Which do you like?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
Which do you like better?

A B
 What do you think
BIODIVERSITY means?
 Biodiversity

Bio =
Diversity = Variety
 Biodiversity
• is the variety of life on Earth and the essential
interdependence of all living things

• Is the variability among organisms from all sources, including inter alia,
terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological
complexes of which they are part, which includes: diversity within
species, between species, and of ecosystems. – United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
 Biodiversity
• the ensemble and the interactions of the genetic, the species,
and the ecological diversity in a given place and at a given
time. – Zamora, 1997

• the wealth of life on earth, the millions of plants, animals

and microorganisms, the genes they contain, and the
intricate ecosystems they help build into the living
environment. – World Wild Fund for Nature, 1989
 Biodiversity
• Includes: all organisms, species, and populations; genetic
variations among them; all complex assemblages of
communities and ecosystems.
 There are 3 components of
biodiversity
1. Diversity of genes

Japanese Spitz Chihuahua Dalmatian

1. Diversity of genes

• Refers to a variety of expressed traits

or genes within the species.
 There are 3 components of
biodiversity
2. Diversity of species
2. Diversity of species
• Refers to a variety of species or diversity
between species.
• Patterns of Species Diversity:
- History
- Chance
- Necessity
 There are 3 components of
biodiversity
3. Variety of ecosystems
3. Variety of ecosystems

• Refers to a variety of species among

ecosystems in a given area.
• A variety of habitat, communities, ecological
processes.
 Benefits from Biodiversity

• Economic Importance
- basic needs (food, clothing, shelter)
- medicine
- livelihood
 Benefits from Biodiversity

. Resistance to Catastrophe
Higher biodiversity controls the spread of
certain diseases as viruses will need adapt
itself with every new species.
 Benefits from Biodiversity

• Leisure, Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits

- Millions of people enjoy hunting, fishing, camping,
hiking, wildlife watching, and other outdoor activities based
on nature. These activities keep us healthy by providing
invigorating physical exercise.
- Contact with nature also can be psychologically and
emotionally restorative while to some it may carry some
spiritual connotations.
 Benefits from Biodiversity

• Industrial Materials
- Industrial materials are derived directly from biological
resources.
Example: building materials, fibers, dyes, resins, gums,
adhesives, rubber and oil.
 Benefits from Biodiversity

• Ecological Benefits
- Soil formation, waste disposal, air and water
purification, nutrient cycling, solar energy
absorption, and management of biogeochemical
and hydrological cycles all depends on the
biodiversity of life.
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION
1. Habitat fragmentation/
destruction
 The most important extinction threat for
most species is habitat loss.
 The most obvious example of habitat
destructions are
• Deforestation-clear cutting of forest
• Conversion of grassland to crop fields
• Conversion of space to industrial area,
park, residential lands
• The destruction of coral reefs, wetlands
also contribute to the decreased number
of species.
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

2.Introduction of exotic/ invasive species (non-native)

 There will be competition between native and exotic species
 They are being called as alien, non-native, non-indigenous,
unwanted, disruptive, pests and invasive
 Invasive species are organisms that thrive in new territory where
they may adversely affect native species by infecting them,
competing with them, eating them or mating with them.
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

3. Overpopulation
 Rapid human population growth
represents threat to biodiversity in
several ways. Massive timber and
fuel consumption, mining, dynamite
and muro-ami fishing, clearing for
agricultural have destroyed nature’s
habitat.
 Species of plants and animals have
become rare and endangered.
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

4. Pollution
Toxic pollutants can have disastrous effects on
local population of organism.
Improper garbage disposal
Human beings have polluted the environment
with chemical poisons called pesticides. Some
valuable insects were destroyed at the same
time the harmful ones are killed. Pesticides
reached bodies of waters and lead to poisoning
of fish-eating birds, marine mammals, alligators,
fish and sea lions.
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

5. Over-exploitation, (over-hunting, over-collecting)

Because of economical benefit from biodiversity, many species have been
over-exploited over the years.
American bison or buffalo was hunted near to extinction for tongues. Fish
stocks have been seriously depleted by over harvesting in many parts of the
world. Plants are also threatened by over-harvesting. Wild ginseng has been
nearly eliminated in many areas because of Asian demand for roots that are
used as an aphrodisiac and folk medicine.
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

6. Natural Cause of Extinction. Global climate change caused by

release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere destroy and alter
environmental ecosystems thus species may be lost if they are
unable to adapt to new conditions.
New species may arise through the processes of mutation and
natural selection and disappear the same way.
Example is the tiny Hypohippus which has been replaced by the
much larger modern horse.
 Conservation and Management
of Biodiversity

• Is the management, protection and

wise use of natural resources.
A. Soil Conservation

• Importance of soil for the growth

of plants

• The thin layer of fertile of soil was

formed by natural processes over
thousands of years. But due to
certain practice of man, soil has
been destroyed.

• Major conservation problems: Soil

Erosion
 B. Water Conservation

• Water supply is directly proportional to population

• Earth has abundant supply of water, but it is unevenly distributed

• Some areas establish dams to create water reservoirs and also to control flood.

• Watershed management help reduce flooding and soil erosion and conserve water
 C. Forest Conservation
• Forests serves as homes for wildlife and
for timber.

• Forest are important watershed. They

absorb rain water and prevent run-off
of water that causes flooding and
erosion.

• Forests provide recreational space.

• Conservation of forests can be

managed by protecting them from fires,
insect pests and diseases.
D. Wildlife Conservation
• This is the management of natural resources in
our environment for protection and benefit of
plants and animals.

• Some species of plants and animals become

extinct because of human activities and
population growth.

• Hunting, clearing of forest for agriculture and

industry, and pollution affects the environment
and damages the habitat of wildlife species.
 E. Ex situ Conservation
• Species are protected outside its natural habitats (zoo,
aquaria, captive breeding centers, botanical gardens,
seed banks, gene banks)

F. Biodiversity Prospecting
• Involves searching for, collecting, examining, and deriving genetic
material from samples of biological resources that have features
and might be of value for commercialized pharmaceutical,
agricultural, industrial, or chemical processing end products.
Importance of Conservation

1. To meet demands for resources

2. To maintain the quality of life
 SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

 Formerly the “World Conservation Union”
 Stands for “International Union in Conservation of Natural
Resources”
 IUCN Red list Categories are intended to be an easily and
widely understood system for classifying species at high
risk of global extinction.
 IUCN Categories
1. EXTINCT (EX)
 A taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual
has died.
 Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and
life form.
• Complete disappearance of a species from the Earth. It happens when a
species cannot adapt and successfully reproduce under new environmental
conditions or when species evolves into one or more new species.
• A species no longer found in the past 50 years

2. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)

 it is known only to survive in cultivation or as a naturalized well outside the
past range.
3. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
 When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its population
size of 90% over last 10 years of three generations.
 Therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in
the wild.

4. ENDANGERED (EN)
 When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its population
size of 70% over last 10 years of three generations.
 Therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the
wild.
• It has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become
extinct over all or most of its natural range.
5. VULNERABLE (VU) or THREATENED
When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its
population size of 50% over last 10 years of three generations.
Therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the
wild.
• Still abundant in its natural range but because of declining
numbers is likely to become endangered in the near future.

6. NEAR THREATENED (NT)

When it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not
qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable now.
7. LEAST CONCERN (LC)
When it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not
qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near
Threatened.
Widespread and abundant taxa is included in this category.

8. DATA DEFICIENT (DD)

When there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect
assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution or
population status.
Therefore not a category of THREAT.
9. NOT EVALUATED (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been
evaluated against the criteria.
 STATE OF PHILIPPINE
BIODIVERSITY
• It has the total land of approximately 30 million
hectares consisting of more than 7,000 islands
for the home of most unbelievable unique and
rare animals.
• Most biological diverse countries in the world.
• Endemism is high.
endemic- species that is found in only one
area. “Endemicity”-refers to the restricted Button quail (Turnix
distribution of organism at any taxonomic level. These worcesteri) is an endemic
are unique species that found nowhere else in the to the island of Luzon
world.
• Biodiversity Hotspots – have exceptionally high numbers of
endemics or species that occur nowhere else.
PHILIPPINES AS HOTSPOTS
• 23rd- richest in species in the world
• 7th- richest in species at Asian region
• 5th- in the world for the most number of endemic species

• Biodiversity Hotspot’ Criteria:

• Species Endemism
• Degree of Threat - (Myers et al. 2000)
• 4th- bird endemism
• 8th-reptilian endemism. Amphibian
endemism is at 78%
• 2nd-for all species of butterflies

• 5th-for tiger beetle endemism

 Philippine Biodiversity
SPECIES NUMBER OF SPECIES ENDEMICS

Flowering plants 9,000 3,000

Mammals 183 121
Reptiles and Amphibians 359 248

Fishes 3,094 78
Birds 577 195+
Butterflies 895 352
Coral 800 500
 Approximately Number of Philippine
Native, Endemic and Threatened
Taxonomic Number of Number of Number of Number of
groups Species Endemic threatened threatened
Species species endemic
Mammals 183 120 50-52 41

Birds 577 195+ 59-74 59

Reptiles 258 170 8 4

Amphibians 101 78 48 24

Fishes 3,094 78 52-60 50+

Total(approx) 4,213 641+ 217-242 178+

 SOME NOTABLE FLORA AND FAUNA SPECIES
IN THE PHILIPPINES

MAMMALS
• Smallest primitive primates. Its
two big eyes cannot mov. It can turn its
head 180 degrees. It is found in the
islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol and
Mindanao.
PHILIPPINE TARSIER (Tarsius syrichta)
• Largest flower
(Rafflesia speciousa) World’s largest bats found in Subic and Bataan-
GOLDEN CROWNED FLYING FOX (Pteropus
vampyrus) AND GIANT FLYING FOX
(Acerodon jubatus

• Smallest bat in the world- PHILIPPINE

BAMBOO BAT(Vespertilionid sp.)
 • Largest endangered land animal and
one of the 10 most endangered
species. is endemic to Mindoro. It
belong to the family of buffalos.-
TAMARAW (Bubalus mindorensis)

• World’s rarest mammals and most

endangered deer in the planet. It
is found in the dwindling forest of
Panay Island.
- PHILIPPINE SPOTTED DEER
(Cervus alfredi)
 • World’s largest reptile. It is found in the
Philippines and other Asian country.
• - SALTWATER CROCODILE
(Crocodylus porosus)

• World’s smallest hoofed

mammal. The Philippine
mouse deer is found in
Balabac Island, South of
Palawan.
• -PILANDOK (Tragalus
nigricans)
 • World’s largest rat- CLOUD RAT

• Largest or longest
snake -RETICULATED
PYTHON
 • Cebu Flowerpecker
(Dicaeum quadricolor)
is a small passerine bird
and is endemic to Cebu
island in the Philippines.
Of 114 snakes found in the
Philippines 14 is said to
be poisonous.
• World’s largest terrestrial
venomous snake KING
COBRA
• World’s largest eagle. It lives
in the rainforests of Isabela,
Samar. Leyte, and Mindanao.
• -PHILIPPINE EAGLE
(Pithecopha jefferyi)
Most expensive shell-
GLORY OF THE SEA SHELL

World’s largest fish-

BUTANDING

World’s smallest freshwater fish-

Dwarf goby
• Sea turtles popularly known in the
Philippines as pawikan.

• There are more than 220 species of

turtles in the world, but only seven are
considered marine (saltwater).

• Five of these species are present in the

Philippines, namely:

a. Green (Chelonia mydas)

b. Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)

e. Leatherback turtles c. Loggerhead
(Dermochelys (Caretta caretta)
coriacea)
d. Olive Ridley
(Lepidochelys olivacea)
 • 9,000 Flowering found in
Hardest wood- PHILIPPINE the country including 200
IRON WOOD fruit trees
 ENDEMIC FRUIT TREES IN THE COUNTRY

1. Durian
2. Mabolo
3. Pili
4. Bignay
 Philippine Endangered Species
Plants Birds Mammals Reptiles
All species of ferns Philippine eagle Dugong (Dugong dugong) Hawk’s bill (Eretmochelys
(Cyatheaceae spp) (Pithecophaga jefferyi) imbricata)

Lady’s slipper or “pitogo” Peregrine falcon (Falco Tamaraw (Bubalus Logger head (Cretta
(Cycas spp.) peregrinus) mindorensis) cretta)

Alocasia, pitcher plant Palawan peacock pheasant Philippine tarsier (Tarsius Olive ridley (Lepidochelys
(Nepenthes spp.) (Polyplectron emphanum) syrichia) olivacea)

Orchids Spotted green shank (Tringa Calamaman deer (Axis Leather back turtle
(Orchidaceae spp.) guttifera) calamianensis) (Dermochelys coriacea)

Bleeding heart pigeon Fruit bat (Ptenochirus jagori) Crocodiles (Crocodylus

(Callicolumba luzonica) mindorensis)
 Protected Areas in the Philippines

As mandated by
National Integrated Protection Area System (NIPAS) Act of 1992

• Batanes (habitat of migratory birds and lizard)

• N. Sierra Madre National Park (Philippine eagle, deer and dipterocarp, coral
reefs, sea grass beds)

• Subic Bay National Parks (endemic endangered bat species)

 Protected Areas in the Philippines

• Apo Reef Marine National Park (coral reefs)

• Mt. Kanlaon National Parks

• Mt. Apo and Mt. Katanglad

• Agusan Marsh Sanctuary (largest swamp in the country)

• Siargao Wildlife Sanctuary (rare crocodile and birds)

• Turtle Island Marine National Park (endangered marine turtles)

 Captive Breeding Existing In The Philippines
1. Zobel’s deer farm in Calatagan Batangas

2. Philippine Raptor Conservation Program at the Makiling Botanic

Gardens, UPLB

3. Philippine Eagle Conservation Center in Davao City

4. Crocodile Farming Institute in Puerto Princesa Palawan

5. Calauit Wildlife Sanctuary

6. Tamaraw Conservation Project in San Jose Mindoro

 GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATION ON
WILD LIFE CONSERVATION

1. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

2. Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS)
3. Department of Health (DOH)
4. Department of Agriculture (DA)
5. Department of Tourism (DOT)
6. Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
7. Non-Government Organization (NGOs)
8. ABS-CBN Bantay Kalikasan and GMA Foundation
 LEGISLATIONS AND POLICIES
GOVERNING WILDLIFE
• WILDLIFE ACT
RA 9147 more commonly known as Wildlife Act was approved
by the Congress on July 30 and officially took effect last August 31, 2004

 Its provisions cover all the following:

1. Trade Related Provision
 Collection of wildlife is allowed only upon authorization.
 Collection of threatened wildlife by products and derivation shall only be
allowed for scientific research.
2. Government authorization permits and its period of
validity.

 Wildlife farms or culture permit 3-5 years

 Wildlife collectors permit 1-3 years
 Research permit- 1year
 Local Transport permit-1-3 months
 Export/ Import permit- 1-6 months
 PENALTIES AND FINES
CRITICAL 2 yrs/ 1-4 days P5000-300,000

ENDANGERED 1 yr/ 1-2 days P2000-200,000

VULNERABLE 6 months/ 1 day P1000-100,000

THREATENED 1 month/1-6 days P500-50,000

NON- THREATENED 10 days P200-20,000

The
end!...finally….
