Applications of Green Chemistry

Submitted to: Mam Abida Rehman
Submitted by: Ahsan Raza Butt

Class: B.S. Chemistry
Semester: 6th (Morning)
College Roll # 142
University Roll # 222623

Session: 2018-2022
Course Code: CHM-502
Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry-III
Government Postgraduate College
Samanabad Faisalabad
Applications of Green
Chemistry
• Some of the important applications of Green
synthesis to minimize environmental
pollutants are as follow;
1.From Research to Practice
• In 2005, the Noble Prize in chemistry was
awarded for the discovery of a catalytic
chemical process called metathesis -
which has broad applicability in the
chemical industry.
• In 2012, Elevance Renewable Sciences won the
Presidential Green Chemistry Award by using
metathesis to break down natural oils and
recombine the fragments into high-
performance chemicals.
• The company makes specially chemicals for
many uses, such as highly concentrated cold-
water detergents that provide better cleaning
with reduced energy costs.
• It uses less energy and has the potential to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions for many
key processes.
• The process stable at room temperatures and
pressures, can be used in combination with
greener solvents, and is likely to produce less
hazardous wastes.
2. Computer Chips
• To manufacture computer chips, many
chemicals, large amounts of water and
energy are required.
• In a study conducted in 2003, industrial
estimate of chemicals and fossil fuels
required to make a computer chip was a
603:1 that means it takes 630 times the
weight of the chip in source materials just to
make one chip!
Compare to the 2:1 for the manufacture of an
automobile
• Scientists at the Los Alamos National
Laboratory have developed a process that
uses supercritical carbon dioxide in one of
the steps of chip preparation that it
significantly reduces the quantities of
chemicals, energy and water
needed to produce chips.
• Richard Wool, former director of ACRES
program at the University of Delaware, found a
way to use chicken feathers to make computer
chips!
• The protein, keratin in feathers was used to make
a fiber form that is both light and tough enough
to withstand mechanical and thermal stresses.
• The result is feather-based printed circuit board
that actually work at twice the speed of
traditional circuit board.
3. Medicine
a) Januvia™
• Merck and Codex has developed a second-
generation green synthesis if sitagliptin, the
active ingredient in Januvia™, a treatment for
type 2 diabetes.
• This collaboration lead to an enzymatic process
that reduces waste, improves yield and safety,
and eliminate the need for a metal catalyst.
• Early research suggests that new biocatalyst
will be useful in manufacturing other drugs as
b) Zocor®
• Originally sold under the brand name
Zocor® , the drug, Simvastatin, is a leading
prescription for treating high cholesterol.
• The traditional multistep method to make
medication used large amounts of
hazardous reagents produce a large
amount of toxic waste in
the process.
• Professor Yi Tang, of the University of
California, created a synthesis using an
engineered enzyme and a low-cost feed
stock. Codexis, a biocatalyst company
optimized both enzymes and the chemical
process. The result greatly reduces hazards
and waste, is cost effective, and meets the
needs of the costumers.
4. Biodegradable Plastics
Several companies have been working to develop
plastic that are made from renewable, biodegradable
sources.
• Nature Works of Minnetonka, Minnesota, makes
food containers form a polymers called polylactic
acid branded as Ingeo.
• The scientists at Nature Works discovered a
method where microorganisms convert cornstarch
into a resin that is just as strong as the rigid
petroleum-based plastic currently used for
containers such as water bottles and yogurt pots.
a) Ecoflex®
• BASF developed a compostable polyester film
that called “Ecoflex®.
• Making and marketing fully biodegradable
bags, “Ecovio®”.
• Made of this film along with cassava starch
and calcium carbonate.
• Certified by the Biodegradable Products
Institute(BPI), the bags completely disintegrate,
puncture-resistant, waterproof printable and
elastic.
5. Paints
• Oil-based “alkyd” paints give off large
amounts of volatile organic
compounds(VOCs).
• These volatile compounds evaporate
from the paint as it dries and cures
and many have one or more
environmental impacts.
a) Biobased Sefose oils
• Procter & Gamble and Cook composites and
Polymers created a mixture of soya oil and
sugar that replaces fossil-fuel-derived paint
resins and solvents, cutting hazardous
volatiles by 50%.
• The ChempoIMPS paint formulations use
these biobased Sefose oils to replace
petroleum-based solvents and cerate paint
that is safer to use an produces less toxic
waste.
b) Water-based acrylic alkyd paints
• Sherwin-Williams developed Water-based
acrylic alkyd paints with low VOCs that can
be made from recycled soda bottle plastic
(PET), acrylics, and soybean oil.
• These paints combine the performance
benefits of alkyds and low VOC content of
acrylics.
• In 2010, Sherwin-Williams manufactured
enough of these new paints to eliminate over
800,000 pounds, or 362,874 kgs of VOCs.
6. Products from Natural Materials
• The oleochemicals branch of Cognis Company
(U.S.A) offers complete range of chemical produced
form natural materials to its customers all over the
world.
• Using palms, coconuts, palms seeds, soya oils etc. as
starting me trials, the company produces a variety
of coconuts such as fatty acids, their methyl esters,
glycerol and long-chain alcohols.
• These products, in turn, are used as starting
materials for various items used in body care ,
pharmaceutical, and food industries.
a) Palm oils
• Palm oils can now compete with mineral
oils even in the production of petrol and
natural gas.
• The new drilling fluid based on plant-
derived esters of palm oil is an example.
• The resulting rock powder can be
returned to the seas without any
concerns.
b) Adipic Acid
• The biotechnological process for the
production of adipic acid, which is the
precursor of nylon.
c) The Bioactive polymer systems
(Biopos)
• The Bioactive polymer systems (Biopos) at
teltow is developing one of the first
biorefineries in Germany.
• Their initial target is to couple this refinery to
an existing drying facility for green materials,
where the biomass is separated into a liquid
extract and solid residue.
Biopos at teltow(Germany)
• This solid residue is processed to produce
animal feed, composite fiber materials
and a starting materials for producing
levulinic acid.
• The liquid extract is used for producing
proteins and fermentation media.
7. Green Fuels and E-Green Propellants
• The use of biodiesel as an environmentally friendly fuel is
already established
• Now, the space industry is also looking for alternative
environmentally friendly fuels known as “Green
propellants”
• The challenges are to replace the present engines with
those that can work with environmentally benign fuel and
to understand the relevant parameters of the selected green
propellants.
a) Hydrogen peroxide
• Among the alternative fuels under
consideration, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
is the current favorite.
• It decomposes without producing any
harmful substances.
• Also qualifies as the “green propollane”
from the point of view of energy balance.
• Some companies have already developed
the expertise to produce ultrapure H2O2,
which is suitable for this application.
8. Zeolites
• Zeolites are crystalline inorganic polymers
made of aluminosilicates and have
tetrahedral structures of the type XO4 in
which each X atom is linked by shared
oxygen ions.
(X may be Al, B, Ga, Ge, Si or P)
• Zeolites have been extensively used in
heterogenous acid-catalysis involving
hydrocarbons transformation.
• Their high activity is derived form
protons that are required to maintain
electrical neutrality as shown below
• Zeolites have dramatically improved the
performance of fluidized catalytic cracking
units.
• For example, in the alkylation of butane, late
amounts of corrosive acid HF and H2SO4 are
used conventionally
• In the alternative greener process the corrosive
acids are replaced b Solid Acid Catalysts such
as Zeolites.
• Base-catalyzed and bifunctional (acid/base)
applications of zeolites have been reported for
manufacturing bulk chemicals.
• Base catalysis may play major role in the
synthesis of fine and specialty chemicals.
• For example, in the synthesis of 4-methyl
thiazole ( a systemic fungicide), the basic sites
of the caesium zeolite catalyst were found to
work very efficiently without using Cl2, CS2 or
NaOH,
• Chemical modifications of zeolite allow
selectivity based on shape,
10. Biocatalysis
• It mainly includes enzyme catalysis,
antibody catalysis and biomimetic catalysis.
• Among them enzyme catalysis has been
more widely studied.
Enzyme catalysis
• Enzyme catalysts are no longer confined to
biochemical reactions only.
• They are having impact on complex
organic synthesis of bioactive molecules
and in biotechnology in general.
• Enzyme catalysis is applicable not only in
aqueous median but also in non-aqueous
solvents, including supercritical fluids.
• Enzymes require water to function as
catalysts. Usually a small amount of water,
corresponding to a monolayer of the
enzyme molecule is sufficient.
• Enzyme having broad substrate selectivity,
while still retaining other features of
selectivity can be prove to be powerful an
versatile catalysts.
• The remarkable properties of enzyme catalysis
and their selectivity make them desirable in
many synthetic organic pathways.
• Synthesis of acrylamide is an example.
Acryl amide
Alternative method
Acryl amide
• In the year 1981, Degussa developed the
concept of an enzyme membrane reactor.
It is a milestone in the development of
modern biocatalysts because it combined
the advantages of both enzyme reactor
and homogenous catalysis.

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Submitted to: Mam Abida Rehman

Submitted by: Ahsan Raza Butt

University Roll # 222623

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