Module 2:

Data Collection

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 Objectives:
At the end of this module, the students will able to:
• Apply the basic statistical concepts and
principles in the collection of data;
• Know the different sampling methods;
and,
• Determine the method of sampling that is
most appropriate to use in a given
population.
• Compute for the sample size of a given
data.
 Introductio
n
There is no formula for selecting the best method to be used
when gathering data. It depends on the researcher’s design of the
study, the type of data, the time allotment to complete the study,
and the researcher’s financial capacity.
Types of Data

1. Primary Data
- are information collected from an original source of data, which is first-
hand in nature. Examples are data collected from interviews, and
surveys.

2. Secondary Data
- are information collected from published or unpublished sources like
books, newspapers, and thesis.
Methods of Data
Collection
1. Direct (Interview
Method
- The) direct or interview method of data collection use at
least two persons (an interviewer and interviewee/s
exchanging information. This method will give as precise
and consistent information because clarifications can be
made. Also, questions not fully understood by the
respondent, the interviewer could repeat the question until
it suits the interviewee’s level. However, this method is
time consuming, expensive and has limited field
coverage.

2. Indirect (Questionnaire
Method)
- This is a method where written answers are given
to prepared questions. This method requires less
time and is inexpensive since the questionnaires can
simply be mailed or hand-carried. Also, this will give
a respondent a sense of freedom in honestly
answering the questions because of anonymity.
3. Questionnaire
Method
- A questionnaire is a list of well-planned questions written on paper,
which can be either personally administered or mailed by the
researcher to the respondents using any of the following forms:

a. Guided-Response Type – The respondent is guided in making

his or her reply.

Example:
1. Have you been convicted of any crime?
Yes_____No____. If your answer is yes, go to the next question. If your
answer is no, go to question number 3.
b. Recall Type
Example:
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Civil Status
d. Length of stay in a community
e. Number of times you have been hospitalized due to a serious illness

c. Recognition Type
Example:
Which of the following figures is a square?
d. Dichotomous Type
Example:
Do you live alone? Yes_____ No_____
e. Multiple-Choice Type
Example:
Which of the following means abattoir?
a.) dungeon
b.) cave
c.) house
d.) chateau
e.) none of these
f. Multiple-Response Type
Example:
What appliances/devices do you have at home? Encircle the
numbers.
1. Television 7. Vacuum cleaner
2. Refrigerator 8. Personal computer
3. DVD/VCD player 9. Fax machine
4. Piano/organ 10. Telephone
5. Electric stove 11. Component
6. Gas range
g. Free-Response Type
- The respondent is not guided in giving his reply. He can answer using his
style and in his own way.

h. Rating Scale Type

Example:
1. How serious is the drug problem in your barangay?
_______very serious
_______serious
_______fairly serious
_______not serious
_______not a problem
2. Attitude towards mathematics
In answering the questions below, refer to the verbal equivalent of the
numbers used in the table.
1 = disagree 3 = moderately agree
2 = slightly agree 4 = strongly agree

I love mathematics as a subject. 1 2 3 4

I always like the subject since my elementary years. 1 2 3 4
I am always excited to attend my mathematics class. 1 2 3 4
Characteristics of a Good
Question
1. A good question is unbiased.
2. A good question must be clear and simply stated.
3. Questions must be precise.
4. Good questionnaires lend themselves to easy analyses.
4. Registration
Method
- This is a method enforced by certain laws. Examples of data
gathered using this method are those that are obtained from
the National Statistics Office, Land Transportation Office,
Department of Education and other government agencies.

5. Observation
Method
- This is a method, which observes the behavior of individuals
or organizations in the study. This is also used when the
respondents cannot read nor write.
- It is commonly used in psychological and anthropological
studies.
6. Test
Method
- This method is widely used in psychological research and psychiatry. Standard
tests are used because of their validity, reliability, and usability.

Example:
Aptitude tests, IQ tests, achievement tests

7. Mechanical
Devices
- The devices that can be used when gathering data for social and
educational researches are the camera, projector, videotape, tape recorder,
etc. In chemical, biological and medical researches, the common devices are
the X-ray machine, microscope, ultrasound, weighing scales, CT scan, etc.
In astronomy and atmospheric researches, the telescope, barometer,
computer, radar machines, camera, and satellites are commonly used.
 Samplin
g
Concept ofSampling
Sampling – is the process of selecting units, like people,
organizations, or objects from a population of interest in order to
study and fairly generalize the results back to the population from
which the sample was chosen.

Advantages of
Sampling
1. Reduced Cost
2. Greater Speed
3. Greater Scope
4. Greater Accuracy
 Some
Definitions
1. Target Population – is the entire group a researcher is
interested in. It is the group about which the researcher
wishes to gather information from and to draw conclusions.

2. Sampled Population – is the collection of elements from

which the sample is actually taken. It should coincide with the
target population.
- Sometimes more restricted than the target population.

3. The Frame – Before selecting the sample, the population

must be divided into parts that are called the sampling units or
simply units. This units must cover the whole of the population
and they must not overlap, in the sense that every element in the
population belongs to one and only one unit.
Population frame - is a listing of all the individual units in the
population.
Sample frame – the list of sampling units.
 Sampling
Techniques

 
1. Random
Sampling
- In this method, all members of the population have equal
chances of being included in the study. This is applicable if the
target population is not classified into different clusters, sections,
levels, or classes. The method is easy to use, but not when the
population is very large, say a thousand or more.

2. Systematic
Sampling
a. Stratified Random Sampling – This method is applied
when the population is divided into different strata or
classes wherein each class must be represented in the
study.
b. Cluster Sampling – When the geographical area where
the study will be done is too big and the target
population is too large, the cluster sampling technique
may be appropriate. In this technique, the selection of
sample units is not by individuals but by groups called
clusters. The area will be divided into clusters, then a
desired number of clusters will be selected at random.
3. Purposive
Sampling
- The respondents of the study will be chosen based on their
knowledge of the information required by the researcher.

4. Quota
Sampling
- This technique is commonly used in opinion polls.

5. Convenience
Sampling
- This technique is resorted to by researchers who need
the information the fastest way possible.
 Activity 2

1. Using the stratified sampling technique, compute for the sample size
at a 5% margin of error for each hospital listed in the table below.
Distribution of High Fever Patients in Five Hospitals
Hospital Population Percentage Sample size, n
A 560
B 284
C 790
D 1,000
E 366
Total (N) 3,0000

2. Compute for the sample size required for each of the following populations.
a. N = 5,263 e = 3%
b. N = 8,000 e = 5%
c. N = 1,000 e = 2%
3. Identify the type of sampling used in the following statements. Write only the answer.

a. A reporter writes the name of each senator on a separate card,

shuffles the cards, and then draws five names.
b. A dean at DLSU-D surveys all students from each of 12 randomly
selected classes.
c. A reporter obtains sample data from readers who decide to mail in a
questionnaire printed in the latest issue.
d. A mathematics professor selects 18 men and 18 women from each
of four classes.
e. Ms. Morales wants to give away 3 movie tickets. In order to avoid
bias, she wrote the name of each of her students in a paper and
placed it in a hat, To determine the 3 winners, she picked 3 rolled
papers from the hat.
 “An Investment in Knowledge
Pays the Best Interest.”
- Benjamin Franklin -

THANK YOU!!!