Temperature and Heat 3

PHYSICS PMPH 130
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

BY
ELIAS MWAPE
(BSc.Ed
Physics UNZA,
MPhil Medical
Physics UG-
legon)
When nutritionists state that 1 kg of bread has a food value of
2600 Cal, mean that if the dried bread is burned in pure
oxygen, it will give off 2600kCal of heat energy. Basically the
body generates heat from food in somewhat a similar chemical
reaction. Estimate how much heat energy the human body gives
off each day?
Depending on the person, the nutritional calorie intake
each day is 2000 to 3000 Cal. Since these are actually
kilocalories, the body’s metabolism generates on the
order of 2MCal of heat. Because its temperature remains
nearly constant, the body must lose this energy as it is
generated. The air we exhale and the evaporation of
perspiration from the skin are well known from
mechanism for cooling the body, but others are
important as well.
 Conduction – mode heat transfer in solids by contact
of neighboring atoms/molecules
 Convection – mode heat transfer prominent in fluid

due to collisions of molecules
 Radiation – Heat transfer in vacuum
Check notes for detailed description!

The rate of heat flow ∆𝒕𝑸
between surfaces in contact
at different temperatures 𝑻𝒉 and 𝑻𝒄,and area A
i.e.
𝑸 ∆𝑻
∝𝑨
∆𝒕 ∆𝒙
So that
𝑸 𝑻 𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄
= 𝒌𝑨
∆𝒕 ∆𝒙
Where k is the coefficient of heat transfer in W/m.℃

Find the difference in temperature across the
surfaces of an iron plate 5 cm thick, through every
100 sq. m. of which heat flows at the rate of 96 x
104 J /s . (K=96J/smK)
Try it yourself first!

From the formula
𝑸 𝑻𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄
= 𝒌𝑨
∆𝒕 ∆𝒙
We have
96 x 104 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝑻𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄 =
𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄 =5K or 5℃
Remember change in temperature is the same in both

units!
The heat flow in vacuum or empty space. This is transfer of heat
by infrared waves. It is governed by Stefan
where
A is area of the objects surface, T is its thermodynamic
temperature, ɛ emissivity of the body and σ is Stefan –
Boltzmann’s constant
Blackbody – a body which absorbs all heat
radiation reaching its surface of all possible
wavelengths. Emissivity = 1(It’s a theoretical
assumption)
Emissive power – radiant energy emitted
per second per unit surface area
Absorptive power – radiant energy absorbed per

second per unit surface area of body
Stefan – Boltzmann constant
For two bodies at different temperature, the heat
radiated per unit time per unit surface area is
𝑒 = 𝜎𝜖(𝑇 4 − 𝑇 4 )
2
1
T2, T1 , Є, are temperatures of hotter and cooler

body,
emissivity respectively in Kelvin

An unclothed person whose body has a surface
area 0f 1.40 m2 with an emissivity of 0.85 has a
skin temperature of 37˚C and stands in a 20˚C
room. How much heat does the person lose per
minute?
Remember
We need to Convert the temperatures to kelvin
From
𝑒 = 𝜎𝜖(𝑇24 − 𝑇 41)
𝑄
𝑒=
𝐴∆𝑡
𝑄
= 5.67 × 10−8 × 0.85 × 1.4(3104 − 2934)
∆𝑡
𝑄
= 4.94 × 10−4𝐽/𝑠
∆𝑡
How much heat does the person lose per minute?
𝑄
= 2.96 × 10−2𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑡
Statement of Law;
A body at a temperature above that of the surroundings reduces
exponentially according to the cooling curve below
PRESSURE’S LAW
CHARLSE’ LAW
BOYLE’S LAW
NOTE: Use kelvin temperatures when solving problems on

gas laws.
Combining above laws
The Universal gas law
Where
are pressure, volume, temperature, number

of moles of gas and universal gas constant
respectively.
 Explain how a thermos flask is capable of
keeping its contents at a constant
temperature in with respect to the three
modes of heat transfer.
 Explain the principle of thermograms.
 Why is it that two pairs of cloth blankets will
keep you warmer than a single blanket with
the combined thickness of the two?
 Can heat be added to something without its
temperature changing? What if that
something is a gas? liquid? solid?
Prescribed textbooks
 Mike Crundell, Geoff Goodwin, Chris Mee, Wendy Brown, Brian
Arnold , 2014 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics

2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
 Sang, D., Jones, G., Chadha, G. and Woodside, R., 2014. Cambridge
International AS and A Level Physics Course book. Cambridge

University Press
Recommended Textbooks
 Serway, R.A. and Vuille, C., 2014. College physics. Cengage
Learning.
 John D. Cutnell / Kenneth W. Johnson –Physics. John Wiley
& Sons
- 9th Edition.
 Bueche, F.J. and Jerde, D.A., 1988. Principles of physics (Vol. 6).
New York: McGraw-Hill.

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PHYSICS PMPH 130

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

 Convection – mode heat transfer prominent in fluid

 Radiation – Heat transfer in vacuum

Check notes for detailed description!

Where k is the coefficient of heat transfer in W/m.℃

Try it yourself first!

Remember change in temperature is the same in both

Absorptive power – radiant energy absorbed per

T2, T1 , Є, are temperatures of hotter and cooler

emissivity respectively in Kelvin

We need to Convert the temperatures to kelvin

How much heat does the person lose per minute?

NOTE: Use kelvin temperatures when solving problems on

The Universal gas law

are pressure, volume, temperature, number

Arnold , 2014 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics

International AS and A Level Physics Course book. Cambridge

New York: McGraw-Hill.

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