COMPUTER SYSTEM

OVERVIEW

By Kabir Sahu
XII-Science
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Dinjan
Basic Computer Organisation
 Input Unit

•The input unit consists of of input devices that

are attached to the computer.

• These devices take input and convert it into

binary language that the computer understands.

•Examples:-Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.

 Central Processing Unit
•Once the information is entered into the
computer by the input device the CPU processes
it. Central Processing Unit
• The CPU is called the brain of the computer
because it is the control centre of the computer.
•The CPU has three main components which are
responsible for different functional
i) Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) ii) Control Unit(CU)
iii) Memory Registors
Arithmetic Logic Unit
The ALU performs mathematical calculations and
takes logical decisions for arithmetic calculations
include addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
Control Unit
The control unit coordinates and controls the data
flow in and out of CPU and also controls all the
operations of ALU, Memory registers and also
input/output units.
Memory Registors
These receives data/information and then this
data/information is held in them as per the
requirement.
 Output Unit

• The output unit consists of output devices that

are attached with the computer.

• It converts the binary data coming from CPU to

human understandable form.

• Example:-Monitor, Printer, etc.

 The Memory(Main memory/Primary
memory)
• The memory of a computer keep information and
data to facilitate its performance.
• Each memory location has a unique memory
address. When the task is performed, it clears its
memory and memory space is unavailable for the next
task to be performed.
• When the power is switched off everything is stored
in the memory gets erased and cannot be recalled.

•Parts of main memories i)RAM ii) ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM)
It is a volatile memory and loses its contents when
the power is switched off.
• Nowadays RAMs are available in gigabytes. The
normal memory access time of a RAM is 20-80 ns.

1) Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

•It consists of transistors and capacitors that stores
electric charge.
•DRAMs are physically smaller, cheaper and slower.
•They are slower because the data is stored in them
needs to be continuously refreshed and this
consumes lot of processor time.
2) Static RAM
•They are larger in physical size. It is a faster memory
because it is made up of flip flops and flip flops do not
require any refreshing.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
•Its non volatile memory. The information is stored
in it is not lost even if the power supply goes off.
•It's used for the permanent storage of
information.
•Information can't be written into a ROM by the
users.
Types of ROM:-
i) PROM (Programmable ROM)
ii) EPROM (Erasable programmable ROM)
iii) EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable
ROM)
iv) Flash EEPROM
v) Mask ROM
 The Storage Unit
•The major limitation of primary memory is that it
has limited storage capacity and is volatile.

•To overcome this limitation we have secondary

memory storage devices. This type of memory is
also called External Memory.
For example:- hard disk, USB drives, CDs, DVDs,
etc.
 Types Of Software
•Hardware:- The electric components of a
computer that we can see and touch are called
hardware.
•Software:- the set of programs that governs rhe
operation of a system and make the hardware run is
called software.
Software can be classified into two categories i.e. i)
System Software ii) Application Software
 System Software
•The software that controls internal computer
operations that is reading data from input devices,
transmitting processed information to the output
devices, checking system components, converting
data/ instructions to computer understandable form is
known as System Software.

•The system software can further be classified into two

categories:- i) Operating System ii) Language Processors.
1) Operating System
•An operating system is the most important system
software.
•It is a set of programs that control and supervise
the hardware of a computer and also provides
services to application software programmers and
users
•Example Windows, Unix, Linux, Android, Solaris,
etc.
2) Language Processors
Compiler
It is translator which coverts the HLL language into
machine language in one go.
Interpreter
It is a translator which converts the HLL language
into machine language line by line. It takes one
statement of HLL and converts it into machine code
which is immediately executed.
Assembler
This language processor converts the program written
on assembly language into machine language.
 Application Software
•An application is bought by the user to perform
specific applications are tasks.
•These are the programs written by programmers
to enable computer to perform a specific task
such as processing words, inventory control,
handling calculations and figures, medical
accounting ,financial accounting, result
preparation, railways reservation, billing, etc.

•It can further be subdivided into four categories

:-i)Packages ii) Utilities iii) Customised Software
iv) Developer Tools
 Mobile System Organisation
•Modern mobile system are tiny computers in our
hand. They have less computing power as compared
to thier big bigger versions but they can handle
applications such as making calls through radio signals,
offering camera utilities, handling touch sensitive
screen, display audio/video/graphical content and
having little battery based power, etc.

•The functional components of a mobile system are:-

1. Mobile Processor
•This is the brain of a smartphone. The CPU receives
commands, makes instant calculations plays audio/video,
stores information and send signals throughout the
device.
•The CPU of a mobile system has two subprocessors:- i)
Communications Processing Unit ii) Applications Processing
Unit (APU)
2. Display Subsystem
•This is responsible for providing display facilities,
touch sensitive interface and touch sensitive
keyboards.
3. Camera Subsystem
•This offers tightly bound image processing package
and enable an improved overall picture and video
experience.
•It has an Integrated image Signal Processor
ensures instant image capture, high resolution
support, image stabilization, and other image
enhancements.
4. Mobile System Memory
i) RAM (Random Access Memory):- The installed apps,
when run, are first loaded in the RAM and then
executed. RAM does not load apps or store
information once the device is turned off.
ii) ROM (Read Only Memory) :- It is part of internal
storage and users can't write on it. It also have some
preinstalled apps which cannot be deleted.
5. Storage
•It is the external memory or the expandable storage. It
is used for storing images, audio, video, etc. It comes in
the form of SD cards, or micro SD cards, etc.

6.) Power Mangement System

•The power management system consists of a battery
charger and a battery unit that helps in providing
power to a mobile system