Hydraulic Engineering: Course Instructor: Engr. Arif Asghar Gopang

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Course Instructor: Engr. Arif Asghar Gopang

COURSE OBJECTIVES
o To learn types of fluid flows

o To gain knowledge of specific energy and its diagram
o To learn about the hydraulic jump and its characteristics
o To learn dimensional analysis and dam design
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Recommended Text Books:
 Open Channel Hydraulics by Dr. Ven Te Chow (Latest Edition)

 A text book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by R K
Rajput (Latest Edition)
 Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering by Professor Ghulam
Hussain Wagan
3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture students will be able:
 To describe open channel flow, pipe flow, types of open
channels flows
4
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
o It is also called free surface flow.
o The surface of water in channel is exposed to the
atmosphere.
o The flow is governed by the gravity flow.

EXAMPLES OF OPEN CHANNELS FLOW
EXAMPLES OF OPEN CHANNELS
FLOW
 Flow in Rivers, Streams, Gullies, Canals,

Distributaries, Field Water Courses, Open
Drains, Aqueducts, Estuaries , Natural Nullahs,
etc
PIPE FLOW
 Pipe flow occurs in

closed conduits
 Pipe flow is governed by
pressure force
 Main feature of the flow
is that, it has no free
surface, implying that the
conduit is running full
How we receive water
 Pipe flow is also called from WASA ponds to at
pressurized flow our homes for domestic
consumption?
OPEN CHANNELS FLOW VS. PIPE FLOW
Flow is governed by Flow is governed by pressure

gravity force force
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW CLASSIFICATION
 OCF can be classified in various ways

 Time as criterion: Steady flow Vs. Unsteady flow
 Steady flow: At a given channel section, flow
characteristics remain constant w.r.t. time
V ≠ f(t), y ≠ f(t), p ≠ f(t)
 Unsteady flow: At a given channel section, flow
characteristics change w.r.t. time
V = f(t), y = f(t), p = f(t)
1.5 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
CLASSIFICATION
 Space as criterion: Uniform Vs. Non-uniform flow
 Uniform flow: Flow characteristics remain constant
along the channel: V ≠ f(x), y ≠ f(x), p ≠ f(x)
 Non-uniform flow: Flow characteristics change along
the channel: V = f(x), y =f(x), p =f(x)
 Non-uniform flow - further classified as:
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF) Vs. Rapidly Varied Flow
(RVF)
FLOW CLASSIFICATION
Flow depth varying with

time – Unsteady flow
FLOW CLASSIFICATION
Flow depth varying with

space – Non-uniform flow
 Flow is GVF b/w Sections 1

and 2, and, 2 and 3 in Fig.
1.7
 Flow is RVF b/w 3 and 4
 Flow is uniform between 4
and 5
Fig. 1.7: Various flow

types
 Flow can also be classified as: Laminar, Transient and

Turbulent
 Re = Inertial forces/Viscous forces
= (4 V R)/ʋ (1.23)
 Re = Reynolds Number (dimensionless)
 ʋ = kinematic viscosity of water = f(temperature)
 V = Mean velocity
 R = Hydraulic radius
Laminar flow: Flow consist of an orderly series of fluid
laminae or layers
 Re < 500
 Viscous forces are dominant over the inertial forces
Turbulent flow: Water particles follow irregular paths that
are not continuous
 Re > 12,500
 Viscous forces are weak as compared to inertial forces
Transient flow: 500 < Re < 12,500
 Ratio of Inertial Forces to Gravitational Forces is called

Froude Number, Fr = V /(g D)0.5
V = Mean Velocity
g = gravitational acceleration
D = Hydraulic depth
 If Fr = 1, flow is in critical state
 If Fr < 1, flow is in sub-critical state
 If Fr > 1, flow is in super-critical state
 Hydraulic behavior of OCF varies significantly depending
on whether the flow is critical, subcritical, or supercritical
SPECIFIC ENERGY
 The energy per pound of water at any section measured at the
channel bottom. It is the sum of the pressure energy and kinetic
energy. It is given by the equation:
V2
E  y 
2g
 = depth of water + velocity head
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SPECIFIC ENERGY CONTINUES..
Q2
E  y 
2 g A2
For given channel section and discharge Q, the specific energy

in a channel section is function of the depth of flow only.
If assuming that channel section is rectangular with channel

width, b, then the Eq. (3) changes to:
Q2
Es  y 
2 g b2 y2
From the Eq. it can be seen that for given channel geometry
and discharge Q, the specific energy in a channel section is
function of the depth of flow, y, only.
19
THANKS

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HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

Course Instructor: Engr. Arif Asghar Gopang

o To learn types of fluid flows

 Open Channel Hydraulics by Dr. Ven Te Chow (Latest Edition)

o It is also called free surface flow.

o The surface of water in channel is exposed to the

o The flow is governed by the gravity flow.

 Flow in Rivers, Streams, Gullies, Canals,

 Pipe flow occurs in

Flow is governed by Flow is governed by pressure

 OCF can be classified in various ways

Flow depth varying with

Flow depth varying with

 Flow is GVF b/w Sections 1

Fig. 1.7: Various flow

 Flow can also be classified as: Laminar, Transient and

 Ratio of Inertial Forces to Gravitational Forces is called

For given channel section and discharge Q, the specific energy

If assuming that channel section is rectangular with channel

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