Study The Methods of Balancing of Multi-Cylinder Engine Like In-Line Engine, Radial Engine, V-Engine

STUDY THE METHODS OF BALANCING OF
MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE LIKE IN-LINE

ENGINE, RADIAL ENGINE, V-ENGINE.
Need of Balancing:
 High speed of engines & machines

 Unbalance creates Dynamic forces
 Increase in Loads on bearing & stresses
 Produce unpleasant even dangerous vibration.
Balancing of Reciprocating Masses
INTRODUCTION :-
1. Inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid
body, brings it in an equilibrium position.
It is numerically equal to:
Inertia force = - Accelerating force = - m.a
2. Inertia torque is an imaginary torque, which when acts upon a

rigid body, brings it in an equilibrium position.
It is numerically equal to:
Inertia torque = - Accelerating couple

Let  = Angular acceleration of the rigid body due to

couple.
h = Perpendicular distance between the force

and CG of the body.
m = Mass of the body.
k = Least radius of gyration about axis through CG
I = Moment of inertia of the body
We know that
Force, F = Mass X Acceleration = m.a
And F.h = I .
 m.k 2
D- Alembert’s Principle
According To Newton’s Second Law of motion:
F = m. a
Where,
F = Resultant force acting on the body
M = Mass of the body and,
A = Linear acceleration of the centre of mass of body
- m.a be treated as a force opposite and with the same line of action as F.
we can write above equation:
F - m.a. = 0
The equal and opposite force – m.a. is known as reversed effective force or
inertia force (FI),
FT FB
C FQ
FN
Ф l M
FQ FB Θ+ Ф
FP P
FN
FP C1 M O
FP-Piston Effort θ
WR-Weight of reciprocating parts =mR.g

WR
FQ-Force acting along the connecting rod
FN=Normal reaction
FT=Crank Pin Effort
FB=Thrust on crankshaft bearing.
PISTON EFFORT
 Cos 2 
aR  aP   .r  Cos 
2

 n 
2  Cos 2 
aR  aP   .r  Cos  
 n 
 Cos 2 
FI  mR .aR  mR . .r  Cos 
2

 n 
FP  FL FI ( Neglecting Friction )
FP  FL FI  RF ( Considering Friction )

Shaking Force and shaking couple :

An unbalanced force which is equal and opposite to the accelerating
force produced due to Reciprocating masses called as Shaking force.
And
An unbalanced couple produced due to reciprocating massed is called as
Shaking Couple.
Primary and secondary forces of reciprocating Masses
As the acceleration of the reciprocating parts is
 Cos 2 
aR  aP   .r  Cos 
2

 n 
 Cos 2 
FI  mR .aR  mR . .r  Cos 
2

 n 
 FI  FP  FS
Where Fp- Primary unbalance force & is maximum at 00 and 1800,

Fs- Secondary unbalance force & is maximum at 00 , 900 ,1800,
and 3600,
Balancing of Primary forces of reciprocating Masses
Active Balancing :
Fp  m. 2 .r cos 
Centrifugal force due to Balancing mass B

 B. 2 .b
It’s Horizontal component  B. 2 .b cos 
If Primary force is balanced
B. 2 .b cos   m. 2 .r cos 

 B.b  m.r
But the vertical component  B. 2 .b sin  is still unbalance
 B. 2 .b sin   m. 2 .r sin  as B.b  m.r

It’s maximum value is m. 2 .r at angle 900 & 2700
So only direction of unbalance force is change by 900 if we

want to balance the primary force fully.
Therefore go for partial balancing of the primary force.
B. 2 .b cos   c.m. 2 .r cos 

 B.b  c.m.r
So, the unbalance force along the line of action:
 m. 2 .r cos   B. 2 .b cos 

 m. 2 .r cos   c.m. 2 .r cos 
 (1  c)m. 2 .r cos          Eqn.1
And, the unbalance force along perpendicular to the line of action:
 B. 2 .b sin 
 cm. 2 .r sin          Eqn.2
As B.b  c.m.r
From Equation 1 and 2 the resultant unbalance force is
 (1  c)m. .r cos   c.m. .r sin  

2 2 2 2
 m. 2 .r (1  c) 2 cos 2   c 2 . sin 2 

Balancing of secondary forces of reciprocating
Masses
m
m cos 2
Fs  m. .r2
r n
r
2 cos 2
Fs  m. 2  .r
4n 2
 4n
The algebraic sum of secondary force must be equal to

zero.
The sum of the couples about any point is equal to zero.
Balancing of In-line two stroke and four stroke
engines
Passive balancing:-
Firing order :- Firing order implies sequence in engine which firing

takes place in the cylinders.
For 4 – stroke :-
4 Let N is total no. of
Firing Intervals:   cylinders of identical
N reciprocating masses.
For 2– stroke :-
2
Firing Intervals: 
N
Determine the possible firing order for a Six- cylinder engine
1,6
4

N
  1200
1-2-3-6-5-4 2,5 3,4
1-2-4-6-5-3
1-5-3-6-2-4 1 2 3 4 5 6
1-5-4-6-2-3
Line of Stroke
Favorable
EXAMPLE:
Investigate the state of primary and secondary balancing of a four stroke
cycle four cylinder engine with firing order I-II-III-IV. What will be the change
in this state when the firing order is altered I-II-IV-III?
EXAMPLE:
Investigate the state of primary and secondary balancing for reciprocating
masses of a two stroke cycle six cylinder diesel engine. The firing order of a is
I-V-III-VI-II-IV.
EXAMPLE:
The firing order of a two stroke cycle six cylinder diesel engine is I-V-III-VI-
II-IV. The adjacent cylinder centerlines are 75 cm apart. Each cylinder has a
connecting rod 120 cm long and a stroke 45 cm. The mass of the
reciprocating parts in each cylinder is 200 kg. Determine the magnitude of
the primary and secondary unbalanced forces and moments when the
engine runs at a constant speed 250 rpm.
Balancing of Radial Engine
By Direct and Reverse Crank Method
EXAMPLE:
Investigate the state of unbalance of a two stroke radial engine with six
cylinders.
V-Engine

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STUDY THE METHODS OF BALANCING OF

MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE LIKE IN-LINE

 High speed of engines & machines

It is numerically equal to:

Inertia force = - Accelerating force = - m.a

2. Inertia torque is an imaginary torque, which when acts upon a

Inertia torque = - Accelerating couple

Let  = Angular acceleration of the rigid body due to

h = Perpendicular distance between the force

k = Least radius of gyration about axis through CG

I = Moment of inertia of the body

Force, F = Mass X Acceleration = m.a

WR-Weight of reciprocating parts =mR.g

FP  FL FI  RF ( Considering Friction )

Shaking Force and shaking couple :

As the acceleration of the reciprocating parts is

Where Fp- Primary unbalance force & is maximum at 00 and 1800,

Centrifugal force due to Balancing mass B

If Primary force is balanced

B. 2 .b cos   m. 2 .r cos 

 B. 2 .b sin   m. 2 .r sin  as B.b  m.r

So only direction of unbalance force is change by 900 if we

Therefore go for partial balancing of the primary force.

B. 2 .b cos   c.m. 2 .r cos 

 m. 2 .r cos   B. 2 .b cos 

And, the unbalance force along perpendicular to the line of action:

 (1  c)m. .r cos   c.m. .r sin  

 m. 2 .r (1  c) 2 cos 2   c 2 . sin 2 

The algebraic sum of secondary force must be equal to

Firing order :- Firing order implies sequence in engine which firing

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