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Control Systems

This document discusses control systems and provides definitions, components, types, examples, and references. It defines a control system as a system that regulates a process or plant using control elements distributed throughout. The key components are identified as the plant being controlled, feedback, a controller, and an error detector. The two main types are open loop and closed loop systems, with closed loop using feedback to automatically correct deviations from the desired output. Examples given include liquid level, temperature, traffic, and home heating control systems.

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Rajesh Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
174 views

Control Systems

This document discusses control systems and provides definitions, components, types, examples, and references. It defines a control system as a system that regulates a process or plant using control elements distributed throughout. The key components are identified as the plant being controlled, feedback, a controller, and an error detector. The two main types are open loop and closed loop systems, with closed loop using feedback to automatically correct deviations from the desired output. Examples given include liquid level, temperature, traffic, and home heating control systems.

Uploaded by

Rajesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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www.studymafia.

org
Seminar
On
Control Systems

Submitted To: Submitted By:


www.studymafia.org
www.studymafia.org
CONTENT
 Introduction

 Definition

 Components of Control System


 Types of Control Systems

Open loop control systems


Closed loop control system
 Examples of Control Systems

 Reference
INTRODUCTION

 A control system is a control system for a process or plant, wherein control


elements are distributed throughout the system. This is in contrast to non-
distributed systems, which use a single controller at a central location. In a
DCS, a hierarchy of controllers is connected by communications networks
for command and monitoring.
 A type of automated control system that is distributed throughout a machine
to provide instructions to different parts of the machine. Instead of having a
centrally located device controlling all machines, each section of a machine
has its own computer that controls the operation. For instance, there may be
one machine with a section that controls dry elements of cake frosting and
another section controlling the liquid elements, but each section is
individually managed by a DCS. A DCS is commonly used
in manufacturing equipment and utilizes input and output protocols to
control the machine.
 Collection of hardware and instrumentation necessary for implementing
control systems.
 Provide the infrastructure (platform) for implementing advanced control
algorithms.
DEFINITION

It means by which a variable quantity or set of variable


quantities is made to conform to a prescribed norm. It
either holds the values of the controlled quantities
constant or causes them to vary in a prescribed way.
A control system may be operated by electricity, by
mechanical means, by fluid pressure (liquid or gas), or
by a combination of means. When a computer is
involved in the control circuit, it is usually more
convenient to operate all of the control systems
electrically, although intermixtures are fairly common.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF
CONTROL SYSTEM
 Plant
 Feedback

 Controller

 Error detector
 Plant: The portion of a system which is to be controlled or
regulated is called as plant or process. It is a unit where actual
processing is performed and if we observe in the above figure,
the input of the plant is the controlled signal generated by a
controller. A plant performs necessary actions on a controlled
system and produces the desired output.
 Feedback: It is a controlled action in which the output is
sampled and a proportional signal is given to the input for
automatic correction of any changes in the desired output.
The output is given as feedback to the input for correction i.e.
information about output is given to input for correcting the
changes in output due to disturbances. The feedback signal is
fed to the error detector. Negative feedback is preferred as it
results in better stability and accuracy. The other disturbance
signals are rejected.
 Error Detector: The function of error detector is to compare
the reference input with the feedback signal. It produces an
error signal which is a difference of two inputs which are
reference signal and a feedback signal. The error signal is fed
to the controller for necessary controlled action. This error
signal is used to correct the output if there is a deviation from
the desired value.
 Controller: the element of a system within itself or external to
the system which controls the plant is called as a controller.
The error signal will be a weak signal and so it has to be
amplified and then modified for better control action.
In most of the systems, the controller itself amplifies the error
signal and integrates or differentiates to generate a control
signal. An amplifier is used to amplify the error signals and the
controller modifies the error signal.
Types of Control Systems
 Open loop control systems
 Closed loop control system

 Open loop control systems

PROCES
INPUT S OUTPUT
OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
 In open loop control system we have a process
which we have to control and some input to change
the process and out put. We have an example of a
tank level control

Hi level
Start/ switch
stop

lo level
switch
OPEN LOOP CONTROL
 In open loop control system when we start the pump it
will continue fill the fluid in the tank but at a time tank
will overflow still pump will not stop. In open loop
control we have no feedback that what is going on in
process.
 We have to manually control the pump by putting a man
at near the tank .He will see that if the high level switch
glow then he will stop the pump and if lo level will glow
then he will start the pump.
ADVANTAGES OF OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

 The open loop systems are simple and economical.


 They are easier to construct.

 The open loop systems are stable.


DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

 The open loop systems are inaccurate and


unreliable.
 The changes in the output due to external
disturbances are not corrected automatically.
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
 Closed loop control system have
information about the change in
process with respect to change in
input. Now consider the previous
example in open loop control system.

Start/
Hi level
stop
switch
lo level
switch
Cont
rol
syst
em
CLOSE LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM BLOCK
DIAGRAM

Block diagram

Contr
Process OUTPUT
INPUT oller

FEEDBACK
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
 In open loop control system when we start the pump we
have no status of the tank level but in closed loop control
we have status of tank level and if tank level goes below,
low level switch act and the pump will start by
controller.
 In second case if the tank level goes high then the high
level switch act and controller stop the pump. Hence the
difference between the open loop and closed loop control
system
ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED
LOOP SYSTEM
 Closed loop systems are accurate.
 They are accurate even in the presence of nonlinearity.

 They are more stable.

 They are less affected by noise.


DISADVANTAGES OF
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
 They are complex and expensive.
 The feedback in closed loop system may leave to
oscillatory response.
 More care is needed to design a closed loop system.

 The overall gain of the system is reduced due to


feedback.
EXAMPLES OF CONTROL
SYSTEMS
 Distinct examples of control systems are as follows:
 Liquid level control system

 Room temperature control system

 Traffic control system

 Home heating systems


REFERENCES
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com

 www.studymafia.org

 www.pptplanet.com
THANKS

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