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Section 13 Homomorphisms: Homomorphism

1. A homomorphism is a map between groups that preserves the group operation. It maps the product of two elements in the domain to the product of their images. 2. The kernel of a homomorphism is the subset of elements in the domain that are mapped to the identity in the codomain. The kernel is always a normal subgroup. 3. Important properties of homomorphisms include: the image of the identity is the identity; the image of an inverse is the inverse of the image; the image of a subgroup is a subgroup.

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631 views

Section 13 Homomorphisms: Homomorphism

1. A homomorphism is a map between groups that preserves the group operation. It maps the product of two elements in the domain to the product of their images. 2. The kernel of a homomorphism is the subset of elements in the domain that are mapped to the identity in the codomain. The kernel is always a normal subgroup. 3. Important properties of homomorphisms include: the image of the identity is the identity; the image of an inverse is the inverse of the image; the image of a subgroup is a subgroup.

Uploaded by

Erica Canon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 13 Homomorphisms

Definition
A map φ of a group G into a group G’ is a homomorphism if the
homomophism property
φ (ab) = φ(a)φ(b)
Holds for all a, b∈G.

Note: The above equation gives a relation between the two group
structures G and G’.

Example:
For any groups G and G’, there is always at least one homomorphism:
φ: G → G’ defined by φ(g)=e’ for all g ∈ G, where e’ is the identity in
G’. We call it the trivial homomorphism.
Examples

Example
Let r ∈ Z and let φr: Z → Z be defined by φr (n)=rn for all n ∈ Z. Is φr a
homomorphism?

Solution: For all m, n ∈ Z, we have φr(m + n) = r(m + n) = rm + rn = φr


(m)+ φr (n). So φr is a homomorphism.

Example:
Let φ: Z2 × Z4 → Z2 be defined by φ(x, y)=x for all x ∈ Z2, y ∈ Z4. Is φ a
homomorphism?
Solution: we can check that for all (x1, y1), (x2, y2) ∈ Z2 × Z4,
φ((x1, y1)+(x2, y2) )= x1+ x2= φ(x1, y1)+ φ(x2, y2).
So φ is a homomorphism.
Composition of group homomorphisms

In fact, composition of group homomorphisms is again a group


homomorphism.
That is, if φ: G → G’ and γ: G’ → G’’ are both group homomorphisms
then their composition (γ φ): G → G’’, where
(γ φ)(g)= γ (φ(g)) for g ∈ G. is also a homomorphism.

Proof: Exercise 49.


Properties of Homomorphisms

Definition
Let φ be a mapping of a set X into a set Y, and let A ⊆X and B⊆ Y.

• The image φ[A] of A in Y under φ is {φ(a) | a ∈ A}.


• The set φ[X] is the range of φ.
• The inverse image of φ-1 [B] of B in X is {x ∈ X | φ(x) ∈ B }.
Theorem

Theorem
Let φ be a homomorphism of a group G into a group G’.
1. If e is the identity element in G, then φ(e) is the identity element e’ in
G’.
2. If a ∈ G, then φ(a-1)= φ(a)-1.
3. If H is a subgroup of G, then φ[H] is a subgroup of G’.
4. If K’ is a subgroup of G’, then φ-1 [K’] is a subgroup of G.

Proof of the statement 3:


Let H be a subgroup of G, and let φ(a) and φ(b) be any two elements in
φ[H]. Then φ(a) φ(b)= φ(ab), so we see that φ(a) φ(b) ∈ φ[H]; thus
φ[H] is closed under the operation of G’. The fact that e’= φ(e) and
φ(a-1)= φ(a)-1 completes the proof that φ[H] is a subgroup of G’.
Kernel Collapsing
Definition
Let φ: G → G’ be a homomorphism of groups.
The subgroup φ-1[{e’}]={x ∈ G | φ(x)=e’} is the kernel of φ, denoted by
Ker(φ).

Let H= Ker(φ) for a homomorphism φ. We think of φ as “collapsing” H


down onto e’.
φ-1[{a’}] bH H Hx φ-1[{y’}]
G
b
e
x

G’
a’ φ(b) e’ φ(x)
y’
Theorem

Theorem
Let φ: G → G’ be a group homomorphism, and let H=Ker(φ). Let a ∈
G. Then the set
φ-1[{φ(a)}]={ x ∈ G | φ(x)= φ(a)}

is the left coset aH of H, and is also the right coset Ha of H.


Consequently, the two partitions of G into left cosets and into right
cosets of H are the same.

Corollary
A group homomorphism φ: G → G’ is a one-to-one map if and only if
Ker(φ)={e}.
Proof. Exercise.
Normal Subgroup

Definition
A subgroup H of a group G is normal if its left and right cosets coincide,
that is if gH = Hg for all g∈G.

Note that all subgroups of abelian groups are normal.

Corollary
If φ: G → G’ is a group homomorphism, then Ker(φ) is a normal
subgroup of G.

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