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Image Logging: Maha Ali Haider GY20F18

The document summarizes wireline logging and borehole imaging techniques. It discusses: 1) Wireline logging lowers tools into boreholes via electrical cables to transmit data about wellbore conditions. Borehole imaging tools like the Fullbore Micro Imager (FMI) and FMI-HD provide high resolution images of borehole walls. 2) The FMI-HD uses electrical measurements from 192 electrodes to create microresistivity images of bedding, fractures, and other geological features with resolution as small as 0.2 inches. 3) Borehole imaging tools provide sedimentological and structural data used for reservoir modeling and evaluation, including bedding orientation, faults, fractures, depositional environments, and pore

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sher afgan
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229 views

Image Logging: Maha Ali Haider GY20F18

The document summarizes wireline logging and borehole imaging techniques. It discusses: 1) Wireline logging lowers tools into boreholes via electrical cables to transmit data about wellbore conditions. Borehole imaging tools like the Fullbore Micro Imager (FMI) and FMI-HD provide high resolution images of borehole walls. 2) The FMI-HD uses electrical measurements from 192 electrodes to create microresistivity images of bedding, fractures, and other geological features with resolution as small as 0.2 inches. 3) Borehole imaging tools provide sedimentological and structural data used for reservoir modeling and evaluation, including bedding orientation, faults, fractures, depositional environments, and pore

Uploaded by

sher afgan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMAGE LOGGING

Maha Ali Haider


GY20F18
Contents
• Wire line logging.
• Purpose of wireline logging.
• Classification of wireline logging.
• Borehole image introduction.
• Technique use for borehole imaging.
• Fullbore micro imager (FMI).
• FMI-HD
i. Instrument.
ii. Features.
iii. Working.
iv. Applications.
Wire line logging
• Wire line is an
electrical cable used
to lower tools into
borehole & transmit
data about the
conditions of
wellbore called wire
line logs.
• The logging tool, also
called a sonde, is
located at the bottom
of the wire line
Wire line logging
• Slickline refers to a single strand
wire which is used to run tools
into wellbore for several
purposes.
• The measurements are taken by
lowering the wireline to the
prescribed depth and then
raising it out of the well.
• The measurements are taken
continuously on the way up, in
an effort to sustain tension on
the line.
• It usually consist of braided
cables.
• Wire lines are also used to
perform wire line logging.
Purpose of Wire line logging

• In the oil and gas industry, the term wire line usually refers
to a cabling technology used by operators of oil and gas
wells to lower equipment or measurement devices into
the well for the purposes of well intervention, reservoir
evaluation, and pipe recovery.
• The oil and gas industry uses wireline logging to obtain a
continuous record of a formation's rock properties.
Classification of wireline logging tools
• The wireline logging tools are classify into
following tools:
1. Lithology logs.
2. Porosity logs.
3. Saturation (resistivity) logs.
• Lithology logs: they are designed to
identify,
Permeable formations.
Boundaries between permeable & non-
permeable formations.
Provide lithological data for correlation.
Examples of lithology logs are: SP and
gamma ray log.
• Porosity logs:
 Provide accurate lithologic
& porosity determination
 Provide data to distinguish
between oil & gas
 Provide porosity data for
water saturation
determination.
 Examples: Sonic/acoustic,
neutron & formation density.
• Saturation (resistivity) log: These logs are designed to:
Determine the thickness of a formation
Provide an accurate value for true formation resistivity
Provide information for correlation purposes
Provide a quick indication of formation pressure,
hydrocarbon content and producibility.
Examples normal and lateral devices, laterologs and
induction logs.
Borehole Image Introduction
• Sedimentary depositional environment describes the
combination of physical, chemical and biological
processes associated with the deposition of a particular
type of sediment & rock.
• A routine way to model the reservoir rock deposition
system and sedimentary environment is to core the
reservoir rock and study the cores in combination with the
other geological information.
• Coring may not be possible throughout the whole
reservoir and non-reservoir parts due to some obligations,
among them, the cost of coring and the time of rig.
• An appropriate and cost/time saving tool, borehole
imaging, has been developed in the oil industry to
combine with limited core information to analyze the
reservoir sedimentary environment.
• Borehole image logs provide important sedimentological
and structural data for use in reservoir evaluation.
• The log contains specific information in relation to
bedding style (bedding dip and azimuth),
orientation of faults,
fractures,
structural regimes,
unconformities together with recognition of palaeo-slopes
and palaeo-currents and etc.
• The best source of information which can be used to
strength the image log evaluation is to integrate them with
core data where available.
Techniques use for borehole imaging
• Primary techniques for acquiring borehole image data are
electrical (micro resistivity) and acoustic measurements.
• Significant improvements have recently been made in the
quality of borehole imaging measurements.
• Today there are more than 30 tool types to choose from
depending on the detail of the investigation required, type
of mud system, expected formation response, and
expected borehole conditions.
• Most of these imaging tool measurements are based on
microresistivity or acoustic wave velocity principals.
List of imaging tools
• Table shows list of typical image tools of some
international oil field service company.
Fullbore Micro Imager
• In 1986, the latest dipmeter tool was developed by
Schlumberger, called the Formation MicroScanner
(FMS). Later versions of this tool were called Fullbore
Formation Microimager (FMI).
FMI-HD
• The FMI-HD high definition
formation microimager creates a
microresistivity image of a
borehole wall from
measurement of high & low
resolution components of the
current flowing through the
formation
• Environments that cannot be
seen with conventional imaging
technology, can now be seen in
detail revealing clarity with the
FMI-HD.
FMI-HD Instrument
• Electrical method is used in
borehole to image bedding &
fractures around the
perimeter of the borehole.
• Measure the borehole size.
• FMI consists of four arms,
the adjacent two arms are
orthogonal and each arm has
two pads the each pad has a
hinged flap. Both pad and
flap have arrays of 24
electrodes. High resolution
depend on resistivity contrast
from the borehole wall.
Features of FMI-HD
• New electronics and novel signal processing
• Automatic handling of signal phase for improved quality in
extreme saline environments
• Noise reduction from enhanced parallel processing
• 16-bit digitization electronics, improved over conventional
10 bit
• Borehole coverage of 80% in 8-in hole
• High spatial resolution (nominal 0.2 in)
• Pad tilting for application in deviated and horizontal wells
• Top-combinable with most wireline services
FMI-HD Working
• Measurement begins with an
applied voltage that causes an
alternating current to flow from
the array of 192 pad-mounted
“button” electrodes through the
formation to the upper cartridge
housing, which acts as a return
electrode.
• Its path is initially focused on
the small volume of the
formation directly facing the
button.
• The current path expands
rapidly across the formation
between the lower and upper
electrodes.
• The current consists of two components:
a) high-resolution component, modulated by the resistivity
variations in the formation directly facing the button
b) low-resolution component, modulated by the resistivity
of the formation between the lower and upper
electrodes.

• The microresistivity image of the borehole wall is created


from the current measured by the array of buttons.
• Microresistivity changes related to lithologic and
petrophysical variations in the rock, are interpreted on the
image in terms of rock texture, stratigraphic and structural
features including dip, and fractures.
Dip events are easily picked, categorized, and displayed by using the
Techlog* wellbore software platform with data from the FMI-HD
microimager.
Comparison of images from a conventional imager (left) and the FMI-HD
high-definition microimager (right) shows the step-change improvement in
image quality in extreme resistivity conditions.
• Figure shows FMI image for different formations. (a) FMI
image of formation, (b) FMI image of fracture formation.
• Conventional dynamic
image (left) is compared
with a image from the
FMI-HD microimager
(right). The image from
the FMI-HD tool shows
brecciated carbonate
below X,X25 ft clearly
delineates more than 30
fracture traces, of which
only a few can be seen in
the standard image.
Bedding planes are also
readily identifiable from
the FMI-HD tool, but not
in the standard image.
The images at 0.2-in vertical resolution from the FMI-
HD microimager can be displayed on a virtual 3D
core by the Techlog wellbore software platform at any
scale down to 1:1. Patches of well-developed vuggy
porosity are clearly visible as dark spots in this
example.
Applications of FMI Tool
The FMI provides an electrical borehole image generated
from up to 192 microresistivity measurements. Applications
of FMI are listed below:
• Structural geology
• Structural dips, even in fractured and conglomeratic
formations; detection and determination of faults.
• Sedimentary features
• Determination of sedimentary dips and paleocurrent
directions
• Definition and characterization of sedimentary bodies and
their boundaries
• Recognition of anisotropy, permeability barriers, and
permeability paths.
• Secondary porosity evaluation in carbonate and igneous
reservoirs.
• Clear images of fractures and vugs in high-resistivity
formations such as carbonates or basement
• Thin-bed detection and evaluation.
• Naturally fractured reservoir characterization and
modeling.
• Rock texture.
• Qualitative vertical grain-size profile; Determination of
carbonate texture.
THANK YOU

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