Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -1

Question - 1
• Find the spring constant of a rod in simple tension. (Assume
the rod is having uniform cross sectional area A, length L and
Young’s modulus E)
– Does it depend on mass of rod?
– Is the spring constant a constant?
– What do you mean by a linear spring, soft spring and hard spring?

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 Question - 2
• Find the spring constant of a cantilever rod. (Assume the rod is
having uniform cross sectional area A, length L and Young’s
modulus E)
– How does the spring constant of cantilever rod compare with the rod
in axial tension/compression?
– Comment on the spring constant of a circular rod and square rod with
same cross section area in axial tension and cantilever loading.

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 Question - 3
• Find the equivalent spring constant of a springs in parallel.

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 Question - 4
• Find the equivalent spring constant of a springs in Series.

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Question - 5

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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -2
 Question - 6
• Find equivalent stiffness of the system given

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 Question - 7
• Find equivalent stiffness of the system given

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 Question - 7
• Find equivalent stiffness of the system given

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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -3

Single Degree Freedom Systems

 Question - 1
Find the natural frequency of the water tank shown.

Given – Height of water tank = 100 m.

tank weight with full water capacity = 2,500 ton
Young’s modulus of reinforced concrete = 27.6 Mpa
Tubular CS – ID 8 ft OD 10 ft

Determine the transverse vibration response for an initial displacement of 25 cm

Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration experienced by the tank

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 Question - 2
Find the natural frequency of the cockpit in fire truck as shown.

Given – Weight of cockpit along with fire fighter = 200 kg

A1= 20, A2 = 10, A3=5 sq cm; L1=L2=L3=3 m
Young’s modulus of reinforced concrete = 200 GPa

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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -4

Single Degree Freedom Systems

 Question - 3
An underdamped shock absorber is to be designed for a
motorcycle of mass 200 kg. The shock absorber is subjected to an
initial vertical velocity due to a road bump. Find the necessary
stiffness and damping constants of the shock absorber if the
damped period of vibration is to be 2 s and the amplitude is to be
reduced to one-fourth in one half cycle.

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 Question - 4
Find the natural frequency of the pendulum shown
in Fig, when the mass of the connecting bar is not
negligible compared to the mass of the pendulum
bob.

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 Question - 5
A boy riding a bicycle can be modeled as a spring-mass-damper system with an equivalent weight,
stiffness, and damping constant of 800 N, 50,000 N/m, and 1,000 N-s/m, respectively. The differential
setting of the concrete blocks on the road caused the level surface to decrease suddenly, as indicated in
Fig. 2.109. If the speed of the bicycle is 5 m/s (18 km/hr), determine the displacement of the boy in the
vertical direction. Assume that the bicycle is free of vertical vibration before encountering the step
change in the vertical displacement.

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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -5

Two Degree Freedom Systems

Question - 1

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Question - 2

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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -6

Dynamic Axle loads

 Question - 1

Front axle weight = 1949 lb, Rear Axle weight= 1097 lb Wheel base= 106” Driver weight=200 lb,
Wheel rim dia=13”

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 Question - 2
You are planning to buy a new SUV to pull your boat trailer, shown in Figures (9-11) , out to those long
weekends at the lake. Although you like the new front wheel drive (FWD) vans available, You are not sure a
FWD will be able to pull the boat up out of the water on some of the steep access ramps you must use.

a) Derive the expressions for the maximum grade it can climb without wheel slippage(traction-limited
gradeability) for this combination of Rear wheel drive (RWD) and Four Wheel drive (4WD)

b) Calculate the maximum gradeability for the above two combinations on a ramp with a coefficient of friction
0.3, given the following information on the vehicles
Van Properties:
Front Axle weight = 690Kg Rear Axle weight = 520Kg CG Height
= 0.62m Hitch height = 350mm Hitch Rear Overhang = 58 cm
Wheel Base = 3050mm

Combined Boat/Trailer Properties:

Axle Weight = 545Kg Hitch Load = 113Kg Wheel base =
2800mm CG Height = 89cm
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 VD Class Test-1

1. A study of the response of a human body subjected to vibration/shock is important

in many applications. In a standing posture, the masses of head, upper torso, hips,
and legs and the elasticity/damping of neck, spinal column, abdomen, and legs
influence the response characteristics. Develop a sequence of two improved
approximations for modeling the human body.
2. For what value of m will resonance occur for the system given in fig.

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 VD Class Test-1
3. The vibration table shown in Figure, is used to test certain electronic components for vibration. It
consists of two identical mating gears G1 and G2 that rotate about the axes O1 and O2 attached to the
frame F . Two equal masses, m each, are placed symmetrically about the middle vertical axis as shown
in Figure 12. During rotation, an unbalanced vertical force of magnitude P = 2mω 2 r cos θ, where θ =
ωt , r = 0.1 m and ω = angular velocity of gears, will be developed, causing the table to vibrate. Design
a vibration table that can develop a force in the range 0 -100 N over a frequency range of 25 - 50 Hz

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 VD Class Test-1
• The recoil mechanism of a gun is designed with critical damping such that
the system returns to its firing position the quickest without overshooting.
Design a recoil mechanism (by specifying c and k) for a 10-kg gun with a 5-
cm recoil such that the firing mechanism returns to within 0.5 mm of firing
within 0.5 s after maximum recoil.

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 VD Class Test-2

1. A study of the response of a human body subjected to vibration/shock is important

in many applications. In a riding posture, the masses of head, upper torso, hips, and
the elasticity/damping of neck, spinal column, abdomen influence the response
characteristics along with the stiffness and damping in seat and tire. Develop a
sequence of two improved approximations for modeling the human body.

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 VD Class Test-2
2. Determine the mass M of the given system if system resonates at an applied force F = 300 Sin 130t.

Mm F

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 VD Class Test-2
2. A pick-and-place robot arm, shown in Figure 5, carries an object weighing 10 lb. Find the natural
frequency of the robot arm in the axial direction for the following data:
l1=12 in., l2= 10 in., l3= 8 in.
E1=E2=E3=107 psi.
D1= 2 in., D2= 1.5 in., D3 = 1 in.
d1 = 1.75 in., d2 = 1.25 in., d3 = 0.75 in.

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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -7

Forward vehicle dynamics

 Question -1
Calculate the minimum time required for a car to reach 100km/h on a level road from rest.
Consider a car with the following characteristics: (assume rear wheel drive/front wheel
drive/4 wheel drive)
– length = 4245mm
– width = 1795mm
– height = 1285mm
– wheel base = 2272mm
– front track = 1411mm
– rear track = 1504mm
– net weight = 1500kg
– h = 220mm
– μ=1
– b = 0.6 L

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Question -2

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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -8

Forward vehicle dynamics

 Question -1
Mercedes-Benz C 180 has a drag coefficient is c = 0.29 and its power P = 143 HP.
What is the maximum possible speed? Assume density of air is 1.25kg/m3
Calculate the coefficient of friction needed on road surface to maintain this speed.
Also calculate the minimum time required for a the car to reach 100km/hr on a level road from rest by
considering the drag force. (µ=0.8)
The car has following characteristics: (assume rear wheel drive/4 wheel drive)
– length = 4582mm
– width = 1775mm
– height = 1447mm
– wheel base = 2760mm
– front track = 1411mm
– rear track = 1504mm
– net weight = 2070kg
– h = 530mm
– b = 0.4 L

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 Question -2
Mercedes-Benz C 180 has a drag coefficient is c = 0.29 and its power P = 143 HP.
Its width and height is w = 1.77 m and h = 1.45 m respectively.
What is the tilting angle and the maximum banking on road it can sustain?
Calculate the speed at which the car will be lifted from the ground (Assume pressure under the car remains at
atmospheric pressure). Suggest modifications to be carried out in car to avoid lifting from the ground.
Consider a car with the following characteristics: (assume rear wheel drive/4 wheel drive)
– length = 4582mm
– width = 1775mm
– height = 1447mm
– wheel base = 2760mm
– front track = 1411mm
– rear track = 1504mm
– net weight = 2070kg
– h = 530mm
– b = 0.4 L
– µ=0.8
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Vehicle Dynamics Tutorial -9

Steady State Cornering

 Question -1
Mercedes-Benz C 180 has the following specifications.
– Power P = 143 HP, length = 4582mm
– width = 1775mm, height = 1447mm
– wheel base = 2760mm , b = 0.4 L
– front track = 1411mm
– rear track = 1504mm
– net weight = 2070kg
– h = 530mm
– Tire size - 195/65R16 92H
Calculate Ackerman steering angle for turn radius of 100 m, 15m.
Steering angle needed when making a turn of 200m radius at speed of 45 km/hr. Comment the
steering condition of the vehicle (Understeer or oversteer)
Calculate Understeer gradient
Characteristic speed

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 Question -2
Mercedes-Benz C 180 has the following specifications.
– Power P = 143 HP, length = 4582mm
– width = 1775mm, height = 1447mm
– wheel base = 2760mm , b = 0.4 L
– front track = 1411mm
– rear track = 1504mm
– net weight = 2070kg
– h = 530mm
– Tire size - 195/65R16 92H
Calculate Lateral acceleration gain, Yaw velocity gain
Calculate side slip angle for turning radius of 200 m at 45 km/hr

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Vehicle Dynamics Class test 2
 Question -1,2
1. Determine the front and rear suspension ride rates for a 5.0 L Mustang, given that the tire
spring rate is 1198 lb/in. The front suspension rate is 143 lb/in and the rear is 100 lb/in.
Estimate the natural frequency of the two suspensions when the front tires are loaded to 957 lb
and the rear tyres are at 730 lb each.
2 You are driving an Ashok Leyland Viking bus with the
following specifications.
Wheel base = 5443 mm, Total vehicle length of 10.55 m
with 2016 and 3200 front and rear overhang. No of seats =
40 + Driver, Max standees in bus = 20, Fuel = 200 l (Density
of diesel = 0.8 g/cc), Maximum rated front axle load = 5T
(For calculations take 80% of rated load). The bus has
10.00R20 tube radials on front and rear. The stiffness of
tyre is varying with load as given in fig. Calculate the
ackerman angle, steering angle, lateral acceleration gain,
and yaw velocity gain when the bus is taking a turn of 500
ft at a speed of 45 Km/hr. Assume avg. weight of passenger
= 75 kg and kerb weight of 10,250 kg. 41
 Question -3
1. You are planning to buy a new SUV to pull your boat trailer, out to those long weekends
at the lake. Although you like the new front wheel drive (FWD) vans available, You are
not sure a FWD will be able to pull the boat up out of the water on some of the steep
access ramps you must use.
Van Properties:
Front Axle weight = 690Kg Rear Axle weight = 520Kg CG Height = 0.62m Hitch height =
350mm Hitch Rear Overhang = 58 cm Wheel Base = 3050mm
Combined Boat/Trailer Properties:
Axle Weight = 545Kg Hitch Load = 113Kg Wheel base = 2800mm CG Height = 89cm
With some research on the terrain you found the gradient is 6% and expected frictional
coefficient is 0.3. Assuming ideal conditions, suggest a suitable drive for the vehicle and
minimum power requirements for driving the same at a speed of 10 km/hr.

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Vehicle Dynamics Class test 3
 VD Class Test-3
1) Determine the mass M of the given system if system resonates at an
applied force F = 300 Sin 130t.

Mm F

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 VD Class Test-3
2. A pick-and-place robot arm, shown in Figure 5, carries an object weighing 10 lb. Find
the natural frequency of the robot arm in the axial direction for the following data:
l1=12 in., l2= 10 in., l3= 8 in.
E1=E2=E3=107 psi.
D1= 2 in., D2= 1.5 in., D3 = 1 in.
d1 = 1.75 in., d2 = 1.25 in., d3 = 0.75 in.

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Q3) Mercedes-Benz C 300 with a 2 liter 4-cylinder engine has a max power of 241 HP @ 5550
and max torque of 273 lb-ft @ 1300 rpm. The vehicle is rear wheel driven and has an
aerodynamically designed body having a drag coefficient of 0.29.
• Calculate the maximum possible speed that can be achieved by the car by considering drag
assuming the density of air is 1.15kg/m3. Also calculate the time needed to achieve this speed.
• Calculate the minimum time required for the car to reach 100 km/h on an inclined road with a
gradient of 12%from rest (assume µ=0.75).
• Calculate the speed at which the car will be lifted from the ground (Assume pressure under
the car remains at atmospheric pressure)
• The specifications of the car is given below.
– Length = 184.5” Width = 71.3”
– Height = 56.8” Wheel base = 111.8”
– Front track = 61.5” Rear track = 60.9”
– Height of CG = 20” Curb weight weight front= 750 kg
Curb weight weight rear = 1270 kg
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