FLUID MACHINERY

ME143
Nota Bene
• Various images and information used in this picture is taken from
various sites on the internet. Author does not take credit on these
images and gives due credit to its owner.

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Grading System
Attendance 5%
Seatworks/Homeworks 10%
Quizzes 60%
Finals 25%

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 FINAL PERCENTAGE GRADE POINT
97-100 1.00
94-96.99 1.25
90-93.99 1.50
87-89.99 1.75
84-86.99 2.00
80-83.99 2.25
77-79.99 2.50
74-76.99 2.75
70-73.99 3.00
0-69.99 5.00

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Grounds for Failure
1. Cheating during seat works, group works, assignments or
examinations.
2. Grave misconduct other than cheating
3. Exceeding the 20% of allowable absences

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Basic Equation of Fluid Mechanics
1. The Bernoulli Equation
A statement of the conservation of energy in a form useful for
solving problems involving fluids. For a non-viscous, incompressible
fluid in steady flow, the sum of pressure, potential and kinetic energies
per unit volume is constant at any point.

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2. Conservation laws
• The conservation laws states that particular measurable properties of
an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves.
• Conservation of energy (including mass)
• Fluid Mechanics and Conservation of Mass - The law of conservation
of mass states that mass can neither be created or destroyed.
• The Continuity Equation - The Continuity Equation is a statement that
mass is conserved.

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3. Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Pressure Loss and Head Loss due to Friction in Ducts and Tubes -
Major loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to friction in pipes and
ducts.

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4. Euler Equations
In fluid dynamics, the Euler equations govern the motion of a
compressible, inviscid fluid. They correspond to the Navier-Stokes
equations with zero viscosity, although they are usually written in the
form shown here because this emphasizes the fact that they directly
represent conservation of mass, momentum, and energy.

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5. Laplace's Equation
The Laplace Equations describes the behavior of gravitational,
electric, and fluid potentials.

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6. Ideal Gas Law
• The Ideal Gas Law - For a perfect or ideal gas the change in density is
directly related to the change in temperature and pressure as
expressed in the Ideal Gas Law.
• Properties of Gas Mixtures - Special care must be taken for gas
mixtures when using the ideal gas law, calculating the mass, the
individual gas constant or the density.
• The Individual and Universal Gas Constant - The Individual and
Universal Gas Constant is common in fluid mechanics and
thermodynamics.
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7. Navier-Stokes Equations
The motion of a non-turbulent, Newtonian fluid is governed by the
Navier-Stokes equations. The equation can be used to model turbulent
flow, where the fluid parameters are interpreted as time-averaged
values.

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8. Mechanical Energy Equation
The Mechanical Energy Equation - The mechanical energy equation
in Terms of Energy per Unit Mass, in Terms of Energy per Unit Volume
and in Terms of Energy per Unit Weight involves Heads.

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9. Pressure
Static Pressure and Pressure Head in a Fluid - Pressure and pressure
head in a static fluid.

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Turbo Machinery
• A turbomachine is basically a rotating
machine
• The rotating wheel is called a rotor /
runner / impeller
•The rotor will be immersed in a fluid
continuum
• The fluid medium can be gas / steam /
water / air
• Energy transfer takes place either
from rotor to fluid,
Or from fluid to rotor
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A turbo machine is a device where mechanical energy in the form of
shaft work is transferred either to or from a continuously flowing fluid
by the dynamic action of rotating blade rows.

Classification
1. Open or Close
2. Types of Flow (axial, radial and mixed)
3. Energy conversion (absorbs or produces)

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Classification of Turbomachines

Open Close
• Examples are propellers, • Operate on a finite quantity of
windmills and unshrouded fans fluid as it passes through a
act on an infinite extent. housing or casing.
Classification of Turbomachines

Axial Radial
• Parallel to the axis of rotation • Perpendicular to the axis of
rotation

Mixed

• Combination of both
Classification of Turbomachines

Power Absorbing Power Producing

• Fans • Gas Turbines
• Blowers • Steam turbine
• Propellers and Ducted Fans • Hydraulic turbines
• Compressors • Wind turbines
• Pumps

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Applications
• Power Generation • Auto
Hydro-electric Turbochargers
Steam turbines Superchargers
Gas turbines • General
Windmills Pumps
• Marine Air compressors
Steam Turbine Fans
Gas Turbine • Aerospace
Water jet Gas turbines
Turbopumps

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Fluid Machinery
• Refers to machines that handle fluid either is gas or liquid form

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Fluids
• Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the action of an
applied shear force or stress.
• The process of continuous deformation is called flowing.
• A fluid is a substance that is able to flow.
• Fluids are divided into liquids and gases, which have many properties
that are similar, but certain other properties which are not at all
similar.

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Classification of Fluids
1. Ideal Fluids
• Incompressible
• Zero viscosity
• Shear force is zero when the fluid is in motion (no resistance).
2. Real or Practical fluids
• Compressible
• Viscous
• Resistance when in motion
3. Newtonian Fluids
• Linear relationship between magnitude of shear stress and the resulting rate of deformation
4. Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Non-linear relationship between magnitude of shear stress and the resulting rate of
deformation
Liquids
Liquids are practically incompressible and occupy definite volumes and
have free surface. They have large intermolecular forces and retain
their volume but takes the shape of their container.

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Gases
Gases are compressible and other must be so treated especially when it
expands until it occupies all portions of any containing vessels. Their
molecules are widely spaced with small intermolecular forces. They
also take both the volume and the shape of their container.

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Properties of Fluids
1. Specific Weight is the force of gravity in a unit volume
of a substance.

γ = Wt/V = mg/V

γ: specific weight of substance lbf/m3, kgf/m3, N/m3

V: volume of the substance, m3, ft3
m:mass of the substance, kg, lb
g: acceleration due to gravity, m/s2, fps2
(9.8066 m/s2, 32.2 fps2)
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2. Density is the mass per unit volume

ρ = m/V

ρ: density of a substance, kg/m3, lb/ft3

m:mass of the substance, kg, lb
V:volume of the substance, m3,ft3

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3. Specific Volume is the volume of a unit mass of a substance or the
reciprocal of density

υ =V/M = 1/ρ

υ: specific volume of the substance, m3/kg, ft3/lb

V:volume of the substance, m3, ft3
m:mass of the substance, kg, lb

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4. Specific Gravity (SG) is the ration of the specific substance to that of
water or the ratio of density of any substance to that of water.

SG = γ / γw = ρ/ρ w
γ:specific weight of any substance
γw:specific weight of water
ρ: density of any substance
ρ w:density of water = 1000kg/m3

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5.Temperature is
• the measure of a random motion of molecules of a fluid or system.
• It is the thermal condition of fluid with reference to its ability to
communicate heat from one body to another body or fluid.
• It is the measure of hotness and coldness of a fluid.

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6.Pressure – defined as normal force per unit

P = F/A

P:Pressure
F:Force
A:Area

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7. Surface Tension – is the force of molecular attraction per unit length
of free surface

δ = F/L
δ: surface tension
F:Force
L:Length

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8. Compressibility – is the resistance of fluid to change its volume in a confined space.

β = - [Δp/ (ΔV/V)]
β:bulk modulus or modulus of elasticity of the fluid
:300 000 psi (for water)
V:original volume
ΔV:change in volume
Δp:change in pressure
The negative (-) sign denotes that as the pressure increases, the volume increases

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9. Viscosity – the measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid.

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Fundamentals of Flow
Discharge or Flow Rate, Q –
• is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit
time.
• Expressed as a mass flowrate, weight flow rate and
volume flow rate

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 Volume flow rate, Q = Aν
Mass flow rate, M =ρQ
Weight flow rate, W = γQ

where:
Q: discharge in m3/s or ft3/s
A:cross-sectional area of flow in m2 or ft2
ν:mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s
ρ:mass density in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3
γ:weight density in N/m3 or lb/ft3
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Types of Fluid Flow
1. Steady and Unsteady
2. Uniform and non-uniform
3. Laminar and Turbulent
4. Compressible and Incompressible
5. Rotational and Irrotational
6. One, Two and Three Dimensional Flows

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Dimension and Units
A dimension is any generalization of a physical quantity that could be
measured, quantified or observed.

Two brief generalization of dimensions:

1. primary or fundamental dimensions
2. secondary or derived dimensions

Units are magnitudes assigned to dimensions.

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 English system, which is also known as the United States Customary
System (USCS)

Metric SI (from Le Système International d’Unités), which is also

known as the International System
1960, 1971 General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM)

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 Dimension Symbol Basic Unit (English) Basic Unit (SI)
Length [L] Foot (ft) Meter (m)
Mass [M] Pound (lbm) Kilogram (kg)
Time [T] Second (sec) Second (s)
Force [F] Pound (lbf) Newton (N)
Electric Current [A] Coulomb (C) Ampere (A)
Absolute [θ] Degree Rankine (⁰R) Kelvin (K)
Temperature
Luminous Intensity [/] Candela (cd) Candela (cd)
Amount of Matter [n] Mole (mol) Mole (mol)

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SI Prefixes
Decimal Multiplier
Prefix Symbol

nano 10-9 n
micro 10-6 m
milli 10-3 m
centi 10-2 c
deci 10-1 d
deka 10+1 da
hecto 10+2 h
kilo 10+3 k
mega 10+6 M
giga 10+9 G

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Derived Dimensions and Their Units

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Derived Dimensions and Their Units

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Sample Problem
• Verify that the fundamental dimensions of specific
weight is M/L²T²

• An equation that provides the flow rate in an open

channel is given by
where k is a constant, A is the area of the channel, R is a
radius, and S is a slope. Determine both the dimension
and the SI unit of k

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