensitive
    loads.
    fast, quiet and low harmonic distortion.
    PWM (Pulse Width Modulated)
    Inverters
    • Variation of duty cycle in PWM provide DC
    voltage across load in a specific pattern as a
    AC signal. (high efficiency of 96%)
    Type of inverters

    • Stand alone inverter


    • Grid/ Utility interactive inverters
    • Bimodal inverter
    Stand alone inverter (50W to 50kW)
    Bimodal type inverters
    (700W to 500kW)

    Acts as Stand-alone and also as Grid-tie inverter


    Grid/
    Utility
    inverter
    Grid inverters
    Types:
    ➢ Central inverters
    ➢ String inverters
    ➢ Module integrated inverters
    Central inverters
    ➢ Central inverter combines dozens
    of strings into one input and one
    MPP tracker
    ➢ Parallel strings connected to a
    single inverter – limits MPPT’s
    efficiency
    ➢ Lower (Rs.)/Watt cost
    ➢ Used in PV plants >100 kWp to
    MW range
    ➢ Power losses in strings due to
    module mismatch and common
    MPPT
    ➢ Losses in string diodes
    ➢ Reliability of system depends on
    one inverter
    String Inverters
    ➢ DC from each string is
    connected into an inverter
    ➢ Any problem with one
    panel of a string affects
    the output of a string
    ➢ Separate MPPT for each
    string, so better yield
    ➢ Higher reliability than
    central inverter
    ➢ Lower initial cost per peak
    Watt price
    Module integrated inverters (AC Modules)
    ➢ Each module has its own inverter fixed on its back
    ➢ No module mismatch losses
    ➢ Maximum power production since each module has its own MPPT
    ➢ Low overall efficiency
    ➢ High installation, maintenance and performance monitoring cost (30%
    more than central inverters)
    ➢ Eliminate DC wiring, high Voltage DC switch boxes & protection circuits,
    housing facilities
    ➢ Used where the array sizes are small (residential markets)
    ➢ Different individual module orientations possible
    Central (3.5 kW) & Micro Inverter (210 W)
    Multi string inverters
    ➢ Each string has an
    independent DC-DC
    converter
    ➢ Common in use
    ➢ Relatively high efficient
    ➢ No string losses
    = ➢ Single MPP tracking

    =
    Voltage Levels of Electrical Grid
    What is grid synchronization?
    Checks!!!!
    Voltage ?
    Frequency?
    Phase?
    Requirements of Grid Inverter
    1. Voltage disturbances:
    Voltage at inverter output < 5% of the voltage at the
    point of utility connection

    Disconnection time
    10 cycles if the utility voltage either drops below 50% of
    its nominal value or increases above 110% of its nominal
    value.

    If the utility line voltage is between 50% and 92% of its


    nominal value, the inverter should shut down within two
    seconds.
    2. Frequency disturbances:
    If, at 50 Hz systems, the line frequency falls below
    49.5 Hz or goes above 50.2 Hz, the inverter should
    be disconnected, within 5 cycles.
    3. Power factor :
    The power factor should not be lower than 0.85
    4. Other concerns :
    ➢ DC current injection < 0.5%
    ➢ Islanding protection
    ➢ Reconnecting and restoration after failure
    ➢ Grounding and surge protection

    Ref: Chapter 3: Solar Electric power generation, Photovoltaic Energy sytems; Stefan Krauter
    • Since maximum efficiency may be achieved near rated output,
    it is important to consider the efficiency vs. output power
    curve for the inverter when selecting the inverter
    • Certain loads have significant starting currents, so
    it is important to provide adequate surge current
    capacity in the inverter to meet the load surge
    requirements
    • Other loads will either overheat or introduce
    unwanted noise if the harmonic distortion of their
    power supply is not below a specific level
    Inverter Types

    Cost Lowest Costlier Costlier Costliest


    than than
    square Modified
    wave sine wave
    • Square wave inverter is the least expensive and is
    relatively efficient, but has limitations on its
    applications. It has the best surge capacity but the
    highest harmonic distortion
    • The modified sine inverter is more complicated,
    but still relatively efficient
    • The pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter has
    higher cost, high efficiency and minimal distortion
    • The pure sine inverter has the least distortion, but
    costlier
    • PWM inverters are particularly useful when used
    as AC motor controllers since the speed of an AC
    motor can be controlled by adjustment of the
    frequency of the motor excitation
    • For a number of applications, a square wave is
    inadequate for meeting the harmonic distortion
    requirements of the load, resulting in overheat of
    some motors or fluorescent ballasts.
    • Square wave harmonics can also introduce noise
    into a system. Thus, before selecting an inverter, it
    is important to verify that the proposed load will
    operate with square wave excitation
    • If square wave excitation is not suitable for a load,
    it is possible that a modified sine wave will work

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