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Traffic Flow Theory

Traffic flow theory studies the movement of vehicles between two points and their interactions. There are three main characteristics of traffic flow: (1) flow, which is the rate of vehicles passing a fixed point; (2) density, which is the number of vehicles over a length of road; and (3) velocity. Time-space diagrams graphically represent the location of vehicles over time and space. Flow, density, speed, time headway, and space headway are key concepts in understanding traffic flow.

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ALEXANDRA BRIANE CABRERA
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637 views

Traffic Flow Theory

Traffic flow theory studies the movement of vehicles between two points and their interactions. There are three main characteristics of traffic flow: (1) flow, which is the rate of vehicles passing a fixed point; (2) density, which is the number of vehicles over a length of road; and (3) velocity. Time-space diagrams graphically represent the location of vehicles over time and space. Flow, density, speed, time headway, and space headway are key concepts in understanding traffic flow.

Uploaded by

ALEXANDRA BRIANE CABRERA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRAFFIC FLOW

THEORY
Presented by:
MONTE and VERGARA
Traffic Flow is the study of the movement of individual
drivers and vehicles between two points and the
interactions they make with one another. To better
represent traffic flow, relationships have been
established between the three main characteristics:
(1) flow, (2) density, and (3) velocity. These
relationships help in planning, design, and operations
of roadway facilities.
Traffic Flow Theory

• Time-Space Diagram
• Flow and density
• Speed
• Headway
Time-Space Diagram
Traffic engineers represent the location of a
specific vehicle at a certain time with a time-
space diagram. This two-dimensional diagram
shows the trajectory of a vehicle through time
as it moves from a specific origin to a specific
destination. Multiple vehicles can be
represented on a diagram and, thus, certain
characteristics, such as flow at a certain site
for a certain time, can be determined.
Time-Space Diagram

Time-space diagram showing trajectories


of vehicles over time and space
Flow and density
Flow (q) = the rate at which vehicles pass a
fixed point (vehicles per hour).

q = 3600N / t

Where:
N = number of vehicles occupying a
highway segment of length L
t = Average measured time headway
Density (Concentration) (k) = number of
vehicles (N) over a stretch of roadway (L)
(in units of vehicles per kilometer).

k=N/L
Where:
N = number of vehicles occupying a
highway segment of length L
L = length of roadway
Speed
• The rate at which something is able to move
or operate

• Measuring speed of traffic is not as obvious as


it may seem; we can average the
measurement of the speeds of individual
vehicles over time or over space, and each
produces slightly different results
Speed
• Time mean speed
• Space mean speed
• Relating time and space mean speed
Time mean speed
Time mean speed = arithmetic mean of
speeds of vehicles passing a point.
Space mean speed
Space mean speed = is defined as the
harmonic mean of speeds passing a point
during a period of time. It also equals the
average speeds over a length of roadway
Relating time and space mean speed

Note that the time mean speed is average speed


past a point as distinct from space mean speed
which is average speed along a length.
The two speeds are related as:

As a rule of thumb time mean speed is about 2%


more than space mean speed
Headway
Headway is a measurement of the distance
or time between vehicles in a transit system

• Time headway
• Space headway
Time headway
It is the difference between the time when the
front of a vehicle arrives at a point on the
highway and the time the front of the next
vehicle arrives at the same point (in seconds).
Average Time Headway = (Average Travel Time per
Unit Distance) * (Average Space Headway)
Space headway
It is the difference in position between the
front of a vehicle and the front of the next
vehicle (in meters)
Average Space Headway = (Space Mean
Speed) * (Average Time Headway)
Example 1: Computing Traffic Flow
Characteristics

Problem:
Given that 40 vehicles pass a given point in 1
minute and traverse a length of 1 kilometer,
what is the flow, density, and time headway?
Example 2: Time-Mean and Space-
Mean Speeds
Problem:
Given five observed velocities (60 km/hr,
35 km/hr, 45 km/hr, 20 km/hr, and 50
km/hr), what is the time-mean speed and
space-mean speed?
Modes of Transportation
• Air Transportation
• Railway Transportation
• Road Transportation
• Water Transportation
• Pipeline Transportation
AIR TRANSPORTATION
• Facilitates integration into
the global economy and
provides vital connectivity
on a national, regional
and international scale.
• Helps generate trade,
promote tourism and
create employment
opportunities.
• Civil Aviation Authority of
the Philippines (CAAP)
Railway Transportation
• A means of conveyance
of passengers and goods
by way of wheeled
vehicles turning on rail
track, known as railway or
railroad.
• Currently, PH has a
railway footprint of only
77 kilometers through
LRT1, 2, MRT 3 and PNR.
ROAD TRANSPORTATION
• Most common road
vehicle is the
automobile; a wheeled
passenger vehicle that
carries its own
motor/engine. Others
include buses, trucks,
motorcycles and
bicycles.
WATER TRANSPORTATION
• The process of
transporting a watercraft
such as barge, boat, ship
or sailboat, over a body of
water such as sea, ocean,
or lake.
• Ship transport is primarily
used for carriage of
people and non-
perishable goods
generally referred to as
cargo.
PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION
• Mode of transport
through a pipe.
• Exist for the transport
of crude and refined
petroleum, fuels – such
as oil, natural gas and
biofuels and other fluids
including sewage, slurry,
water and beer.

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